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FORMULA BOOK
ANUP PARALI
CHEMISTRY
GENERAL FORMULAE BOOK
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SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
where 112 mass of one atom of C 12 isotope = 1 amu = 1.6606 10 27 kg
2.
6.4
3. Atomic mass (only for solids )
Specific Heat (in cal g 1 )
4. Atomic mass Equivalent mass valency
Mass (in g )
Molecular mass
Number of moles
MOLE CONCEPT
Mass (in g )
9. Number of Moles
Gram Atomic Mass / Gram Molecular Mass
V in cm3 V in dm3
11. Number of Moles
22, 400cm3 22.4 dm3
M V in cm3
12. Number of Moles
1000
1
METHODS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
ATOMIC NUMBER & MASS NUMBER
1. An element X can be represented as
A
Z X or Z X A where Z Atomic Number ; A Mass Number
Number of Neutrons n ( A Z )
2. Isotopes have same Z but different A
Isobars have same A but different Z
Isotones have same (A-Z) but different A as well as Z
Isodiaphers have same isotopic nymber (A-2Z) or (n - Z)
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT
3. Relationship between wavelength( ), frequency( ), wave number( ) and velocity(c) of light
c 1
(i ) (ii ) (iii )
c
4. Planck’s Theory: E h
where h is Planck ' s cons tan t 6.626 10 34 Js 6.626 1027 erg s
2
BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
h
5. mvr n
2
6. Energy of electronin " nth " orbit of H & H like Species
18 2
13.6Z 2 1 2.17210 Z 1 Z2
En eV atom eV atom ; En
n2 n2 n2
Energy of electronin " nth " orbit of H like species
1 2 0
11. Kinetic energy of Photoelectrons 2 mv hv hv0 hc .
0
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
h
12. x p ; where x uncerta int y in position , p uncerta int y in momentum
4
de-Broglie Hypothesis
h h
13.
mv P
QUANTUM NUMBERS
14. Principal quantum number: n = 1,2,3,.....
Maximum no. of electrons in a shell 2n 2
15. Azimuthal quantum number: l 0,1, 2,........( n 1)
h
Orbital angular momentum l (l 1)
2
16. Magnetic quantum number(m): m l ,....0,..... l
Totally there are (2l 1) values i.e., (2l 1) orbitals
Number of Orbitals is also given by n 2
h
Spin angular momentum S s ( s 1)
2
Spin Only magnetic moment, s n(n 2) B.M
3
18. Number of spherical nodes in an Orbital n l 1
Total number of nodes = n
Number of nodal planes in an orbital = l
THERMODYNAMICS
HEAT & MECHANICAL WORKDONE
1. w H ; w J H where J is mechanical equivalent of heat
which is 4.184 107 erg 4.184J
2. First Law of thermodynamics U q w
3. Sign convention for workdone and heat
w ve workdone on the system; w ve workdone by the system
q ve Heat is absorbed by the system;
q ve Heat is given out by the system
4. Isothermal irreversible expansion wirr Pext V
5. Workdone during Isothermal reversible process
V P
wrev 2.303nRT log 2 2.303nRT log 1
V1 P2
6. Workdone during Adiabatic reversible process wrev nCv T
INTERNAL ENERGY & ENTHALPY
7. H U PV ; H U P V ; H U n g RT
q
9. Heat Capacity C ; C p Cv R
T2 T1
0 0 0
10. H Re action H f (Pr oducts ) H f (Re ac tan ts )
H fusion HVapourization
15. S fusion ; SVapourization
T fusion Tvapourization
4
GIBB’S FREE ENERGY
16. G H TS ; G H T S ; G Wusefull
0 0 0
17. GRe action G f (Pr oducts ) G f (Re ac tan ts )
18. G 0 nFEcell
0
; G 0 RT ln K
EQUILIBRIUM
PHYSICAL EQUILIBRIUM
1. Henry’s Law: p K H x
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
a b
2. Law of Mass Action: For the reaction aA bB cC dD; r k A B at cons tan t T
3. Law of Chemical equilibrium for the reaction
aA( g ) bB( g ) cC ( g ) dD( g )
c d
C D
Kc a b KP
pCc pDd
A B pAa pBb
nc
where C ; pC xC Ptotal
V in L
4. Relationship between K C & K P :
n g
K P K C ( RT ) ; where ng ngaseous products ngaseous reac tan ts
5. Reaction coefficient (Q)
c d
Q
C D at any stage of reversible reaction
a b
A B
At equilibrium Q K
6. For a reversible reaction aA bB cC dD , let the equilibrium constant be K. Then
(i)for the reaction , 2aA 2bB 2cC 2dD, the equilibrium constant is K K 2
a b c d
(ii) for the reaction A B C D, the equilibrium constant is K K 12 K
2 2 2 2
Ka
For weak monobasic acids
C
Kb
For weak mono acidic base
C
10. Relative strengh of two weak monobasic acids
Kw Kh
Hydrolysis cons tan t , K h ; Degree of Hydrolysis, h
Ka C
1 1
pH pK w pK a log C 7 pK a log C
2 2
17. For salts of strong acid and weak base
Kw Kh
Hydrolysis cons tan t , K h ; Degree of Hydrolysis, h
Kb C
1 1
pH pK w pK b log C 7 pK b log C
2 2
18. For salts of weak acid and weak base
Kw
Hydrolysis cons tan t , K h ; Degree of Hydrolysis, h K h
K a Kb
1 1
pH pK w pK b pK b 7 pK a pK b
2 2
Solubility(S) & Solubility Product(Ksp)
y x x y
19. For a salt of type Ax By ; K sp A B
2
20. For a salt of type AB; K sp A B ( S )( S ) S ; S K sp
K sp
21. For a salt of type A2 B and AB2 : K sp 4S 3 ; S 3
4
STATES OF MATTER
Gas Laws
1
2. Boyle’s law equation: Vα or PV=constant or P1V1 =P2 P2
P
V V V
3. Charle’s law Equation: VαT or =constant or 1 2
T T1 T2
6
4. Pressure law (Amonto’s law equation):
P P P
P T or cons tan t or 1 2
T T1 T2
5. Avogadro’s law: V n
6. Equation of state (Ideal gas): PV nRT
7. Valves of R: 0.0821 L-tm K 1mol 1 0.314 107 ergs K 1mol 1
r1 M2 d2
10. Graham’s law of Diffusion:
r2 M1 d1
PM
13. Molar mass and density: d=
RT
3
15. Average kinetic energy of gas: KE= kT
2
R
where k
N 0 is known as Boltzmann constant.
3RT
16. Root mean square velocity: urms
M
2RT
17. Most probable velocity:
M
8RT
18. Average Velocity: v
M
8
19. Relationship between velocities: u : v : 3 : : 2 1.224 :1.128 :1
PV
20. Compressibility factor: Z
nRT
1
21. Collision frequency: Z 2vN 2
2
1
22. Mean free path:
2 2 n
a
23. Critical temperature: Pc
27 Rb
7
24. Critical volume: Vc 3b
3
25. c c
Relation between critical constants PV RTc
8
a
26. Boyles’ temperature: TB
Rb
C p Cv R...... for 1 mole gas
Cp Cp
1.66 1.66 for monoatomic gas
Cv Cv
=1.40(for diatomic gas) =1.30(for triatomic gas)
an 2
26. van der Waal equation of state: P V nb nRT
V2
3a
Simple cubic Body-centred cubic Face-centred cubic d a d 0.866a
2
a
d 0.707a
2
7. Relatin between atomic radius ( r) and edge length (a) in case of pure elements having cubic unit cell
d
For pure elements: r
2
a
Simple cubic Body-centred cubic Face-centred cubic r r 3a / 4 0.433a
2
r a / 2 2 0.3535a
8
8. Calculation of density of a cubic crystal from its edge length a
ZM
3
Density, in g cm a N 0 1030
3
where
Z= number of atoms per uit cell ( For elements)
= number of formula units per unit cell (For ionic compounds)
M= atomic mass of the elements/formula mass of the ionic compound
a= edge length in pm.
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate/Velocity of Reaction
1. For a hypothetical chemical reaction, aA bB aC dD
Instantaneous rate expression:
1 d A 1 d B 1 d C 1 d D
Rate
a dt b dt c dt d dt
x y
Rate law: Rate k A B k rate constant
The rate law is determined by experiments and connot be written from the balanced equation.
x y may be or may not be equal to a b .
where x y = Order of reaction
(a+b) = Molecularity of reaction
3. Unit of rate and rate constant
Rate of reaction : mol L1s 1
Rate constant (k)
Order of reaction Units
Zero order mol L1time 1
1st order time 1
2nd order mol 1 Ltime 1
2rd order mol 2 L2time 1
1 n
nth order mol L 1
time 1
4. Intergrated rate equations
k
A0 A x and t
a
For a zero order reaction: 1/ 2
t t 2k
t1/ 2 0.693 / k
A0
Amount of substance left after n half lives of a first reaction
2n
1 1 1 1 x
For a second order reaction: k
t A A0 t a a x
1
t1/ 2
ka
9
For a third order reaction:
1 1 1 1 x 2a x
k 2
t A A2 2t a 2 a x 2
0
3
t1/ 2
2ka 2
Time taken to complete 75% of the reaction, t0.75 2 t0.50 , where t0.50 is the time taken to complete
50% of reaction i.e., t1/ 2
General expression for integrated rete equation of an nth order reaction and its t1/ 2 .
d A n
k A n 1
dt
On integrating
1 1 1
k n 1 n 1
t n 1 A 0
A
1 1 1
t n 1 n 1
k n 1 A A
0
2n 1 1
t1/ 2 For n 1
k n 1 a n 1
These equation are not valid for first order reaction.
5. Arrhenius equation
k Ae Ea / RT where k is rate constant A is frequency constant, Ea is activation energy, R is universal
gas constant and T is temperature
Ea 1
log k log A
2.303R T
1 Ea
When a graph is plotted by taking log k v/s , we get straight line with a negative slope =
T 2.303R
and y- inetrcept = log A
k2 Ea 1 1
log R 8.314 JK 1mol 1
k1 2.303R T1 T2
SOLUTIONS
wB
1. mass% 100
wA wB
wB g
2. Molarity
V L M B
wB g
3. Molality
wA kg M B
10
wB
4. ppm 106
wA wB
nA
5. Mole fraction of A, x A
n A nB
nA
mole fraction of B, xB
n A nB
x A xB 1
wA
mass fraction of A
wA wB
wB
mass fraction B
wA wB
8. Raoults’s law
If both components are volatile
PA x A p 0 A and PB xB P 0 B
PTotal PA PB x A P 0 A xB p 0 B
1 xB p 0 A xB P 0 B 1 xB p 0 A xB p 0 B P 0 B p 0 A xB p 0 A
If only solvent (A) is volatile
Vapour pressure of solution, ps x A p 0 A
1 pA
Mole fraction of A in vapour phase, x A
p A pB
9. Relative lowering of vapour pressure:
wB M A
p A p 0 A ps MB
xB ; P0 p
p0 A p0 A wA A 0 s
p A
10. Elevation in boiling point
RTb2 K b wB 1000
Tb K b m; kb ; MB
1000 Lvap Tb wA
11. Depression in freezing point
RT f2 K f wB 1000
T f K f m; K f ; MB
1000 L f T f wA
12. Osmotic pressure
n w RT
CRT RT ; M B B
V V
R 0.0821 L atm K 1 (when P is atm and V is in L)
8.314 jK 1mol 1 ( when P is Nm 2 or pascals and V is in m3 ) For isotomic solutions 1 2
13. Van’t Hoff factor
Van’t Hoff factor,
Observed value colligative property Calculated mol.mass
i= =
Calculated value of colligative property Observed mol.mass
11
For dissociation i>1; For association i<1.
For solution undergoing association or dissociation,
p A inB
p A inB n A ,
0
Tb i kb m ,
T f i k f m ,
n
i RT
V
i 1
14. Degree of dissociation
n 1
n
15. Degree of association 1 i
n 1
In the above expressions:
A refers to
wA = mass of solvent (g)
V= Volume of solution (L)
T f =Freezing point depresion
K f = Cryoscopic or molal depression constant
T f = Freezing point of pure solvent
Lvap = Latent heat of vaporisation of solvent
GEM = Gram equivalent mass of solute
x A = Mole fraction of solvent
nA = No. of moles of A
B refers to solute
wB = mass of solute (g)
M B = Molecular mass of solute
Tb =Boiling point Elevation
K b = Ebuilioscopic constant or molal elevation constant
Tb = Boiling point of pure solvent
L f =Latent heat of fusion of solvent
xB = Mole fraction of solute
nB = No. of moles of B.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrolytic Conductance
1
1. R cell cons tan t
a
where R is the resistance in ohms , a is the area of cross-section of electrodes in cm 2 , l is the
distance between electrodes in cm and is the specific resistance or resistivity in ohm cm cm .
Unit of the cell constant is cm 1 .
12
2. Specific conductance (kappa) is reciprocal of specific resistance R.
1 1
and C
R
1
C C cell cons tan t
a
units of conductance (C) are ohm 1 . ohm 1 is also known as mho.
1 R Observed resistance
3. Cell constant
a Specific resistance
Specific conductance
Cell cons tan t
C Observed conductance
1000cm3 L1
4. Molar conductance ^ m
Cm Molarity
where is specific conductance and Cm is the molar concentration of solution in mol cm 3 .
Units of molarity are molL1 or M .
Units of specific conductance or molar conductivity are ohm1cm 2 mol 1 or
mho cm 2 mol 1 or S cm 2 mol 1 .
Before substituting the value of Cm in the formula, change its units to mol cm 3 .
^ 0m Ax By x 0 m A y y 0 m B x
Where x and y are the number of cations and anions furnished by one formula unit of the electrolyte
on complete dissociation.
m0 A y and m0 B x are the molar conductivities of cation A y and anion B x respectively at infi-
nite dilution or zero concentration.
8. Units of molar conductance are 1cm 2 mol 1
C 2
10. Dissociation constant, K c (only for weak electrolytes of type A B )
1
11. Units of ^ 0m are 1cm 2 mol 1 . Units of concentration C, are generally mol L1 .
Electrolytic Phenomenom
12. Q=nF,where Faraday cons tan t , F 96, 500Cmol 1
13. Quantity of electricity passed in coulombs = current ( in amperes ) x Time ( in seconds)
14. Electrochemical equivalent, Z=E/96500.
where E is the equivalent mass of the substance.
15. Mass of the substance liberated, W=I×t×Z
where I= current passed in amperes
t= time for which current is passed in seconds
Z= electrochemical equivalent of the substance liberated .
13
16. If same quantity of electricity is passed though different electrolystes, then the masses of different
substances liberated are in the ratio of their equivalent masses.
Mass of A liberated Eq.mass of A
Mass of B liberated Eq.mass of B
Electrochemical Phenomenon
17. 1 L = 1L 103 cm3 ,1 1 1mho 1S
0 0 0 0 0
18. Standard EMF of a cell, Ecell Ecathode Eanode ERight ELeft
19. Units of electrode potential and EMF are volt or V.
20. Nernst Equation. For the reduction reaction
M n ne M
n
Electrode potential at 298K, for molar concetration of M
0.0591V 1
E M n E 0 n log
M
M
M
n M n
E M0 n
where is the standard potential, n is the number of electrons gained by one cation M n .
M
Ecell E 0
0.0591V
log
X Y
cell a b
n A B
where X , Y , A , B are the molar concentration of X, Y, A and B respectively, n is the number
of electrons involved in the cell reaction.
22. For a cell reaction in equilibrium at 298K
0.0591V
E 0cell log K c
n
where K c is the equilibrium constant for the reaction and n is the number of electrons involved in
the electrochemical cell reaction.
23. Standard free energy charge G 0 nE 0 F , where n is the number of electrons transferred in the
0
redox reaction of the cell, Ecell is the standard emf of the cell. F stands for 1 faraday i.e., 96500 C mol (
charge on one mole of electron).
24. Standard free energy charge, G 0 2.303 RT log K c
0
where K c is the equilibrium constant at TK and it can be calculated from Ecell by using the relation
0 0.0591V
Ecell log K c
n
20. 0
Ecell is in volts V , G is in joule or kilojoule (J or kJ) and F is 96500 C mol 1 .
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