CSE E11 - 2022 Instructor:

Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

CSE E11 National Building Code Part 4

(Structural Design)

Geotechnical Aspects
Lecture 12
CourseCoordinator:
Course Coordinator:
JohnPao,
John Pao,P.Eng.
P.Eng.Struct.Eng.,
Struct.Eng.,S.E.
S.E.

Instructor:
Instructor:
Antone Dabeet,
(your name Ph.D., P.Eng.
here)

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Section 4.2. Foundations

4.2.2. Subsurface Investigation, Drawings and Review

4.2.3. Materials Used in Foundations

4.2.4. Design Requirements

4.2.5. Excavations

4.2.6. Shallow Foundations

4.2.7. Deep Foundations

Site-specific Ground Response Analysis

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 2

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.5 Excavations
Types of
Excavations

Unsupported Supported

ghostponds.wordpress.com theconstructor.org
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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavations

Key considerations:
- Distance from a nearby structure
- Soil type
- Excavation depth and dimensions

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 4

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavations
- Impact assessment is typically
performed by the Geotechnical
Engineering

- Monitoring and surveying

during construction may be
recommended.

- Remedial measures could

include sequencing of
excavation and excavation
shoring.
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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavations

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Artesian Conditions

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Artesian Conditions

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Groundwater Aquifers
Aquifers are permeable soils that transmit water

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavations

- Excavation side slope protection

- Corrosion considerations for anchors

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavations

- Backfill type: usually specified in the

geotechnical report (e.g. free-draining 25 mm
minus clear crushed gravel)
- Compaction: % of standard or modified
proctor maximum dry density.
- Lift thickness: Usually < 300 mm

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavations_ WorkSafe BC

- OHS Regulation Part 20: Construction,

Excavation and Demolition

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavations_ WorkSafe BC

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavations_ WorkSafe BC

- Acceptable excavation side-slopes in hard and solid soil

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 14

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavation Shoring

- Refer to the Canadian Foundation Engineering

Manual for shoring design.

- For cantilevered retaining walls, calculations are

simple.

- The factor of safety approach is typically used for

temporary shoring. A factor of safety between 1.5 and
2.0 is recommended.

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavation Shoring

Example: Calculate embedment depth for a sheet pile

wall with a clear height of 4m in loose dry sand (f’ =
32o).
Ka = 1- sin(f)’/ 1+ sin(f)’
Kp = 1+ sin(f)’/ 1- sin(f)’

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 16

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Excavation Shoring

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.6. Shallow Foundations

- Types of Shallow Foundations

Coduto et al. 2016

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.6. Shallow Foundations (Design)

- ULS and SLS for spread footings

- Subgrade modulus for rafts

- For ULS, the bearing capacity equation originally

developed by Terzaghi is used.
𝑞! = 𝑐𝑁" + 𝜎#$ 𝑁% + 0.5𝛾′𝐵𝑁&

Applicable for strip footings, foundation at the

ground surface, flat ground surface, no inclined
loads and flat base.
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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.6. Shallow Foundations (Design)

Cohesion Depth Frictional
𝑞! = 𝑐𝑁" + 𝜎#$ 𝑁% + 0.5𝛾′𝐵𝑁&

Should we consider foundation depth?

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 20
 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.6. Shallow Foundations

Cohesion Depth Frictional

𝑞! = 𝑐𝑁" + 𝜎#$ 𝑁% + 0.5𝛾′𝐵𝑁&

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 From 2006 CFEM No. 21

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.6. Shallow Foundations

Example: Provide an estimate of the
ultimate bearing capacity for 1 m wide
strip footing on compact sand with f’ =
35o (assume no embedment and sand
is dry).

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 From 2006 CFEM No. 22

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.6. Shallow Foundations (Construction)

Considerations)

- Subexcavate to remove any organics and

unsuitable soils.

- Backfill with compacted engineered fill.

- Channel water away from excavation (no

ponding).

- Protect the subgrade.

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 From 2006 CFEM No. 23
 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.6. Shallow Foundations (Seismic

Considerations)

- Seismic bearing capacity may be different from

static bearing capacity.

- Punching shear check.

- Liquefaction settlement and lateral spread.

- Structurally-tied footings.

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 From 2006 CFEM No. 24

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.7 Deep Foundations

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.7 Deep Foundations (Design)

Calculating Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity
𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄! + 𝑄" − 𝑊

𝑄# = ultimate capacity, Also represented by Ru or Rn

𝑄! = & 𝑞𝑠 ∗ 𝐴!

Qs=side or friction resistance

qs=unit side resistance (i.e. per square meter)
As = shaft area = z*C= length*circumference
𝑄" = 𝑞" 𝐴"
How much
Qt=tip or toe or bearing resistance
qt=unit tip resistance (kPa) toe
At = tip area resistance
𝑊 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 to use?
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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.7 Deep Foundations (Design)

Rd = FRn ≥ ∑ai Sni

Rd = design resistance F = Resistance Factors
Rn = nominal resistance ai = Load factor for ith load
= Qu in previous slides Sni = ith load
Table K-1 NBC 2015 Commentary

Resistance Factors

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 27

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.7 Deep Foundations (Inspection)

Deep foundations:
full-time presence on
site to record the
number of blows per
25 cm for driven piles,
and provide
recommendations
regarding refusals
and pile damage.
https://www.grlengineers.com/services/oft/
Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 28
 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.7 Deep Foundations (Laterally Loaded Piles)

- Depth to Fixity

- Lateral Springs (P-Y Curves)

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

4.2.7 Deep Foundations

-Downdrag forces if applicable.

-Pile drivability analysis to

determine forces during pile
driving

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 30

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Site-specific Ground Response Analysis (Intro)

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – E11 No. 31

 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Site-specific Ground Response Analysis (Intro)

Analysis requirements:

- Earthquake motions scaled to the code firm ground

spectrum. For Vancouver, 33 motions are required (11
crustal, 11 inslab and 11 subduction)

- Shear wave velocity measurements

- Borehole data to determine soil type.

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 Instructor:
Antone (your
Dabeet, name
Ph.D., P.Eng.here)

Thank you!

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