Review of the Testing Methods for Full-Load Temperature Rise Testing of Induction Machines Review of the Testing Methods for Full-Load Temperature Rise Testing of Induction Machines 1. Colak, G. Bal, C, Ehmas, Gazi Universitesi, Teknik Egitim Fakiltesi, Elektrik Egitimi Bilimd, Besevler Ankara-Turkey. Keywords: Induction machine, inverter, temperature rising tests Abstract Determination of the temperature rise as well as the power dissipated inside induction machines as heat is a matter of interest to both customers and manufacturers. This is important since it affects the insulation materials, the cooling systems and the efficiency of the machine. In this paper, some of established methods of full-load temperature sise testing of induction machines, such as ditect loading test, back-to-back test, phantom loading test, forward short circuit test, varinble inertia test and mixed-frequency test, have been reviewed, The experimental and simulation results of the mixed-frequency test using an inverter have then been analysed in detail, Introduction ‘The testing of induction machine to determine the temperature rise as well as the power dissipated inside the machines as heat is, a matter of interest to both customers and manufacturers. This is important since it affects the insulation materials, the cooling systems and the efficiency of the machine. ‘There are many established methods of full-load temperatu testing of induction machines: rise Direct loading test Back-to-back test Phantom loading test Forward short circuit test ‘Variable inertia test Mixed-frequency test ‘The most accurate and basic heat run of the induction machine is to load the machine shafi directly with a mechanical or an electrical load. This test is capable of producing the filleload current flowing into the machine and the full-load mechanical losses occurring inside the machine as well as the full-load rotor current flowing in the rotor bars at rated rotor speed. However coupling of a load to the machine shaft is not easy and hence the testis expensive due to the following reasons: © The different size of half-couplings is needed for the different shaft size of machines. ‘© The load for the large machines occupies space and costs a lot of money. ‘The load consumes energy. A large amount of current is drawn from the supply during the test Apart fiom the direct loading test, the back to back test, the phantom loading test, the forward short circuit test and the variable inertia test also require the mechanical coupling of the test machine to any other load machine, But the mixed-frequency_ testing method does not require any mechanical connection of EPE Journal Vol. 6 no 1 May 1996 the test machine to a load machine. In the following section, these testing methods are summarised, Review of the established methods for the full- load temperature rise testing of induction machines The back-to-back testis one of the testing methods for the full- Joad heat run of an induction machine. This test has two distinet ‘merits, which are the economy and the accuracy. Because, in this, test, the full-load size plant is not needed for loading and the ‘major part of the test power is circulated rather than dissipated. Further, the loss is measured as a net input rather than as the stall difference between two separately measured large powers. However, it requires coupling of two induction machines which will sun at different speeds when generating or motoring. Thus direct coupling of two induction machines is not possible if two induction machines are operated fom a constant frequency supply. Christofides and Adkins [1] suggested a method of back-to-back test to overcome this problem as shown in Fig, 1, in where, the two induction machines are fed from the same power supply and coupled to two DC machines which are fixed on a stationary bedplate. As the stators of the two induetion motors are strapped together and are free to rotate on their own bearings, the induction machine 1 is driven as generator at speed of Og while the induction machine 2 mins as a motor at speed of @yy.The speed of these two induction machines can be adjusted until the stator frames have no tendency to rotate, which means that the torques in two couplings are equal. They coucluded that, the input power P,, supplies the stator losses and very nearly the ‘whole of the load losses.1. Colak, G. Bal, C. Elmas 3 Phe oe iff. Tal: EG ows apie bap Fig. 1 Block diagram of a different form of the back-to-back| (q a Fig. 2 Block diagram of the back-to-back test Fling gerbox ia org beet d= (A Powers Fig, 3 Phantom loading test ell eee LE Fig, 4 Forward short circuit test Free Running Thera o % Tact eduction fon senate “Mote Speed sano Gentex Fig. $ Schematic diaaram of proposed test arrangement, Monts [2] su torque boost’ aiven in Fig. 2 require two extra DC machines as Christofides and Adkins [1] 38 suggested. Thus these two identical machines are connected as back-to-back to each other through a special gearbox so that the speed differences between the two induction machines can be adjusted with the gearbox. The power loss in the gearbox is of the same order as the load loss in the induction motors. Thus, the geabox loss must be compensated by the addition of a torque boost to the gearbox housing which ensures that the torques on. both sides of the gearbox are equal. Another approximate form of the heat run of induction machines ‘was called the "phantom loading" introduced by Fong [3]. In this, test, the test machine is connected electrically to another auxiliary machine. A DC power supply is also connected between the terminals of two machines as shown in Fig. 3. The full-load current flows in both stator and rotor, the full Aux circulates in the magnetic circuits and both machines rotate at synchronous speed without being mechanically coupled to each other or a third machine. Fong tested both a squimrel-cage induction motor (3 KW at 1450 rpm) and a slip-ring induction ‘motor (3.7 kW at 1430 rpm) respectively. The temperature rise ‘was found to be similar from both phantom loading test and actual test for the squirrel-cage motor. ‘However an increase in speed for both machines used in the test ‘was observed during the phantom loading test. Ho [4] improved the phantom loading test further for the testing of delta connected machines by using a current injector again between, the terminals of two machines. Ho [4] applied the phantom loading test on a 330 EW and 2.2 kW motors, The test sesults for the 2.2 KW induction motor was found very encouraging [4]. According to Plevin [5], a method called “the forward short ‘circuit test" has been developed by GEC ALSTHOM Large Machines Ltd and has been used for the testing of large ‘machines of ratings up to 21 MW for more than 40 years. This test involves a separate machine to drive the test machine and an alternator or a variable frequency power supply to feed the test ‘machine as shown in Fig. 4. The machine is driven at rated speed by feeding its stator from an unexcited alternator, The speed difference between the test machine and altemator can be corrected by adjusting the excitation of the altemator. Sinee the induction machine is fed fiom the reduced frequency of the alternator and driven as an induction generator by a DC machine, the slip of the induction machine can be adjusted to be beyond the slip corresponding to maximum power. Under these conditions, the effective rotor resistance is selatively small such, ‘that the machine impedance is dominated by reduced frequency of the altemator and driven as an induction generator. Since the induction machine is fed fiom the reduced frequency of the alternator and driven as an induction generator by a DC machine, the slip of the induction machine can be adjusted to be beyond the slip corresponding to maximum power. Under these ‘conditions, the effeetive rotor resistance is relatively small such that the machine impedance is dominated by reduced frequency leakage reactance requiring only relatively small voltage for rated current to circulate, Because of the small effective rotor resistance, it may be said that itis approaching short circuit and the rotating speed will be faster than the reduced frequency synchronous speed, Hence it is named as "the forward short EPE Journal Vol. 6 20 1 May 1996Review of the Testing Methods for Full-Load Temperature Rise Testing of Induction Machines cireuit test”, Finally, it is reported that this test produces a temperature rise which is very close to that obtained by direct loading test at the rated stator current and the rated rotor speed ‘The "variable inertia test" introduced by Garvey et al. [6] for temperature-rse testing of induction machines has an interesting set of advantages and disadvantages. The principal disadvantage must be that it does require mechanical coupling of the test machine to a load. Against this, however, is the fact that the "load!" is very simple and compact compared with an electrical load machine and the only net electrical power drawn from the supply is that which appears as losses in the induction machine. By having a lage free-running inertia, the variation in rotor speed can be very small indeed. The physical Iayout of this new test is shown schematically in Fig. 5. It comprises three essential elements (@)_ the machine on test (b) a gearbox having a non-constant speed-ratio (©) a fiee-nunning inertia ‘The variable inertia test is closely related to a family of tests which can collectively be called "mixed frequency tests". The essence of the test lies in the non-constant speederatio gearbox: which causes the inertia referred to the machine shaft to be a smooth fiction of the total rotation angle of that shaft. This variation causes a varying shaft-orque which in tum results in a varying rotor speed and hence a finite mean absolute value of slip. Because the speed varies above and below synchronous speed, it is clear that the machine is caused to behave cyclically as a motor and then as a generator. According to the simulation results, the effect of variable inertia test was found to be very similar tothe effect of the usual mixed-irequeney test ‘All the testing methods mentioned above requite the use of an extra machine as load or excitation or extra power supplies (to produce mixed-frequeney power). Mechanically coupling of large machines on the testebed (especially in the case of vertical machines) is very difficult and increases the cost of the test. The mixed-frequency test does not require an extra machine or mechanical load. The conventional mixed-frequeney test requires the use of two different power supplies of different ‘frequencies and amplitudes. It is a method that can be applied for testing all types of machine with the advantages of being economic and accurate, Mixed-frequency testing of induction machines Mixed-frequency testing of induction machines achieves two outcomes: the losses in the machine and the temperature rise of the machine when those losses are present. Proportionately. its purpose is probably about 1/5 for establishing power losses and about 4/5 for temperature rise since reasonably accurate methods exist for computing power losses in advance. One of the biggest areas of uncertainty remaining in the design of any electrical machine is the effectiveness of the cooling system. The broadest definition of mixed-frequency testing of induction machines is that a non-sinusoidal voltage patter consisting of two (or more) harmonic components is applied to the terminals of the induction EPE Journal Vol. 6 no 1 May 1996 ‘machine. This produces a fulleload rms current flowing into the machine at rated speed, without loading the machine mechanically. The net input power measured is then equal to the total fll-load losses of the motor and under such conditions the temperature rise of the machine can be accurately measured. ‘The mixed-frequency has not been used intensively in the machine industry and there are relatively few publications dealing with it, although it is a long-established method. Kron [7], Meyer and Lorenzen [8] and Plevin [5] all asserted that the mixed-frequency test was first proposed by Yiterberg in 1921. Hill [9] attributed the test to Lilljeblad who used this method extensively on vertical machines or others that could not be coupled physically to a load, The mixed-frequency testing of induction motors has been found to be a very practical method especially for measuring temperature rises of large vertical ‘machines, and it has been found invaluable for the testing of efficiency. power factor and various motor torques as reported by Schwenk [10], Radic and Strupp [11}. Jordon et al. (12), ‘Meyer and Lorenzen [8] and Peebles Electrical Machines [13]. The vibration of the machine was also found abnormal ({S} and Palit [14)). All the methods of the mixed-frequency testing of induction machines mentioned above require more than one power supply. Recently, an inverter has been suggested as a mixed-frequency power supply (Colak et al. [15]), The use of inverter provided the temperature rises which were very close to those obtained from the direct loading test (Garvey ct al. (16]). Grantham and ‘Rahman [17] and Grantham [18] introduced a novel machineless dynamometer for load testing three phase induction motors. In these papers, the induction machine was tested by using a microprocessor controlled inverter. Similasly, Grantham et al. [19] and Spooner et al. [20] used microprocessor controlled power electronics to replace the electrical machines of an existing equivalent load technique and to rapidly change the ‘machine's supply frequency. In fact, all four references ‘mentioned here are the same although they were published in different conferences by the same author, Gamtham, with some different co-authors and the methods which they called microprocessor controlled power electronic techniques, are parts of the forms of the mixed-frequency testing of induction ‘machines as Colak etal. [15] mentioned. Supply testing arrangements for mixed-frequency ‘The mixed-frequency power supply can be a single device or a combination of two devices as illustrated in Fig. 6. An alternator or an inverter can be used as a single mixed-frequency power supply. If an alternator is used to produce different types of voltage waveforms whose amplitudes and frequencies are varied arbitrarily, the field current or rotor speed of the alternator must be contolled either separately or together. 391. Colak, G. Bal, C. Elmas Fig. 6 Illustration of possible mixed-frequency power supplies. Tani Main Supply ‘Machine Under Test Auxiliary Supply Fig, 7 Generie connection arrangement for conventional mixed-frequency test through a transformer. Main Sopply Auxiliary Supply Machine Under Test Fig. 8 Generic serial connection arrangement for conventional frequency test ‘The use of an altemator requires a DC machine or any other machine to drive the rotor of the altemator and a DC souree to feed the field windings of the altemator. The use of inverter as a single mixed-frequency power supply provides a wide range of control over the output voltage and frequency as well as eliminating the use of extra DC machines to drive the alternator. The inverter is capable of producing so many different voltage wavefoms (sinewave, square-wave, triangular-wave or different combinations of these waveforms) at different frequencies, In the case of using two supplies as a mixed- frequency power supply, there are two possible options given in Fig. 6 In the first option. both supplies can be two different size of alternators (or the mains and the ausiliary alternator) whose ‘outputs are connected to each other through a specially design transformer as shown in Fig. 7 or the coils ofthe two alternators are connected to each other in serial as shown in Fig. 8. One of them is the main, the other one is the auxiliary alternator Generally, the main altemator produces rated amplitude of voltage at sated frequency of the test machine and the ausiliary cone produces lower amplitude of voltage at lower frequency. ‘The use of one of two alternators as a mixed-frequency power supply requires one or two more DC machines to drive the altemators 40 In the second option, a combination of an inverter as an auxiliary supply and an alternator as a main supply can also be used to supply a mixed-frequency test. In this case the outputs of both inverter and alternator must be connected to each other through a wansformer The voltage equation for the use of two supplies (case 1) can be ‘written as: Case 1: Vy( = Vi[Ginlo,d + dsin(1-90,0)] In the case of using co supplies, various voltage waveforms can be produced in any form due to the control capabilities of inverter and altesatr. Soin ofthe vllage waveforms forthe tse of single power supply can be defined respectively, a8 pure frequency meoelation (ease 2), pure amplide modulation (case 3), and simultaneous frequency and amplitude modulation (case ‘as below Case 2: Vg ( = Vosin(6 (3) Case 3: Vex = V0. tisin( 0, Case 4: V ag 6 -¥ 0. fasin(@ (2) wh POW g a> ateltdastio,y ae ° 5 Sch gto sralemately 0 6-0, |e 00 a where Vig ~Resultant voltage, Vp Amplitude of base voltage, ©, = Angular base fiequency. ©, = Angular beat frequency = Ratio of beat fiequency over base frequency (oy/0,). 3 earee of either voltage modulation (AVi/V) oF frequency modulation (Afo/fo). There will be some high frequency harmonies in the inverter output voltage due to the switching fiequency of the inverter as aiven in the following section. These high frequency harmonies will increase the core losses (Ceceoni et al. [21]. Mohan et al [22]). It is possible, and quite sensible to include some form of filter in the Hine between inverter and induction machine to eliminate the high frequency harmonies in the voltage applied to the test machine EPE Journal Vol. 6 20 1 May 1996Review of the Testing Methods for Full-Load Temperature Rise Testing of Induction Machines Simulation and test results of full-load and mixed-frequency testing of induction machine In this paper, the simulation results were obtained from both dq, and phase equations models of induction machine [23] (3 phase. A connected, 4KW, 415V, 7.2A, 2 pole and S0Hz). The experimental results were obtained from a DSP (TMS320C30) controlled inverter [24] which was build at GAZI Unive Table 1 and 2 show temperatures rises measured at various points within the machine for fall load and mixed-frequency testing at rated stator current and rotor speed. Table 1 Full-load temperature rise test results Windings | Airzap | Core [ Room | End windings | Rotor sore [ose [ssc fase [ 9c [rove Table 2 Temperature rise test results for cases 2 and 4 Windings [ Airgap | Core [ Room | End windings [ Rotor sore | 96° [ave [asc ssc [ise Experimental and simulation sesults of stator current and rotor speed of the mixed-frequency testing of induction machine are shown for comparison purposes in the figures 9 and 10 belaw for cases 2 and 4, Figure 11 shows experimental and test results of stator current and rotor speed for the full-load testing of the test machine. Output voltage of the inverter and its harmonic spectrum at 10 He beat frequency with 3 KHz switching frequency and 40 KHz. sampling frequency for case 2 are shown in Fig. 12, The magnitude of the Voltage is not varying with respect to the beat frequency, but the frequency of the voltage changes with respect to the beat frequency. The maximum harmonic appears at about 50 Hz, The side band harmonics above and below SO Hz are between 10% and 15% of the fundamental harmonics. There are high frequency harmonics at 3 kHz switching frequency, but their magnitudes are about 5% of the fundamental harmonic because the inverter operates in transitional mode between full PWM and six-step. However, the high frequency harmonics can increase the core losses due to their high ordet. The low order voltage harmonics of the order 5, 7, 11 and 13 in Fig. 12 are very small comparing the fundamental harmonic so that their effects ccan be ignored. Output voltage of the inverter and its harmonic spectrum at 10 He beat frequency with 3 KHz switching frequeney and 40 kHz. sampling frequency for case 4 are shown in Fig. 13, The frequency and the magnitude of voltage are changing with respect to the beat frequency. The maximum harmonic appears at about $0 Hz, The side band harmonics above and below 50 Hz are between 10% and 42% of the fandamental harmonics. There are high frequeney harmonies at 3 kHz switching frequeney. but their magnitudes are about 5% of the fimdamental harmonic because the inverter operates in transitional mode between fall PWM and six-step. However. the EPE Journal Vol. 6 no 1 May 1996 dyad tI ip pint Ath ih mil i A SULA AR a VV y Far aH) Fig. 9 Comparison of the test and the simulation results of the stator current and the rotor speed at 10 Hz beat frequency for ease 2 Wl Well ) “VV VN Y the stator current and the rotor speed at 10 Hz beat frequency for ease 4. ‘| li Ah hh iN hi I I Weill i 3 IMM A ne i (WAVY Wy \. otic TANI eA Mlotly( Ay Al Math Fig. 11 Comparison of the test and the simulation results of| the stator current and the rotor speed for full load test of| he squirrel-cage induction machine. 41. Colak, G. Bal, C. Elmas high frequency harmonies can increase the core losses due to their high order, The low order voltage harmonics of the order 5, 7. U1 and 13 in Fig. 13 are very small comparing the fundamental harmonic and their effects ean be ignored. ie Fig. 12 Inverter output voltage and its harmonie spectrum for case 2 (f, = 10 Hz, Esehing =3 KHZ. Longing = 40 KZ). $200 3 F aco] 5 Fig, 13 Inverter ontput voltage and its harmonic spectrum for case 4 (f, = 10 Hz, facing ~3 KHZ, Lamping = 40 KHZ). Conclusions Different established methods for the fill-load temperature rise testing of induction machines have been reviewed. It has been mentioned that, the most accurate and basic heat run of the induction machine is to load the machine shaft directly with a mechanical or an electrical load. However coupling of @ load to the machine shaft is not easy and hence the test is expensive. Apart fiom the direct loading test, the back to back test, the phantom loading test, the forward short cireuit test and the variable inertia test also provide the full-load temaperature rises of induction machine which are very close to those obtained 2 from the direct loading test but the mechanical coupling of the test machine to any other load machine is still necessary in these tests, The mechanical connection of the test machine to a load ‘machine can be eliminated when the mixed-frequency testing method is used. However, the conventional mixed-frequency test requires the use of two different power supplies of different frequencies and amplitudes. Different supply arrangements for the mixed-frequency testing have been given as a single supply or two supplies, Arrangements of these supplies include an alternator or an inverter or a combination of an altemator and an inverter. Finally, as mentioned in the previous sections, the use of an inverter as a mixed-frequency power supply has some advantages over the use of an altemator such as eliminating the ‘use of extra DC motors to drive the alternator and the use of extra power supplies of the alternator and DC motor. On the other hand, the use of inverter increases the core losses over the fullsload value due to the harmonics in the inverter output voltage, but itis possible to inclule some form of filter between ‘the inverter and the induction machine 10 eliminate these harmonics, References 1, Christofides N. and Adkins B., (1966), "Determination of Joad losses and toques in squirrel-cage induction motors", Proc, IEE, Vol. 113, No, 12, pp. 1995-2005, December Mortis D.G.O., (1568), "Back-to-back test for induction machines: Floating gearbox". Proc. IEE, Vol. 115, No. 4, pp. 536-537, April 3. Fong W., (1972), "New temperature test for polyphase induction motors by phantom loading’, Proc. IEE, Vol. 119, No. 7. pp. 883-887, July 4. Ho SL.. (1992), "Further development of phantom loading in induction motors", ICEM92. Intemational Conference on Electrical Machines, 1Sih-17th September, pp. 298-302, Manchester, UK $. Plevin D. H., (1988), "Test Simulation of full load heating for large cage type induction motors", Internal Report, GEC ALSTHOM Large Machines Ltd, Rugby. 6. Garvey S. Colsk T and Wright MT., (1994), "The "variable inertia test" for foll-load tempersture ise testing of induction machines", TEE Proc-Electr. Power Appl, Vol. 142, No. 3, pp. 222-224, May. 7. Kron A. W,, (1973), "Messmgen an Asychronmotoren bei bitrequenter Speisung", ETZ-A94 (2), pp. 7782 8. Meyer A. and Lorenzen H. W., (1979), "Two-frequency heat un = a method of examination for three-phase induction motors’, IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. Pas-98, no. 6, pp. 2338-2347, ‘November/Decemb: 9. Hill W., (1968), "Discussion on Stray Load Losses in Squitrel-Cage Induetion Motor", IEE Proc., Vol. 112, No. 9. pp. 1752, September. 10. Schwenk H.R, (1975), "Equivalent loading of induction ‘machines for temperature tests', Conf, Record of LAS Meeting, pp. 1083-1058. 11, Radic P. and Strupp H., (1976). "Measurement of temperature rise in induction motors using the continuously EPE Journal Vol. 6 20 1 May 1996Review of the Testing Methods for Full-Load Temperature Rise Testing of Induction Machines varied frequency method”, Brown Boveri Rev. Vol. 63, No 8, pp. 517-520, August. 12, Jordon H. E., Cook J. H. and Smith R, L.. (1977), "synthetic load testing of induction machine", IEEE ‘Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS- 96, No. 4. pp. 1101-1104, July/August 13, Peebles Electrical Machines, Publication No. MG S10X, "The use of continously varied frequency (C.VF) for induction motor heat runs", 14, Palit B. B., (1980), "Temperature rise in a synthetically loaded induction machine", Intemational Conference on Electrical Machines, Athens, Greece, 15-17 September, Vol. 3, pp. 2082-2088, 15. Golak I, Garvey 8. and Wright M.T., (1993), "Mixed- frequency testing of induction machines using inverters" EPE'93, Sth European Conference on Power Electroni and Applications, 14-17 September, vol. 5. pp. 31 Brighton, UK. 16. Garvey S., Colak I, and Wright M.T., (1994), "Aspects of mixed-frequency testing of induction machines", ICEM94 Intemational Conference on Electrical Machines, 5-8 September, pp. 623-628, Paris, France Grantham C. and Rahman F., (1993), "A novel machineless dynamometer for load testing thiee-phase induction motors", Sixth International. Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives, 810 September. pp. 202-207 Oxford, UK, 18. Grantham C., (1993), "Full load testing of three phase induction motors without the use of a dynamometer", International. Conference on Electrical Machines, 5 September, pp. 147-152, Kensington, Australia, 19. Grantham C., Spooner E. D. and Sheng M., (1990), "Synthetic loading of machines using microprocessor controlled power electronics", Fourth International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, IEE Conf. Publ. No. 324, London, UK, 17-19 July, pp. 121-126, 20. Spooner E. D., Grantham C. and Largent R. 1986, Electrical Energy Conference 1986, Electrical Energy Systems - Today and Tomorrow, Institution of Engineers Australia, 20-22 October, pp. 194-197, Brisbane, Australia 21. Cecconi V.. Pagano E. and Perfetto A. (1986). "A. contribution to test standardisation for inverter-fed asynehonous machines", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol 14-22, No. 1, pp. 25-31, Tanuary\Fabruary 22, Mohaa N., Undeland T. M. and Robbins W. P., (1989), "Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design", Printed in the Republic of Singapore. 23. Bal G., (1993) "Performance analysis of field-orientation controlled induction motor with parameter adaptation”, PhD Thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glaszow. 24. Ehnas C. and Bay O. F.. (1995). "DSP controlled switeh reluctance drive", (in Turkish), 6th National Electrical Engineering Conference, Bursa, Turkey, 1]-17 September, vol. 3, pp. 1003-1006. ‘The authors: EPE Journal Vol. 6 no 1 May 1996 ham COLAK hami COLAK has received his BSe and ‘MSc degrees in The Department of Electrical Engineering from Technical Education Faculty of Gazi University ANKARA-TURKEY jin 1985 and 1988 respectively. He worked as a research assistant in the same department from 1986 to 1989. Then he has his MPhil in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department from Birmingham University and his PhD in Electrical Engineering Department from Aston University in Birmingham, UK in 1991 and 1994 respectively, His main interests are electrical machines, control and power electronics. (Gazi Universitesi, Teknik Egitim Fakaltesi, Elektrik Egitimi Bolomo, Besevler Ankara-Turkey. Tel.+90 312 2123962, Fax.: +90 312 2120059), Gangs BAL, Gingor BAL has received his BSc and MSe degrees in ‘The Department of Flectrical Engineering from Technical Education Faculty of Gazi University ANKARA‘TURKEY in 1983 and 1988 respectively. He worked as a research assistant inthe same department fom 1985 to 1989, Then he has his PhD in lectonics and Electrical Engineering Department fiom Strathclyde University in Glasgow, UK in 1993. His main interests are electrical machines, AC drives and control. (Gazi Universitas, Teknik Eaitim Fakttesi, Elektrik Eaitimi Balti, Besevler Ankara-Turkey. Tel.:+90 312 2123962, Fax.; +90 312 2120059). Cetin ELMAS Cetin ELMAS has received his BSe and MSe degrees in The Department of Electrical Engineering from Technical Education Faculty of Gazi University ANKARA-TURKEY in 1986 and 1983 respectively. He worked as a research assistant in the same department from 1987 to 1989, Then he has his PAD in School of Electronic and Eleetsical Engineering Departnent from Birminghom University. UK. in 1993. His main interests are electrical machines, control, power electronics and artificial intelligent. (Gazi Universtesi, Teknik Egitim Faktltesi, Elektrik Exitimi Bolinmi, Besevler AnkaraTurkey. Tel:=90 312 2123962, Fax: +90 312 2120058).