Qn1(a)Discuss the various responsibilities of an employee in ensuring

safeguarding of machines.

Protection is required for any person working on or near a machine. A machine

with its various components, each with a specific function and together

performing a particular task applies or utilizes mechanical power which makes

it dangerous. Much of the danger in a machine occurs generally at the point of

operation and the operation may be cutting, shearing, punching, blanking,

bending or drilling. The hazards involved during these processes may lead to

serious injuries or even death

Employer’s/Owner’s Responsibility

• Documented process layout and procedure to be made available.

• Implementation of safety measure as recommended in Safety Analysis.

• Inspect machines on a periodic basis and record the status of machines and safety

measures.

• Repair the machine and safeguards when necessary. Replacement of machines

parts or safety parts with declared life.

• Discard the machine if it cannot be repaired.

• Provide training to all personnel as required.

• Keep and maintain attendance records of all trainings for at least three years.

• Provide alternative methods or administrative control for protection if safeguards

restrict the point of operation.

• Consulting from environmental health and safety (EHS) department about

safeguards and administrative controls before using or allowing the usage of

machine.

Qn1(b)What are the different categories of hazardous action?Explain

Hazardous Actions:

The following are categorized as hazardous action:

1) Cutting Actions:-involve rotating motion, reciprocating and transverse

motion. The danger of cutting action exists at the point of operation where

injuries to different body parts of the operator can occur, and where flying

chips or scrap material can strike the eyes or face. Such hazards are

present at the point of operation in cutting wood, metal, or other materials.

Typical examples of mechanisms involving cutting hazards include bandsaws,

circular saws, boring or drilling machines, turning machines (lathes),

or milling machines.

2) Punching Actions:-result when power is applied to a slide (ram) for the

purpose of blanking, drawing, or stamping metal or other materials. The

danger of this type of action occurs at the point of operation where the

stock is inserted, held, and withdrawn by hand. Typical machinery used

for punching operations are power presses and iron workers.

3) .

Shearing actions: involve applying power to a slide or knife in order to

trim or shear metal or other materials. A hazard occurs at the point of

operation where the stock is actually inserted, held, and withdrawn.

Typical examples of machinery used for shearing operations are

mechanically, hydraulically, or pneumatically powered shears

4) Bending actions: result when power is applied to a slide in order to draw

or stamp metal or other materials. A hazard occurs at the point of

operation where stock is inserted, held, and withdrawn. Equipment that

uses a bending action includes power presses, press brakes, and tubing

benders.

Hazardous mechanical motions and actions

1) Rotating Motion: Even smooth, slowly rotating shafts can grip clothing,

and through mere skin contact can force an arm or hand into a dangerous

position. Collars, couplings, cams, clutches, flywheels, shaft ends,

spindles, and horizontal or vertical shafting are some examples of common

rotating mechanisms which may be hazardous. There is added danger

when bolts, nicks, abrasions, and projecting keys or set screws are exposed

on rotating parts on machinery.

2) In-Running Nip Point: These are hazardous places on the machine where

parts move toward each other or when one part moves past a stationary

object. Loose clothing or body parts may get caught between or drawn into

the nip point.

3) Reciprocating motions: may be hazardous because of the back-and-forth

or up-and-down motion. A worker may be struck by, or caught between a

moving and a stationary part.

4) Transverse Motion: Mechanical Waves are waves which propagate

through a material medium (solid, liquid, or gas) at a wave speed which

depends on the elastic and inertial properties of that medium.

Qn2(a)Explain the principle of material handling in detail.

The various principles of material handling are as following

1) Planning: A well chalked out plan should be in place to identify the

material for proper handling equipment, storing and to handle all related

activities.

2) Coordinating the Operations: Ensuring that all the handling activities

are carried out as per sequence and coordinating all operations.

3) Straight Line Layout: Maintaining the straight path as much as possible

to minimize the turning movements.

4) Space Utilization Principle: Plant space utilization should be optimum.

5) Unit Load Principle: Loading should be done based on the load handling

capacity.

6) Gravity Principle: Always prefer gravity to shift the materials where ever

it is possible.

7) Material Flow Principle: Prior planning should be done to sequence of

operation and equipment arrangement to optimize the flow of the material.

8) Simplification Principle: Use the simplest system and reduce/avoid

unnecessary movements of equipment.

9) Safety Principle: Inculcate the safest methods and equipment for material
handling to avoid accidents/injuries.

10) Special safety : Special safety is to be taken for movement of fragile,

inflammable, toxic, liquid or gaseous material.

11) Mechanization Principle: Minimize the manual handling, prefer

automated or mechanized equipment in material handling

12) Standardization Principle: Establish and fix the standard method,

technique, size and type of material handling equipment

13) Flexibility Principle: Opt for flexible methods and equipment to perform

various activities in an industry.

14) Equipment Selection Principle: All aspects regarding the material (load,

size & shape), movement and method are considered while selecting

equipment.

15) Dead Weight Principle: Reduce the ratio of dead weight to pay load in

mobile equipment.

16) Motion Principle: The Equipment designed should be kept in motion for

transporting the material.

17) Idle Time Principle: Minimize the idle hours and the unproductive hours

of workers and equipment in order to enhance the productivity.

18) Maintenance Principle: To avoid breakdowns, there should be

scheduled, time based or preventive maintenance for all the material

handling equipment.

19) Obsolescence Principle: Replace the outdated methods and equipment

with the advance methods and equipment to improve the efficiency.

20) Capacity Principle: Choose handling equipment to carry the loads with

full capacity. This will reduce the repetitive movement of equipment.

21) Control Principle: Improve inventory control, production control and

other handling by using material handling equipment and techniques.

22) Performance Principle: The primary criterion in Material handling is to

calculate its performance efficiency. This should be in terms of cost per unit
handled.

Qn3. Classified mechanical material handling equipment (MMHE) in detail.

Classification of MMHE

Depending on the movement of the equipment, load carrying capacity,

automation, shape and size and type of material to carry, the material handling

equipment is broadly classified into five major categories. They arei) Conveyors

ii) Industrial trucks

iii) Cranes and hoists

iv) Containers and

v) Robots

Conveyors

Conveyor is a device that transports some sort of material from one place

to other. The different conveyor systems used for different materials

transportation are shown in Figure 2.12. These are useful for transferring

the materials continuously or intermittently in between two work areas. In

general they are mostly used for continuous or mass production operations

especially for the operations where the flow is more steady. Different

kinds of conveyors are avasequential operation properly.

Industrial Trucks

Industrial trucks are not permanently fixed in one place and they can travel

between various workstations. An Industrial Forklift and a Dumper

Industrial trucks are more flexible in use as compared to conveyor.

Because of this reason, industrial trucks are most suitable for intermittent

production and for handling various sizes and shapes of material. These

trucks may be driven by means of fuel, electric power, hand power etc.

The materials may be overflown during the truck movement. Hence proper

caution is to be taken that overflow of material does not happen.

Cranes and Hoists : Cranes and Hoists are the equipments that carry

heavy materials through the overhead space are as shown in Figure 2.14.

But, the space of its movement is limited. Based on the loading capacities,

cranes and hoists can be classified into several types. Cranes and hoists

can be used both for intermittent and also for continuous production. Lot

of safety precaution eg. Adequate Crane movement. path, proper holding

of too bulky material etc is to be taken as there are scope of accident in

this type of material handling.

Containers
These are either dead containers are shown in Figure 2.15 (e.g. Cartons,

barrels, skids, pallets) which do not move themselves and just hold the

materials and to be get transported, or liver containers (e.g. wagons,

wheelbarrows or computer self-driven containers) and is usually operated

manually. This equipment can both contain the materials and move it

further.

Robots

There are many types of robots with different sizes, different in

functioning and maneuverability. Robots can be used for material handling

and to transport the products and also it can perform machining, welding

and spray painting operations. The main advantage of the robots is that

they can perform the work in any hostile environment and can easily carry

repetitive and heavy works with the speed and accuracy

Qn4(a)What is Safety Laws and the role of Supervisor and training in

industrial Safety?

The main aims of constructing safety laws are to prevent the worker from

injuries. However, unsafe working practices followed by workers must be

reported to the superintendents or supervisors or any other person responsible

to handle such unethical acts. Henceforth, violation of safety norms and

regulations must be as minimum as possible to avoid drastic injuries or

machine damage. The company professionals must always be vigilant about

the proper implementation of such safety guidelines, which further leads to

decrease in number of non-compliances as per safety rules and practices made

by the injured workers. On the other hand, in order to minimize such

noncompliances, the employers should organize awareness programs from time to

time.

i) The regular training must be imparted to the workers in periodically

especially engaged in construction, high voltage, chemical industries, so

that they may get trained to handle heavy on site machineries, chemical or

electrical hazards without any mishap

ii) Keeping in view the safety related issues, the employer has to keep a close

eye on overhauling, preventative maintenance and replacement of faulty

machineries and equipment. The remedial actions further leads togood

quality production without any worker safety issues. We should provide

machine guards, spectacles, protective clothing and many more to the

workers for addressing safety related issues.

iii) A proper attention is to be given to the footwear of workers especially

working on the shop floors or at work site. Throwing of materials,

different unused parts, tools and other lying about structures has to be as

minimum as possible.

iv) Personal protective equipment should be used when handling chemicals or

hazardous substances. Please follow the instructions written over the label

for ease of use and handling. washing of the hands or skin after using

hazardous chemicals and No gasoline is to be used for any type of

cleansing purpose.

v) Care and precaution should be taken while handling ladder at work or job

site. Please ensure that the ladder extends at least three feet above the

landing area. Inspection of a ladder and its condition prior to usage is a

very important task.

vi) Please report to your immediate supervisor in case of injury.

vii) Ignition sources near a tank or vessel or any inflammable article must be

avoided, special care has to be taken in case of welding of joints or

openings. Operators using welding equipment must always be cautious of

nearby materials and self about the initial spark or flash occurs at the time

of welding.

viii)Tools and equipment used for the different operations have to maintain in

good serviceable conditions. A damaged tool should be kept in different

shelf and tagged “defective”. Appropriate tools for specific jobs are to be

used such as screwdriver has to be used for loosening the screw not to be

used as chisel.

ix) Machineries should be operated by only authorized persons, who are

properly trained to perform the relevant operations in the machine. Safety

precautions have to be followed by the operator. Before starting the

machine, the instructions displayed near the machines to be followed. It

should be checked that whether any warning message is displayed in order

to have any possible injury

x) While working in the shop floor, it should be properly observed the

movement of vehicle and other movable items to prevent any danger.

Since such areas are having noisy atmosphere due to running of machine,

therefore it is the responsibility of the person to check properly. Any

excavations in the working area should be properly inspected before

starting the work in particular area.

Qn4(b)Explain the importance in safety in lifting equipment.

Importance of Safety in Lifting Equipment

At the time of using lifting equipment, it’s always necessary to stay vigilant

and take all the precautions prescribed in factory act. Any type of negligence

will cause damage to the workers/operators; few of them are as follows:

The supervisor has to ensure that the stow cranes can move and exit properly.

Elevation or offset of sharp edges always causes damage in terms of cuts and

severe injuries.

No body should stand or move underneath a heavy load especially when the

load is moving by crane or otherwise. The malfunctioned equipment, rusted

parts can shear off consequently causing a heavy damage.A fabricated extremely
heated part from the machine outlet or inlet of hot

water or steam has sufficient reason to cause burns or scalds. Apart from this

open electrical points or wires, can cause moderate to heavy resulting in

burning or even death.

A supervisor should ensure that the worker is trained and updated. The

employer should arrange for training programs to update their knowledge and
skills.

In order to make the use of dangerous equipment safe, the following points one

has to remember the following:

• Fixed guards with well fastened screws, nuts and boltsshould be used to

envelop the dangerous parts. Good material such as mild steel for fasteners

and enclosing materials should be used in case these are experiencing

excessive use and are damaged. If the materials are prone to rusting, care

should be taken for their cleaning. The guards or wire mesh should not

have projections.

• If it is not possible, install fixed guards then other methods such as

interlocking of the guard should be done. In that case the equipment

cannot be started before interlocking of the guard gets unlocked. Apart

from such interlocking system the designer can use some special

preventive systems such as pressure sensitive devices, photoelectric

devices and servo driven automatic guards to make the system fail safe.

• The supervisor can organize training program to communicate necessary

information to the operator/ worker that always be helpful in avoiding

hazardous risks.

Qn5(a)Explain the rules to maintain safety of workers working in the foundry.

Rules in Foundry

In order to maintain the safety of workers working in the foundry, some

precautionary measures must be followed by framing certain rules. This must

be done to prevent the injury or death of workers. Other than the precautions

mentioned above , some of the rules to be followed are :

• Always read, understand and follow the instructions provided in the shop

floor.

• Wear leather shoes and fireproof apron

• Wear foot and leg protection

• Use gloves and wire mesh face shield

• Always wear safety glasses

• Wear cotton baseball hat and long sleeve cotton shirt made up of cotton or

natural fibers. Avoid synthetics as it can melt and stick to the skin.

• Pour hot molten metal properly without gettinginvolved in other activities.

• Pour only one at a time without moving nearpouringarea.

• Avoid unnecessary movement in the foundry area.

General Safety for Foundries

Safety procedures and precautions are important ashot metal flow is involved

in the casting and foundry operation. Therefore, it is essentila to be aware of all

these safety precautions before starting the metal casting process. General

safety precautions which should be kept in mind are:

• Mixing of moisture and molten metal must be avoided since it can cause

steam explosion. Steam explosion accounts for biggest reason for death in

foundries.
• Avoid pouring water in metal to prevent huge explosions.

• Dry piles of sand and shovel should always be kept ready to control fire

and metal spills.

• Sand bed must be made in all areas which must be at least three inches

thick to avoid metal spills and protect flooring.

• Avoid contact of molten metal with concrete to prevent explosion.

• Fresh clean metal must be used as feedstock. Use of residuals can be toxic.

• Area must be well ventilated. Fumes and dust are toxic which must be let

out from working area.

Qn5(b) What are the different factor causing accidents?Explain.

Factors Causing Accident:

a) Storing of MIC and filling beyond recommended levels

b) Poor Maintenance

c) Lack of effective safety systems in place

d) Undersized safety devices

e) Dependence on mutual operations

f) Location of plant next to densely operated area

g) Safety systems were switched off to save money, including MIC tank

refrigeration which could have prevented or reduced the impact of

disaster.

Some human factors that commonly contribute to workplace accidents include:

Memory lapses, including forgetting a step in the work process or a safety measure

Impaired judgment

Inattention or distraction

Negligence of basic safety rules

Lack of experience

Skill level inadequate for the task performed

Arrogance or overconfidence

Two Types of Human Factors

Human factors contributing to accidents can be divided into two categories: errors
and violations.

Errors

Errors are unintended actions. They are usually mistakes or lapses that occur
during repetitive tasks, such as pressing the wrong button or missing a step in a
procedure. These errors can be reduced by improving the design of the system.

Other errors are mistakes in judgment. These are more common in new or
unexpected tasks or when workers have not received adequate training.

Violations

Violations, on the other hand, are intentional actions. They can be acts of
noncompliance, circumventions of safety procedures, or shortcuts. Although
intentional, violations are not always motivated by malicious intent. Rather,
workers may be attempting to finish the job more quickly or compensating for
poorly designed equipment or procedures.

Qn6(a)Explain the different electrical hazards in detail.

Overhead Power Lines

Overhead powered and energized electrical lines have high voltages which

can cause major burns and electrocution to workers. Remember to maintain a

minimum distance of 10 feet from overhead power lines and nearby

equipment. Conduct site surveys to ensure that nothing is stored under

overhead power lines. Also, safety barriers and signs must be installed to

warn nearby non-electrical workers of the hazards present in the area.

Damaged Tools and Equipment

Exposure to damaged electrical tools and equipment can be very dangerous.

Do not fix anything unless you are qualified to do so. Thoroughly check for

cracks, cuts or abrasions on cables, wires and cords. In case of any defects,

have them repaired or replaced. Lock Out Tag Out (LOTO)

procedures should be performed at all times before commencing electrical

maintenance and repairs. LOTO procedures are there to protect all workers

on a worksite.

Inadequate Wiring and Overloaded Circuits

Using wires with inappropriate size for the current can cause overheating and
fires to occur. Use the correct wire suitable for the operation and the

electrical load to work on. Use the correct extension cord designed for heavy

duty use. Also, do not overload an outlet and use proper circuit breakers.

Perform regular fire risk assessments to identify areas at risk of bad wiring

and circuits.

Exposed Electrical Parts

Examples of exposed electrical parts include temporary lighting, open power

distribution units, and detached insulation parts on electrical cords. These

hazards can cause potential shocks and burns. Secure these items with proper

guarding mechanisms and always check for any exposed parts that need

immediate repair.

Improper Grounding

The most common OSHA electrical violation is improper grounding of

equipment. Proper grounding can eliminate unwanted voltage and reduce the

risk of electrocution. Never remove the metallic ground pin as it is

responsible for returning unwanted voltage to the ground.

Damaged Insulation

Defective or inadequate insulation is a hazard. Be aware of damaged

insulation and report it immediately. Turn off all power sources before

replacing damaged insulation and never attempt to cover them with electrical

tape.
Wet Conditions

Never operate electrical equipment in wet locations. Water increases

manifolds the risk of electrocution especially if the equipment has damaged

insulation. The inspection of the electrical equipment that has gotten wet

should be inspected, before energizing it.

Qn6(b) How the electrical accidents can be avoided?Explain

Reduce Excessive Loft Temperatures

When you are up in a loft on a sunny summer day, you know the meaning of

hot. If the wires are buried in loft insulation, pass over light fixtures or, worst

of all, are arranged in tight bundles, they become even hotter than if they are

out in the open.

Replace old Wiring

Along with spring cleaning, it is a great time to update electrical wiring. If

home is more than 25 years old, then upgrade electrical service,

Avoid Overloaded or Damaged Extension Cords

Electrical tools and appliances have different power ratings, these rugged,

weather-resistant portable cords are designed to accommodate a variety of

temporary power requirements, but not all extension cords are created equal,

varying in gauge (wire diameter) and thus capacity

Stay Away from Wet Locations

It is not safe to go near the water with electrical equipment. Wet locations

such as kitchens, baths and utility rooms – as well as grounded areas like

your basement or garage – require outlets protected by Ground Fault Circuit

Interrupters (GFCIs). If GFCIs have already been installed near sinks and

dishwashers, test their reset buttons to be sure they are working properly.

Install a Lightning Protection System

Severe thunder and lightning may occur only during the spring and summer

months, but when a storm does pass through, the number of strikes it

produces can be alarming. Lightning protection systems do not attract

lightning to structures, nor do they repel it. Rather, these systems intercept

the lightning and channel the energy onto a low-resistance path, thus safely

discharging, or ‘grounding,’ the electrical current to the earth.

Grounding

“Grounding” a tool or electrical system means intentionally creating a

lowresistance path that connects to the earth. This prevents the buildup of

voltages that could cause an electrical accident.

Circuit Protection Devices

Circuit protection devices limit or stop the flow of current automatically in

the event of a ground fault, overload, or short circuit in the wiring system.

Well-known examples of these devices are fuses, circuit breakers, groundfault

circuit interrupters, and arc-fault circuit interrupters. Fuses and circuit

breakers open or break the circuit automatically when too much current flows

through them and when that happens, fuses melt and circuit breakers trip the

circuit open.

Qn7(a) Explain the twenty one( 21 )Golden SAfety RUles for safety of electrical
equipments.

Rule no. 1: Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits. Please do not

make fun of this rule if you already know this (and you probably already

know if you are reading these lines) and remember that if something bad

occurs – you probably would nothave second chance. That is not funny.

Rule no. 2: Treat all electrical devices as if they are live or energized.

You never know.

Rule no. 3: Disconnect the power source before servicing or repairing

electrical equipment. The only way to be sure.

Rule no. 4: Use only tools and equipment with non-conducting handles

when working on electrical devices. Easy to check.

Rule no. 5: Never use metallic pencils or rulers, or wear rings or metal

watchbands when working with electrical equipment. This rule is very

easy to forget, especially when you are showing some electrical part

pointing with metallic pencil. Always be aware.

Rule no. 6: When it is necessary to handle equipment that is plugged in,

be sure hands are dry and, when possible, wear nonconductive gloves,

protective clothes and shoes with insulated soles. Pictures of gloves,

clothes and shoes

Rule no. 7: If it is safe to do so, work with only one hand, keeping the

other hand at your side or in your pocket, away from all conductive

material. This precaution reduces the likelihood of accidents that result in

current passing through the chest cavity.

If you ever read about current passing through human body you will

know, so remember – work with one hand only. If you do not clue about

electric current path through human body, read more in technical articles.

Rule no. 8: Minimize the use of electrical equipment in cold rooms or

other areas where condensation is likely. If equipment must be used in

such areas, mount the equipment on a wall or vertical panel.

Rule no. 9: If water or a chemical is spilled onto equipment, shut off

power at the main switch or circuit breaker and unplug the equipment.

Very logical. never try to remove water or similar from equipment while

energized. After all, it is stupid to do so.

Rule no. 10: If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical

conductor, do not touch the equipment, cord or person. Disconnect the

power source from the circuit breaker or pull out the plug using a leather

belt. Tricky situation and you must be very calm in order not to make the

situation even worse.

Rule no. 11: Equipment producing a “tingle” should be disconnected and

reported promptly for repair.

Rule no. 12: Do not rely on grounding to mask a defective circuit nor

attempt to correct a fault by insertion of another fuse or breaker,

particularly one of larger capacity

Rule no. 13: Drain capacitors before working near them and keep the

short circuit on the terminals during the work to prevent electrical shock.

Rule no. 14: Never touch another person’s equipment or electrical

control devices unless instructed to do so. Do not be too smart. Don’t try

your luck.

Rule no. 15: Enclose all electric contacts and conductors so that no one

can accidentally come into contact with them. If applicable do it always,

if not be very careful.

Rule no. 16: Never handle electrical equipment when hands, feet, or

body are wet or perspiring, or when standing on a wet floor. Remember:

Gloves and shoes

Rule no. 17: When it is necessary to touch electrical equipment (for

example, when checking for overheated motors), use the back of the

hand. Thus, if accidental shock were to cause muscular contraction, you

would not “freeze” to the conductor.

Rule no. 18: Do not store highly flammable liquids near electrical

equipment.

Rule no. 19: Be aware that interlocks on equipment disconnect the high

voltage source when a cabinet door is open but power for control circuits
may remain on. Read the single line diagram and wiring schemes – know

your switchboard.

Rule no. 20: De-energize open experimental circuits and equipment to be

left unattended.

Rule no. 21: Do not wear loose clothing or ties near electrical equipment.

Act like an electrical engineer, you are not on the beach.

Qn7(b)Explain the safety measures while working on megger and transformer.

These transformer safety tips can be followed for any model of electrical

transformer, regardless of the make or manufacturer:

i) Check the electrical transformer prior to installation for any burning

smell, faulty parts or abnormalities in continuity.

ii) Any maintenance work must only be undertaken after the equipment

is de-energized and tagged out and the circuit is shut down. This is

necessary to ensure that there is no leakage of current or continuity

between the horse current and the system.

iii) The maintenance crew must be provided appropriate personal protective

equipment that is specifically designed to ensure safety when working on

an electrical transformer with a high voltage output.

iv) No modifications should be made to the electrical transformers over

current protection. The over current protection mechanism of circuits and

conductors must be set to the manufacturer’s standards.

v) Transformer grounding should be in place at all times. It prevents the

accumulation of static charges and protects the windings from coming in

contact with the core or enclosures.

vi) The transformer must be inspected periodically to ensure that no foreign

nuts, bolts, or spare parts have fallen into it.

When megger is used for testing purpose, injury or damage equipment if

thefollowing minimum safety precautions are not observed.

• Use meggers on high-resistance measurements only (such as insulation

measurements or tocheck two separate conductors on a cable).

• Never touch the test leads while the handle is being cranked.

• De-energize and discharge the circuit completely before connecting a

megger.

• Disconnect the item being checked from other circuitry, if possible,

before using a megger.

Qn8(a) What precaution should be taken for working at height?

Height safety precautions

Where possible, when working at height you should make sure the area below is
cordoned off.

In all cases of working at height, ensure that the equipment used is suitable for the
job and is maintained and in good condition

workers are competent and trained to use the equipment and carry out the job
safely

all workers understand the job and the control measures in place to ensure their
safety.

More complex jobs may be accompanied by a detailed method statement for the
activity. A permit to work system can be used to govern the duration of the work at
height.

Ladders

Ladders are acceptable only for access or work of short duration. They should be

erected at the correct angle (4 up to 1 out)

secured, preferably at the top, or footed

positioned close to the work to avoid over-reaching

protected at the base to stop vehicles or pedestrians bumping into them.

Stepladders

Stepladders should be spread to their full extent and locked off

only have one person on the ladder at any one time

be appropriate and of the correct grade for the intended use

not have the top tread, tool shelf or rear of the steps used as a foot support.

Mobile elevated platforms

When using mobile elevated work platforms (MEWPS) you should wear a safety
harnesses
only use the platform on level, firm ground

work with a trained operator at ground level

only use the equipment with outriggers and stabilisers

keep the platform within safe working limits and radius, taking account of wind
speeds, beams, hanging obstructions and power cables.

Scaffolding

Scaffolds should be erected and periodically inspected by a competent person.

Where a person might fall 2 metres or more, the scaffolding must be inspected by a
competent person, a record maintained and further inspection at least weekly
thereafter.

A tagging system is a useful way to inform workers that these inspections are
taking place.

A risk assessment may find the need for more frequent inspections. They may also
be required after bad weather and always after any modification

Additionally tower scaffolds should follow the manufactures guidelines to meet the
correct height to base ratio

have all casters firmly locked before use and never be moved while the tower is
occupied

have ladder access to the working platform

never be used in strong winds or with broken, missing or incompatible parts.

Additional safety equipment

Additional equipment should only be considered as a last resort when no other
means are reasonably practicable. These include

nets

airbags

harnesses

safety lines

other fall restraint and arrest equipment.

Qn8(b) What is the importance of earthing for any electrical equipments?Explain

with examples.

Earthing system is very important part of electrical safety. All electrical

equipments/appratus/devices must be properly earthed. All earthing systems

shall:

a) consist of equipotential bonding conductors capable of carrying the

prospective earth fault current and a group of pipes, rods and plate

electrodes for dissipating the current to the general mass of earth without

exceeding the allowable temperature limits, as per relevant Indian

Standards in order to maintain all non-current carrying metal works

reasonably at earth potential and to avoid dangerous contact potentials

being developed on such metal works;

b) limit the earth resistance to sufficiently low value to permit adequate

fault current for the operation of protective devices in time and to reduce

neutral shifting;

c) be mechanically strong, with stand corrosion and retain electrical

continuity during the life of the installation and all earthing systems shall

be tested to ensure efficient earthing, before the electric supplylines or

apparatus are energized.

In any electrical installation, an earthing system (or grounding system)

connects particular parts of that installation with the Earth's conductive

surface mainly for safety and different functional purposes. The point of

reference is the Earth's conductive surface. Leakage Current is the residual

flow of current through insulation after a high voltage has been applied for a

period of time. Earth Leakage Current is the leakage current from all earthed

parts of the product.This leakage current pass from the mains supply through

or across insulation into the Protective Earth Conductor.

The leakage current flowing in the ground conductor can be measured by

connecting the ampere clamp meter in series with the grounding connection

of the device concerned. Leakage current clamp meter is the most common

device used to measure leakage current.

Qn9(a)What is electrical shock?What are the different parameters on which

electrical shock depends.
Electric shock occurs when the human body becomes part of a path through which
electrons can flow. The resulting effect on the body can be either

direct or indirect.

• Direct. Injury or death can occur whenever electric current flows

through the human body. Currents of less than 30 mA can result in death.

A thorough coverage of the effects of electricity on the human body is

contained in the section of this module entitled Effects of Electricity on

the Human Body.

• Indirect. Although the electric current through the human body may be

well below the values required to cause noticeable injury. Human

reaction can result in falls from ladders or scaffolds, or movement into

operating machinery. Such reaction can result in serious injury or death.

Parameter

..Supply system whether D.C. or A.C. D.C. shock is more serious.

..Which part of the body touched to linked machine.

..Voltage and current strength of the system.

..Area of contact of the body to the faulty machine.

..Period of contact of the body part to the faulty system.

..Resistance of the body.

Severity of Shock also depends on

(i)Frequency (f) of current : Less frequency the shock is more severe.

(ii) Path taken by the current through the body

 (a) If path is not through chest and heart then survival is possible.

(b)But if the path is through chest/heart then it is dangerous.

(iii) Duration of contact with electric installation

(a) More time duration contact is dangerous.

(b) Person should be departed from the contact of machine immediately with a
insulated thing

(iv) Area of contact

(a) More contact area more is the risk.

(v) Pressure

(a) More pressure of the body part with leaked m/c dangerous is the shock

(vi) Physical condition of a person.

(vii) How much current in mA/sec is passed in the body.

Qn9(b) EXplain Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) in detail.

Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that include

chest compressions with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually

preserve intact brain function until further actions are taken to restore

spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who has a heart

attack due to any reasonIf the victim is not breathing, the first aid provider will
need to do CPR. Its

main purpose is to establish the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and
heart, preventing or at least delaying tissue death. CPR can extend the brief

window of time during which successful resuscitation can take place without

permanent brain damage.

In 2005, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR)

agreed on new guidelines. The new guidelines make it simpler for first aiders

and healthcare professionals to carry out early resuscitation.

These new guidelines stated that rescuers should progress straight to CPR if

there is no breathing, instead checking for a pulse. They also added that

rescue breathing must not be performed without chest compression.

There are two main steps in CPR:

(i) Applying chest compressions and then

(ii) providing breaths.

Apply 30 chest compressions:

The first aider should kneel next to the victim and follow these steps:

• For adults, place the heel of one hand in the middle of the chest. Place

your other hand on top of the first hand and interlace the fingers as

shown in the above Figure.

• Push the chest down about 1.5 to 2 inches. If the person is a child aged

between 1 and 8 years, compress to a maximum of 1.5 inches with onehand. Let
go, and wait for the chest to come back up completely before

repeating. Your elbows must remain straight throughout.

• Push the breastbone up and down to a depth of about 5 cm about 30

times, at a pulse rate of 100 beats per minute.

Provide two breaths:

• Make sure the airway is open, and pinch the nose so it closes.

• Gently raise the chin upwards with two fingers of your other hand.

• Take a deep breath, seal your mouth over victim and exhale into the

airway.

• You should see the chest rise and fall.

• To get another breath, lift your head and breathe in deeply. Perform steps

1, 2, 3, and 4 again.

Repeat the 30 chest compressions followed by the two breaths about five

times, and then check for normal breathing. If they are not breathing

normally, continue performing CPR. If breathing restarts as normal, stay with

the injured person until help arrives.

Qn10. Case study

VIZAG GAS LEAK CASE

The Leak

The Vizag gas leak case was an industrial accident that occurred at the LG

Polymers chemical plant in a village of Vishakhapatnam on May 7th, 2020. A

vapour cloud was created as a result of the gas leak which spread over a radious of
three kilometers affecting the nearby villages and areas. Initially, it was reported
that a 1000 people were sick after being exposed to the gas.

Cause:The plant contained 2000 metric tons of styrene in tanks which were left
unattended. Higher temperature may lead to vapourisation of styrene, so it is

necessary to maintain a storage temperature of around 20o

C. A malfunction in the factory’s cooling system led the temperature yo exceed

safe levels causing vapourisation of styrene. This led the gas leak and affect the
nearby villages.

Preventing measures:Experts from National Disaster Management Authority

inspected the storage

facilities of the plant and recommended the removal of materials from the

facility. The state government directed the company to remove 13,000 metric

tonnes of material and take it out of the country. The material was sent to the
company’s headquarters in seoul.

Damages:The fumes spread over a radius of 3km (1.86 mi). Five villages (R. R.
Venkatapuram, Padmapuram, BC Colony, Gopalapatnam, and Kamparapalem)
were the most affected areas.Hundreds of people were rushed to hospitals
following widespread breathing difficulties and sensations of burning eyes. Many
had been found lying on the ground, unconscious as a result of gas exposure. The
initial estimate noted at least 11 deaths and 20–25 people in critical condition. By
the next day, the death toll had risen to thirteen. More than 1,000 people were
reportedly exposed to the gas.

Late at night on 7 May, police ordered the evacuation of people in a 2 km (1.2 mi)
radius of the leak. However, police subsequently stated that this evacuation was
precautionary and that there had not been a second leak.

Steps taken to avoid such cases LG Chemicals started support measures to

eliminate all risk factors in the plant. In its effort, LG brought ACtify 2680, a green
retarder, and ACtify 2673, a polymerisation inhibitor, from Dorf Ketal Chemicals,
a Mumbai-based chemical company. To ensure the site's safety, LG said the
retarder and inhibitor would be added into the tanks of the styrene stored at LG
Polymers to prevent further polymerization and any future vapor leaks. The ACtify
series retarder is a new green polymer retardant that displays thermal stability and
protection during unscheduled shutdowns.

On 13 May 2020, the LG Chemicals informed media that an eight-member

technical team, comprising experts from its Seoul headquarters' departments of
production, environment, and safety were sent to investigate the incident and to
rehabilitate the victims. LG Polymers India said the team would take prompt
rehabilitation and real-time remedial measures. They would meet the victims and
affected families to explain support measures in detail and hold meetings with the
local State government officials

The report of the high-level committee headed by the NGT chair issued on 28 May
2020, accessed and reviewed by The Associated Press, found that the storage tanks
were outdated and lacked temperature sensors, allowing the styrene vaporization to
go undetected. With factory workers and the overall company inexperienced in
storing tanks of such dangerous chemicals, the report blamed the incident on
"gross human failure" and a lack of basic safety norms.