See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/333232587

Literature Review for Strengthening of Existing Reinforced Concrete

Structures using Steel and FRP Plates

Conference Paper · March 2019

CITATIONS READS

0 3,386

4 authors, including:

Khaled Heiza
MONO UNI EGYPT
75 PUBLICATIONS   612 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

value engineering View project

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF ROAD ELFARAG CABLE STAYED BRIDGE View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Khaled Heiza on 21 May 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Literature Review for Strengthening of Existing
Reinforced Concrete Structures using Steel and FRP
Plates
N. Y. ELWakkad1, KH. M. Heiza2and M. Elmahroky3 Aqial eladly4
1.Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology Kafr El-
Sheikh, Egypt.
2. Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Eng., Menoufiya University, Egypt.
3. Lecturer ,Civil Engineering Department, Nile Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology,
Elmansora, Egypt
4. Prof Dr Faculty Dean Baghdad technical University Iraq
Abstract
The paper will present the state-of-the-art of the different ways for
strengthening of existing reinforced concrete structures including both
traditional and advanced strengthening materials. Steel and FRP
composites are the most used material in strengthening process of
existing concrete structures. Near surface mounting techniques for
strengthening of existing structures will be discussed. The NSM
technique has provided a significant increment of the load at
serviceability limit state, as well as, the stiffness after concrete cracking.

Introduction
Strengthening measures are required in structures when they are required
to accommodate increased loads. Also, when there are changes in the use
of structures, individual supports and walls may need for local
reinforcement. In addition, structural strengthening may become
necessary owing to wear and deterioration arising from normal usage or
environmental factors. Concrete structures need to be strengthened for
any of the following reasons:
- Load increases due to higher live loads, increased wheel loads,
installations of heavy machinery, or vibrations.
- Damage to the structural parts due to aging of construction materials or
fire damage, corrosion of the steel reinforcement and/or impact of
vehicles.
- Improvement in suitability for use due to limitation of deflections,
reduction of stress in steel reinforcement and/or reduction of crack
widths.

-1-
- Modification of structural system due to the elimination of
walls/columns and/or openings cut through slabs.
- Errors in planning or construction due to insufficient design dimensions
and/or insufficient reinforcing steel.

The traditional material used in the strengthening of concrete structures is

steel. Because of its drawbacks of low corrosion resistance and of
handling problems involving excessive size and weight, there is a need
for the engineering community to look for alternatives. Due to
lightweight, high strength and good fatigue and corrosion properties,
fiber-reinforced Polymer (FRP) have been intensively used in the repair
and strengthening of aerospace structures. Though the study of using FRP
to strengthen reinforced concrete structures just started in the 1990s , the
technology is currently widely used.
Fibre Reinforced Polymers are not a new innovation; these materials were
developed after the Second World War. However, the quality and the cost
for using FRPs in various applications have improved and decreased
respectively [1]. The pultrusion technology of today, gives both the
manufacturer and the designer possibilities to manufacture structures with
various forms and shapes. The structural part may be optimised for its
use, for example a beam. Analysis and design of FRP girders and decks
have been investigated by several researchers around the world; see for
example Qiao et al. and Upadyay and Kalyanaraman.
In the last decade, fiber reinforced polymer materials (FRP) have
progressively replaced conventional concrete and steel in the
strengthening of concrete structures (FIB 2001, ACI 2002). These new
materials are available in the form of unidirectional strips made by
pultrusion, or in the form of sheets or fabrics consisting of fibers in one or
more directions. Carbon (C) and glass (G) are the main types of fibers
composing the fibrous phase of these materials (CFRP and GFRP),
whereas epoxy adhesive is generally used in the matrix phase. Wet lay-up
(sheets and fabrics) and prefabricated strips (designated by laminates) are
the main types of FRP strengthening systems available in the market. In
the last years the significant and increasing demand of FRP to be used in

-2-
structural repair and/or strengthening is due to the following main
advantages of these composites: low weight, easy installation procedures,
high durability and tensile strength, electromagnetic permeability and
practically unlimited availability in terms of geometry and size (FIP
2001) [2].
Advantages of FRP Materials [3]:
1- Low weight
2- Easy installation
3- High durability
4- High tensile strength
5- Large deformation capacity
6- Electromagnetic permeability
7- Practically unlimited availability in FRP sizes, geometry and
dimensions.
8- Resistance to corrosion

Material Properties

The material properties for FRP tendons vary depending on what product
and on the producer. Therefore, only a brief description of some tendons
that is used will be presented in this thesis.
One of the largest advantages of FRP tendons is its low weight to high
strength ratio. Compared to steel tendons FRP tendons can be made with
down to one tenth of the weight. However it is important to remember
that FRP and steel has different material properties and different behavior
when loaded. In Table 1 a short comparison is made between steel,
GFRP, AFRP and CFRP. Note that this is the characteristics of FRP
tendons from specific manufacturer and might be valid to other tendons
even through the same fibres are used. One manufacturer of each material
has been chosen, the aim of the table is to give the reader quick
information of the difference between the materials. As can be seen in the
table it is important to know the materials so that the best studied material
is used for a project [4].

-3-
 Table 1 Characteristics of steel and FRP tendons, pisani (1997) [4]
Steel(ASTM
Typical Grade GFRP AFRP CFRP
properties 270,Euronorm Glassline Arapree Leadline
Fe7S1860)
Fibre volume
- 65 50 65
Fraction(%)

Density(g/cm3) 7.85 2.15 1.25 1.6

Tensile
strength,20 0C 1860 1500 1490 1840
(MPa)
Tensile
modulus,20 0C 195 50 62 147
(GPa)
Ultimate
> 3.5 3.0 2.4 1.3
elongation (%)
Thermal
expansion
coefficient, axial 12 5.2 -1.8 0.68
direction
(10-6 / 0C)
Thermal
expansion
coefficient,radial 12 ~35 ~35 ~20
direction
(10 / 0C)
Strength
decrease after a
~0 30 35 ~0
100 year loading
(%)
Relaxation, 200C
3 4 >30 3
(%)

Experimental tests have shown that the load-displacement relationship of

concrete beams reinforced with FRP has almost the same behavior as
beam reinforced with steel, Mutsuyoshi et al (1991).
CFRP (Leadline) rods are pultured using linearly oriented coal tar pitch-
based continuous Fiber epoxy resin (fu=1970 MPa). Although GFRP

-4-
(fu=692 MPa isorod)(fu=746 MPa C-Bar) bars possess the lowest tensile
strength in comparison to other available FRP reinforcements, they have
the advantage of being the least expensive, along with their non
corrosive, magnetically natural and high strength to weight ratio
characteristics. The measured average cylinder compressive strength of
the concrete used for the beams ranged from 30 MPa to 35 MPa at the
time of testing, with a maximum aggregate size of 13 mm. the reinforcing
steel was of grade 400 (fy=435 MPa) [5].
The most common strengthening technique is based on the application of
the FRP on the surface of the elements to be strengthened and is
designated as externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) technique. Recent
research has revealed that this technique cannot mobilize the full tensile
strength of FRP materials due to premature debonding (Mukhopadhyaya
and Swamy 2001, Nguyen et al. 2001). The reinforcing performance of
FRP materials can be diminished by the effect of freeze/thaw cycles
(Toutanji and Balaguru 1998) and decreases significantly when submitted
to high or low temperatures (Pantuso et al. 2000). Furthermore, EBR
systems are susceptible to damage caused by vandalism and mechanical
malfunctions. [2]
Several attempts have been made to overcome the aforementioned
drawbacks. Strengthening with near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP rods is
one of the most promising techniques. This approach is based on the
concept of bonding glass or carbon FRP rods into pre-cut grooves opened
in the concrete cover of the elements to be strengthened (De Lorenzis et
al. 2000). However, the NSM concept is not new, since it started to be
used in Europe, for the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures, in
the 1940s. This pioneering technique consisted on placing rebars in
grooves located in the concrete cover. These grooves were then filled
with cement mortar (Asplund 1949). In the present, FRP rods can take the
place of rebars and an epoxy adhesive can replace the cement mortar.
This “reinvented” technique has been used in some applications and
several benefits have been pointed out, namely, high levels of
strengthening efficacy and, when compared with EBR, a significant
decrease of the probability of harm resulting from fire, acts of vandalism,

-5-
mechanical damages and aging effects (Warren 1998, Alkhrdaji et al.
1999, Hogue et al. 1999, Tumialan et al. 1999, Warren 2000, Emmons et
al. 2001, Täljsten and Carolin 2001, De Lorenzis 2002, Täljsten et al.
2003) [2].

Strengthening of RC Structures using NSM technique

The near surface mounted (NSM) reinforcement technique consists of
placing the FRP reinforcing bars or strips into pre-sawn grooves in the
concrete cover in the tension region of the reinforced concrete members
and are bonded to the three sides of the groove using highstrength epoxy
adhesive or cementitious grout (Täljsten B. and Carolin A., 2001). This
technique has attracted extensive research in recent years (Lorenzis and
Nanni, 2001; Lorenzis et al., 2002; Lorenzis and Nanni, 2002; Lorenzis et
al., 2004; Lorenzis, 2000, 2004; Novidis et al., 2007; Lorenzis et al.,
2000; Taljsten et al., 2003; El- Hacha and Rizkalla, 2004; Lorenzis and
Teng, 2007; Al-Mahmoud et al., 2007; Kreit et al., 2008). Configuration
of the FRP reinforcements used for the NSM technique is controlled by
the depth of the concrete cover (El-Hacha and Rizkalla, 2004). After
installation, the NSM FRP reinforcements are protected against
mechanical damage, wear, impact, and vandalism. This technique can
also provide better fire resistance in the event of a fire (El-Hacha and
Rizkalla, 2004); therefore, it could reduce the cost of fire protection
measures.[21]
The basic ideas related to the use of FRPs (Fibre Reinforced
Polymers) for structural strengthening, along with examples of
application, have been presented by (Triantafillou, 1998). The past and
potential future use of FRP strengthening and rehabilitation have also
recently been documented in many conference proceedings (Meier and
Betti, 1997; Benmokrane and Rahman, 1998; Keynote
lectures(Maruyama, 1997; Neale and Labossiere, 1997) and journal
articles (Taljsten, 1997, Thomas, 1998). There are also tested reported
where NSMR rods were used (De lorenzis et al, 2000, Blaschko, 2001,
Rizkalla and Hassan, 2001 and Nanni, 2001) [6].

-6-
Hany Abdalla [5] described the development of simple approaches in
estimating the deflection and crack widths of seven simply supported
FRP reinforced concrete beams and eight concrete slabs reinforced with
conventional steel and FRP were used to evaluate serviceability of
members in bending. The prediction of these approaches are compared
with the experimental results, Good agreement was shown between the
theoretical and the experimental results. Deflection and strains of
concrete member reinforced with FRP rods are generally larger than those
reinforced with steel rods.
Nordin [4] studied strengthening concrete structures with prestressed
CFRP rods bonded in slots in the concrete cover. Strengthening concrete
structures with prestressed CFRP have proven to be an effective
alternative to unstressed CFRP. The use of prestressed NSMR rods has
shown to in a better way be able to transfer the stresses from the rod to
the concrete. Although there are losses in the strain at the ends when
releasing the prestressing force there have been no peeling failure during
bending.

Near-Surface Mounted FRP Rods

A new FRP-based strengthening technique is now emerging as a valid
alternative to externally bonded FRP laminates [7]. From this point
forward, it will be referred to as Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) FRP rods.
Embedment of the rods is achieved by grooving the surface of the
member to be strengthened along the desired direction. The groove is
filled half-way with epoxy paste, the FRP rod is then placed in the groove
and lightly pressed, so forcing the paste to flow around the bar and fill
completely between the bar and the sides of the groove. The groove is
then filled with more paste and the surface is leveled. Details of the final
product are shown in Fig. 1.
Although the use of FRP rods for this application is very recent, NSM
steel rods have been used in Europe for strengthening of RC structures
since the early 50's. The earliest reference that could be found in the
literature dates back to 1949 (Asplund, 1949). In 1948, an RC bridge in
Sweden experienced an excessive settlement of the negative moment

-7-
reinforcement during construction, so that the negative moment capacity
needed to be increased. This was accomplished by grooving the surface,
filling the grooves with cement mortar and embedding steel rebars in
them. Since no previous experience was available, different possible
ways to obtain the grooves were examined in order to choose the most
convenient one. All the technological and design problems and
considerations are reported in (Asplund, 1949).
Nowadays, FRP rods can be used in place of steel and epoxy paste can
replace cement mortar. The advantage is primarily the resistance of FRP
to corrosion. This property is particularly important in this case due to the
position of the rods very close to the surface, which exposes them to the
environmental attacks.
The use of NSM FRP rods is an attractive method for increasing the
flexural and the shear strength of deficient RC members and masonry
walls and, in certain cases, can be more convenient than using FRP
laminates. Application of NSM FRP rods does not require surface
preparation work (other than grooving) and requires minimal installation
time compared to FRP laminates. Another advantage is the feasibility of
anchoring these rods into members adjacent to the one to be strengthened.
Furthermore, this technique becomes particularly attractive for
strengthening in the negative moment regions of slabs and decks, where
external reinforcement would be subjected to mechanical and
environmental damage and would require protective cover which could
interfere with the presence of floor finishes.

Figure (1): NSM Rods

-8-
D.A. Bournas et al. [8] presented the results of a comprehensive
experimental program aiming to provide a fundamental understanding of
the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) columns under simulated
seismic loading, strengthened in flexure (of crucial importance in
capacity design) with different types and configurations of near-surface
mounted (NSM) reinforcing materials. The role of various parameters,
such as carbon or glass fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) versus stainless
steel, configuration and amount of NSM reinforcement, confinement via
local jacketing and type of bonding agent, is examined, by comparison of
the lateral load versus displacement response characteristics. The results
demonstrate that NSM FRP and stainless steel reinforcement is a viable
solution towards enhancing the flexural resistance of reinforced concrete
columns subjected to seismic loads. This is especially the case when the
retrofitting scheme combines epoxy-bonded NSM bars with local
confining jackets, provided in this study with textile-reinforced mortars
(TRM).
Near-Surface Mounted FRP Laminate Strips
In last years, a strengthening technique based on the near-surface
mounted (NSM) of laminate strips of carbon fiber reinforced polymer
(NSM CFRP) has been used to increase the load bearing capacity of
concrete members. The term ‘near’ is used to differentiate this technique
of structural strengthening from that using externally-bonded FRP
composites (EBR). In the NSM CFRP technique, laminate strips of CFRP
are introduced into grooves pre-cut on the concrete cover of the elements
to be strengthened that were previously filled with epoxy-adhesive. The
CFRP has a cross-section of about 1.4 mm thick and 10 mm width, while
the width and the depth of the groove vary between 3 and 5 mm, and 12–
15 mm, respectively. Instead of laminate strips some researchers have
used FRP bars (manufactured using a thermosetting resin reinforced with
glass or carbon fibers) but, in these cases, the grooves have larger
dimensions [9].
To assess the efficiency of the NSM CFRP technique for elements failed
by shear, the behavior of beams strengthened according to the NSM
CFRP technique was compared to the behavior of beams strengthened by

-9-
two other techniques: using conventional stirrups; applying strips of
CFRP sheet. The first one was the most effective, easiest and fastest to
apply. This effectiveness was not only in terms of the beam load bearing
capacity, but also in terms of the ductility of the beam’s behavior Fig. 2.
The efficacy of the NSM CFRP technique was also evaluated in concrete
columns and concrete beams failed by bending. Maximum CFRP strain
values near CFRP ultimate strain were registered, indicating that NSM
CFRP is a very effective technique for this type of concrete elements.
However, in concrete elements reinforced with high percentage of
conventional steel bars, premature failure of the concrete cover can
compromise this effectiveness. To understand the complex phenomena
involved in this type of failure the behavior of the CFRP–concrete
bonding must be assessed.

For this purpose, pullout-bending tests were carried out, having

been measured the pullout force at the CFRP, and the slip at the free and
loaded ends. The influence of the concrete strength and bond length on
the CFRP–concrete bonding behavior was analyzed. To define a local
bond stress–slip relationship, s–s, a numerical strategy was developed
where the experimental results were taken into account.
Based on the methodology used on the bonding of steel bars to
concrete, several approaches have been developed to establish a local s–s
relationship for FRP rods. The method proposed by Focacci et al. was
used in the present work, with the necessary adjustments to account the
specificities of the present strengthening technique.

- 10 -
 Figure (2): Region of Interest in the Analysis

In practical execution the following steps must in general be

performed during strengthening:
• Sawing slots in the concrete cover, with the depth depending on
the product used and the depth of concrete cover.
• Careful cleaning of the slots after sawing using high-pressurised
water, approximately; 100 - 150 bars is recommended. No saw mud is
allowed in the slot.
• If an epoxy system is used, the slot must be dry before bonding. If
a cement system is used it is generally recommended that the existing
surfaces are wet at the time of concrete mortar casting.
• Adhesive is applied in the slot, or with a cement system, cement
mortar is applied in the slot.

Barros and Fortes [3] studied the effect of (NSM) near surface mounted
strengthening technique using (CFRP) carbon fiber reinforced polymer
laminates bonded into slits on flexural strengthening of concrete beam.
The test result show that strengthening by (NSM) technique using
(CFRP), doubling the ultimate load of the corresponding reference,
increasing of yielding load (Psy) varying from 32% to 47%, increasing of
service load (Pser) was 45%, between the cracking load and the yielding
load the strengthened beams showed higher stiffness than reference beam.

- 11 -
Cruz and Barros [9] calibrated the parameters that define a local bond
stress – slip relationship (Z-S) able to reproduce the pre – and the post –
peak bond stress phases carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) in a near
surface mounted (NSM) strengthening technique. The research involved
data obtained in experimental tests and a numerical strategy developed to
solve the second – order differential equation that governs the slip
phenomenon. The analytical method developed is also useful to evaluate
the anchorage length of CFRP at service and ultimate limit state analysis.
The performance of the numerical simulation of the pull out bending test
revealed that the analytical and the numerical strategy developed were
adjusted. The (Z-S) relationship was used as the tangential component of
the material constitutive law for a line interface finite element, used to
simulate the concrete – CFRP bond behavior.

Khalifa et al. [10] innovated anchorage system called U-anchor system.

They made their experiment on three full. Scale, Simply supported and T-
Shapped RC beams, were tested in four point loading, while the beams
were reinforced with longitudinal steel bars, no stirrups were used in the
test. Test result show that for a beam strengthened with CFRP without U-
anchor, Shear capacity increased but failure was governed by debonding
of the CFRP, when the U-anchor was used, Shear capacity of the member
was further increased and no FRP debonding was observed.

De Lorenzis et.al [11] investigated the mechanics of bond between NSM

FRP rods and concrete, and analyzed the influence of the most critical
parameters on the bond performance. Among the investigated variables
were: type of FRP rod (material and surface pattern), groove – filling
material, bonded length and groove size, for a total of 36 specimens. For
specimens with epoxy resin and spirally wound or ribbed CFRP rods,
Failure at the epoxy – concrete interface was the critical mechanism in all
cases, due to the smooth surface of the grooves. The average bond stress
at the epoxy- concrete interface corresponding to both ultimate and
asymptotic load decreased as bonded length and groove size increased,
due to the non uniform distribution of bond stresses.

- 12 -
De Lorenzis and Nanni [12] studied the use of near surface mounted
(NSM) fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) rod for increasing shear strength
and flexural of deficient reinforced concrete (RC) members. The test
results confirm that NSM FRP rods can be used significantly increase the
shear capacity of RC element. To increase the shear capacity of an RC T-
beam is by using NSM rods anchored into the flange using inclined rods
rather than vertical rods is also efficient, while decreasing the spacing
between the rods does not produce a remarkable increase in the shear
capacity.

De Lorenzis and Nanni [13] investigated bond between NSM FRP rods
and concrete. The test variables were: bonded length, diameter of the rod,
type of FRP material, surface configuration of the rod and size of the
groove. Test result show that, Three different failure modes were
observed namely, splitting of the epoxy cover, cracking of the concrete
surrounding the groove and poll out of the FRP rod. Deformed rods
appear to be more efficient than sandblasted rods from the standpoint of
bond performance increasing the groove size and thus the cover thickness
leads to higher bond strength.

A series of 34 specimens was tested by De Lorenzis et al. [14] to

investigate the effect of groove – filling material, bonded length, groove
size and surface configuration of the bar on the bond performance of
NSM FRP rods in concrete. A three – dimensional finite element model
for bond of NSM reinforcement is proposed and calibrated on the basis of
some experimental result. Test result confirm that, epoxy offers superior
mechanical performance as groove filler with respect to cement paste.
The most suitable types of bar for NSM application are CFRP ribbed and
CFRP spirally wound bars. The theoretical results compared with the
experiment curves, showing a reasonably good agreement.

De Lorenzis and Nanni [7] Studied the tensile properties of the FRP
material when data from the manufacturer was not available, the bond

- 13 -
behavior of NSM FRM rods embedded in concrete or in masonry units
using coupon – size specimens, investigated the structural behavior of RC
beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP rods using full – size
specimens and develop a simplified design approach for shear
strengthening of RC beams with NSM rods. Test result show that, three
different failure modes were observed namely; splitting of the epoxy
cover; cracking of the concrete surrounding the groove and pull out of the
FRP rod. The proposed design approach to compute the shear capacity of
RC beams strengthened with NSM FRP rods appears to give reasonable
and conservation results, based on the limited database of experimental
results available to date.

Nordin et al. [6] studied the effect of using NSMR on strengthening

concrete structure. Test results show that strengthening concrete
structures with NSMR is an effective method. Pre-stressing increased the
steel yielding load and delayed concrete cracking. The theory presented
covers traditional design for bending, however more work is needed to
also cover anchorage and other types of strengthening applications.

Fifteen full-size beams have been tested by Nordin and Taljsten [15] and
compared test result with theoretical equation. One beam was a reference
that was not strengthened, four beams were strengthened without
prestressing and the remaining ten were strengthened with prestressed
quadratic CFRP rods. Strengthening concrete structures with prestressed
and non- prestressed CFRP is an efficient method. The tests show a large
increase in crack and steel yielding loads, the fatigue behavior will
improve and as a consequence the crack width will be smaller which can
result in increased durability. With fairly simple theory it is possible to
obtain an estimated value of stresses and strain in the midpoint beam that
is compared with tests in good agreement, it is also possible to estimate
the shear stresses in the bond zone at the end of the bond line for the
NSMR rod. It is showed in the tests that the force transfer between the
rectangular CFRP rod and concrete works very well, even without
mechanical anchorage devices in laboratory conditions.

- 14 -
Modeling of bond test results in longitudinal and transverse plane were
studied by De Lorenzis [16]. Modeling in the longitudinal plane allowed
computing the bond failure load as a function of the bonded length,
finding good agreement with the experimental results and anchorage
length required in design. Modeling in the transverse plane allowed to
compute the principle tensile stresses responsible for cracking of the
cover of NSM rods, and confirmed an optimum groove size-to-bar-
diameter ratio for splitting-critical joints close to 2.00, as found in the
experiments. The combined longitudinal-transverse approach was an
effective tool to model the mechanics of the bond behavior and draw
conclusions useful for design.

Eight simply supported concrete T-beams were tested by Rizkalla and El-
Hacha [17] under a monotonically increasing concentrated load applied at
midspan of the beam. Beams strengthened in flexure with different
strengthening systems using FRP reinforcing bars and strips as NSM
reinforcement and externally bonded FRP strips. Test results indicated
that using NSM FRP reinforcing bars and strips is practical, significantly
improves the stiffness, and increases the flexural capacity of reinforced
concrete beams. Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using NSM
FRP strips provided higher strength capacity than externally bonded FRP
strips using the same material with the same axial stiffness.

Hassan and Rizkalla [18] presented both experimental and analytical

investigations undertaken to evaluate bond characteristics of near-
surface-mounted (NSM) carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars.
The proposed approach presents a general methodology to evaluate the
development length of NSM FRP bars of different configurations and
types of fibers. Test result show that, Rupture of NSM CFRP bars is not
likely to occur regardless of the embedment length used. The efficiency
of using CFRP bars as NSM reinforcement is controlled primarily by the
bond characteristics of the bars as well as by the bond between the
adhesive material and the concrete. The proposed design chart adequate

- 15 -
to determine the development length of NSM FRP bars accurately. The
chart is easy to use and provides excellent correlation to experimental
results. Increasing the groove width and/or using high-strength concrete
increases the resistance of concrete split failure using high-strength
adhesives and/or increasing the epoxy cover layer delays epoxy split
failure for NSM FRP bars. Termination or damage of the internal steel
reinforcement creates zones of high bond stresses and accelerates
debonding failure.

Hassan and Rizkalla [19] presented both experimental and analytical

investigation undertaken to evaluate bond characteristics of near surface
mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. The proposed
analytical model is capable of predicting the interfacial shear stress
distribution, ultimate load carrying capacity and mode of failure of
concrete beams strengthened with NSM CFRP strips, Excellent
agreement was established between the predicted values using the
proposed model and those predicated using finite element analysis.
Development length of NSM CFRP strips increasing by increasing the
internal steel reinforcement ratio. Development length decreases with the
increase of either the concrete compressive strength and/or the groove
width. The use of NSM CFRP strips is feasible and effective for
strengthening/repair of concrete structures.

Noha Elwkad [20] investigated a new shear strengthening technique for

reinforced self-consolidating concrete (RSCC) deep beams was suggested
and compared with some traditional techniques. An experimental test
program consists of sixteen specimens of RSCC deep beams strengthened
by different materials such as steel, glass and carbon fiber reinforced
polymers (GFRP and CFRP) was executed. Externally bonded layers
(EBL) and near surface mounted reinforcement (NSMR) were used as
two different techniques. The effects of the new technique which depends
on using intertwined roving NSM GFRP rods saturated with epoxy were
compared with the other models. The new technique for shear
strengthening increases the load capacity from 36% to 55% depending on

- 16 -
the anchorage length of GFRP rods. Two dimensional nonlinear
isoperimetric degenerated layered finite elements (FE) were used to
represent the SCC, reinforcement and strengthening layers of the tested
models. The results were very close to the experimental results.

- 17 -
References

1- Nordin, H., and Talijsten, B.,(2003),"Testing of Hybrid FRP

Composite Beams In Bending", Paper A, Licentiate Thesis Lulea
University of Technology.
2- Cruz, J.M.,(2005),"Reforco De Estruturas Com Laminados De CFRP
Inseridos No Betao De Recobrimento. Strengthening of Concrete
Structures with Near-Surface Mounted CFRP Laminate Strips", PhD
Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, University of Minho,
Portugal.
3- Barros, J.A.O, and Fortes, A.S.,(2005),"Flexural Strengthening of
Concrete Beams with CFRP Laminates Bonded into Slits", Cement
and Concrete Composites 27, PP. 471-480.
4- Nordin, H.,(2003),"Flexural Strengthening of Concrete Structures
with Prestressed Near Surface Mounted CFRP Rods", Licentiate
Thesis, Lulea University of Technology.
5-Abdallah, H.,(2002),"Code Models for Serviceability of FRP
Reinforced Concrete Members in Bending", JL. Egyptian Society of
Engineers, Vol.41, No.1.
6-Nordin, H., Taljsten, B.,and Carolin, A.,(2003),"Concrete Structures
Strengthened with Near Surface Mounted Reinforcement of CFRP",
Paper B, Licentiate Thesis, Lulea University of Technology.
7-De Lorenzis, L.,and Nanni, A.,"Strengthening of RC Structures with
Near Surface Mounted FRP Rods", University of Missouri_Rolla,
Center for Infrastructure Engineering Studies.
8- Bournas, D.A., and Triantafillou, T.C.," Flexural Strengthening of RC
Columns with Near Surface Mounted FRP or Stainless Steel
Reinforcement: Experimental Investigation", The 14th World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008,
Beijing, China.
9-Cruz, J.S., and Barros, J.,(2004),"Modeling of Bond Between
Near_Surface Mounted CFRP Laminate Strips and Concrete",
Elsevier, Computers and Structures 82, PP.1513-1521.

- 18 -
10-Khalifa, A., Alkhrdaji, T., Nanni, A.,and Lansburg,
S.,(1999),"Anchorage of Surface Mounted FRP Reinforcement",
Concrete International, October, PP.49-54.
11-De Lorenzis, L., Rizzo, A.,and La Tegola, A.,(2002),"A Modified
Pull-Out Test for Bond of Near Surface Mounted FRP Rods in
Concrete", Elsevier, Composites, Part B,33.
12-De Lorenzis, L.,and Nanni, A.,(2001),"Shear Strengthening of
Reinforced Concrete Beams with Near Surface Mounted Fiber
Reinforced Polymer Rods", ACI Structural Journal, V.98, No.1,
January-February, PP.60-68.
13-De Lorenzis, L.,and Nanni, A.,(2002),"Bond Between Near Surface
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Rods and Concrete In Structural
Strengthening", ACI Structural Journal, V.99, No.2, March-April,
PP.123-132.
14-De Lorenzis, L., Lundgren, K., and Rizzo, A.,(2004),"Anchorage
Length of Near_Surface Mounted Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars for
Concrete Strengthening-Experimental Investigation and Numerical
Modeling", ACI, Structural Journal, V.101, No.2, March-April,
PP.269-278.
15-Nordin, H.,and Taljsten, B.,(2003),"Concrete Beams Strengthened
with Prestressed Near Surface Mounted CFRP", Paper C, Licentiate
Thesis, Lulea University Of Technology.
16-De Lorenzis, L.,(2004),"Anchorage Length of Near Surface Mounted
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Rods for Concrete Strengthening-
Analytical Modeling", ACI, Structural Journal, Vol.101, No.3, May-
June, pp.375-386.
17-El-Hacha, R., and Rizkalla, S.H.,(2004),"Near Surface Mounted
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcements for Flexural Strengthening
of Concrete Structures", ACI, Structural Journal, Vol.101, No.5,
Septemper-October,PP.717-726.
18-Hassan, T.K.,and Rizkallah, S.H.,(2004),"Bond Mechanism of Near-
Surface-Mounted Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars for Flexural
Strengthening of Concrete Structures", ACI Structural Journal,
November-December,PP.830-839.

- 19 -
 19-Hassan, t.,and Rizkalla, S.,(2003),"Investigation of Bond in Concrete
Structures Strengthened with Near Surface Mounted Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Polymer Strips", ASCE, Journal of Composites for
Construction, August.
20- El-Wakkad, N. (2008),"Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Deep
Beams Using Near –Surface Mounted Technique (NSM) ", Master
thesis, Menoufiya university, Egypt.
21- M. Z. Jumaat, M. A. Rahman*, M. A. Alam and M. M. Rahman"
Premature failures in plate bonded strengthened RC beams with an
emphasis on premature shear: A review" nternational Journal of the
Physical Sciences Vol. 6(2), pp. 156-168, 18 January, 2011.

- 20 -

View publication stats