Ebook Upsc Mains Papers Geography (2010-2020)

UPSC MAINS
GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL
QUESTION PAPERS
(2010-2020)
UPSC Exam Study Materials
http://iasexamportal.com/study-kit
CONTENTS
UPSC MAINS - GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL (Paper-1) 2020 4
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SECTION-B 4

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www.IASEXAMPORTAL.COM UPSC MAINS GEOGRAPHY PAPERS 1


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GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL PAPER SYLLABUS 54

PAPER-1 SYLLABUS
(Principles of Geography Physical Geography) 54
PAPER-2 SYLLABUS
(GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA) 56

UPSC MAINS - GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL (Paper-1) 2020

Exam Name: UPSC IAS Mains Geography (Paper-I)
Marks: 250
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Year : 2020
SECTION-A
Q1. Answer the following in about 150 word each:
(a) Write a geographical note on Halloween Storm.
(b) Why is mapping important for analysing gco-hydrological investigations? Explain with relevant
examples.
(c) Marine resources are economically very significant. Discuss citing suitable examples.
(d) which factors influence the growth of wild plants in India? Discuss their economic significance.
(e) Discuss the problems associated with the living environment in million plus cities in India. How can
these be managed?
Q2.
(a) Write an essay on the evolution of continents and oceans using various theories and models.
(b) Discuss the concept of coral bleaching, its recovery and macroalgal regime shifts due to this process.
(c) Explain the currents of the North Atlantic Ocean and their significant role in the climate of Western
Europe.
Q3.
(a) Explain how various factors influence the origin and development of the Indian monsoon system.
(b) Explain the effects and causes of deforestation, and its impact on the pattern of agriculture in India.
(c) Explain the characteristic features of Frontogenesis and Frontolysis.
Q4.
(a) Discuss the problems of erosional surfaces and explain the different methods to identify them with
suitable diagrams.
(b) Land use/Land cover and soil types influence forage quantity and quality in semi-arid regions of the
world. Discuss with relevant examples.
(c) Discuss the human response to and management of hazards and disasters in India.
SECTION-B
Q5. Answer the following in about 150 words each :
(a) Analyse India's food security in the context of population growth.
(b) Identify the causes and effects of the energy crisis, and suggest suitable measures to solve the
problem.

(c) Distinguish between mobility and migration. What are the causes and consequences of rural to urban
migration in India?
(d) "Where economic growth is sustained over long time periods, its incidence works towards a progressive
integration of the space economy." Elucidate.
(e) Write a note on the relevance of von Thünen's agricultural location theory in the present context.
Q6.
(a) Compare and contrast the Malthusian and New-Malthusian perspectives in the context of population
growth, resource use and environmental impact.
(b) "Land degradation is a threat to productivity and sustainable resource management." Explain with
suitable examples form India.
(c) In the Modern worlds,most of the frontiers have been replaced by boundaries. Explain the reasons.
Q7.
(a) Discuss the concept of urban resilience in the context of planning for sustainable development with
reference to towns and cities of India.
(b) Analyse the dynamics of industrial location in the metropolitan cities of India.
(c) Write an essay on gender equity and equality in India in the context of balanced human development.
Q8.
(a) Discuss how and why Mackinder modified his concept of Pivot Area after the World Wars.
(b) Provide an account of world population transition in the context of fertility decline and socio-economic
development.
(c) "Human ecology is the study of mutual relationship of people and their environment both natural and
social." Discuss in detail using ecological concepts.


Exam Name: UPSC IAS Mains Geography (Paper-II)
Marks: 250
Year : 2020
SECTION-A
Q1.
(a) On the outline map of india provided to you,mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCR
Booklet the significance the these locations whether physical/commercial/ economic/ecological/
environmental/culture, not more than 30 words for each entry :
(i) Vadhawan
(ii) Salkhan
(iii) Coorg
(iv) Mhow
(v) Umroi
(vi) Thoothukudi
(vii) Bargarh
(viii) Atal Tunnel .
(ix) Gurushikhar.
(x) Bum La

(b) Climate change has unsettled the rhythm of seasons.Comment with examples and empirical evidences.
(c) Discuss the method of crops residue management in rural india to reduce pollution.
(d) Has the regional aspiration of the people of jammu and kashmir been addressed through
re-organisation of the state? Make an assessment.

Q2.(a) Identifying areas covered under tribal sum-plan,discus the programmers initiated to address to their
problems.
(b) Soil type in india, classified on the basis of colour,possess specific chemical and mineral
characteristics.Discuss.
(c) The Pharmaceutical industry in india depend on the import of raw material. Evaluate this statement in
view of the Indo-Chinese relationship.
Q3.(a) India has opened-up its space to private sector for satellite based activities. Critically examine its
implications indicating the major security concerns.
(b) Identify oilseeds producing areas in India and the discuss the measure to promote edible oil industry.
(c) Give a reasoned geographical account of changing rural folk houses in india.
Q4.(a) Border are development is an important national priority. What are the resilient steps needed for
peaceful borders?
(b) Stunting and wasting among children are major consequences of food in insecurity.Discuss various
schemes of Government of India to address insecurity. Address these problems and their achievements.
(c) The Essential Commodities (Amendment)Bill 2020 aims to deregulate the production, supply and
distribution of farm produce. Critically examine its spatial consequences.
SECTION-B
Q5.Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:
(a) The success of Panchayati Raj depends upon meaningful participation of people grassroot level.
Examine.
(b) Elucidate the benefits of neem coated urea scheme for indian agriculture.
(c) Canal irrigation has led to monocropping in India. Explain with suitable examples.
(d) The pattern of growing ecological foot-prints is uneven in nature. Analyse with reference to land
resources in India.
(e) Identify challenges faced by generative and parasitic towns in India and their possible remedies.
Q6.(a) Digital Divide in India needs quick redressal to reduce regional disparity in development. Elaborate
with suitable examples.
(b) Avalanche is a major hazard in the Himalayas. What are its causes and mitigation measures?
(c) The process of demographic transition is not uniform in India. Examine this statement in the context of
demographic transition theory.
Q7.(a) Demarcating the seismic zones of India, suggest suitable interventions required most sensitive
seismic zones for sustainable human settlements.
(b) What are the characteristics of Blue Flag certified beaches? Discuss their significance for beach tourism
in India.

(c) Urban sprawl around planned cities evolve leading to emergence of squatter settlements. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of such outgrowth.
Q8.(a) Analyse the changing nature of workforce composition vis-à-vis rural-urban divide in India.
(b) Describe the economic, maritime and strategic interests of India in South China Sea.
(c) What kind of skill promotion programmes have been initiated for job deficient regions in India ? Explain.


Marks: 250
Year : 2019
SECTION-A
Q1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:
(a) Describe phreatic eruptions and their consequences.
(b) Explain the techniques to calculate potential evapotranspiration suggested by Thornthwaite.
(c) How are sand spits and tombolos formed?
(d) Amensalism is a biotic factor that determines the geographic limits of species. Explain.
(e) How do mountaineers constitute a threat to Mount Everest?
Q2 (a) Why is it necessary to conserve genetic diversity of species? Do protected areas serve any useful
purpose in this context?
(b) Compare and contrast different types of plate boundaries.
(c) Explain the nature of urban climates and their impact on global environmental change.
Q3 (a) Discuss in detail the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation.

(b) How are soil acidity and alkalinity related to soil fertility?
(c) “The web of life is seamless and the consequences of disruption to one part of the ecosystem ripple
throughout the whole." Elaborate.
Q4 (a) Discuss the methods of measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. How are seismic
zones demarcated?
(b) The impact of floods on life and property can be most effectively reduced by hazard mapping.
Comment.
(c) How are ocean waves formed? Distinguish between a wave of oscillation and a wave of translation.
SECTION-B
(a) "A language originates at a particular place and diffuses to other locations through the migration of its
speakers." Examine this statement in the context of language hot spots and endangered language hot
spots.
(b) Define stunting and wasting. Why are these more prevalent among children in developing countries?
(c) Explain the relationship between net reproductive rate (NRR) and true replacement level of population.
(d) What are natural regions? How are they different from planning regions?

(e) Discuss the genetic classification of boundaries suggested by Hartshorne.
Q6 (a) HDI has brought about a paradigm shift in the way people think about the development process.
Critically examine the inherent limitations of HDI. 20 marks
(b) "A large-scale global shift in manufacturing is the outcome of deindustrialization in the developed world
matched by industrialization in the developing world." Analyze this statement. 15 marks
(c) What do you mean by 'climate migrants'? Suggest appropriate policies and programmes for their
resettlement. 15 marks
Q7 (a) What changes in the current planning, management and governance of human settlements are
needed to face the changing environment including climate change and disaster vulnerabilities in cities? 20
marks
(b) Globalization can often subsumed folk culture. What are its positive and negative effects? 15 marks
(c) "Growth is not uniform in different places." Critically examine this statement in the context of the growth
pole theory. 15 marks
Q8 (a) Distinguish between 'isodapanes' and isotims'. Critically examine the least cost theory of industrial
location given by Alfred Weber. 20 marks
(b) Assess the challenges for countries with the largest shares of aged populations. 15 marks
(c) Examine the relevance of the ‘rimland theory' in the contemporary world. 15 marks


Marks: 250
Year : 2019
SECTION-A
Q.1 (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your
QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/ commercial/ economic/ ecological/
environmental/ cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry: 2x10-20 marks
1. Lothal
2. River Beas
3. Chikhaldara
4. Narora
5. Lengpui
6. Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary
7. Thenmala
8. Anamudi
9. Barren Island
10. Durgaduani creek

(b) Examine the major causes of groundwater depletion in India.

(c) Why is the Indian Monsoon erratic in nature ? Explain.
(d) Explain the significance of dry farming in drought prone areas of India.
Q2 (a) Correlate the agro-climatic zones with agro-ecological regions of India. 20 marks
(b) Critically analyse the role of multinational corporations in India's economic development with suitable
examples. 15 marks
(c) Discuss how watershed management has become a tool in eradication of rural poverty in India. 15
marks
Q3(a) Discuss the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides in agriculture and its impact on
human health. 20 marks

(b) Examine ongoing space programmes of India and their implications for national security in future. 15
marks
(c) Discuss the rainfall pattern and correlate it with spatial distribution of natural vegetation in India.15
marks
Q4 (a) Discuss the political aspects of Himalaya. Explain how it has affected geo-strategy, geo-politics and
regional consciousness of Indian federalism. 20 marks
(b) Examine the development of information technology in India and its influence on work culture and
society. 15 marks
(c) Explain the present status of age-structure and availability of workforce in India. 15 marks

SECTION-B

(a) Present the salient features of West flowing rivers of India. 10 marks
(b) Discuss the problems of wildlife conservation and management in India. 10 marks
(c) Correlate the price of land, vertical growth of cities and the growth of slums in large cities of India. 10
marks
(d) Assess the importance of foot-loose industries in the development of backward regions in India. 10
marks
(e) Examine the problems of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in India. 10 marks
Q6 (a) "Intrabasins linkages of rivers are more feasible economically, socially and ecologically". Discuss
with suitable examples from India. 20 marks
(b) Provide a reasoned account on emerging conurbations in India and explain with suitable examples the
problems associated with it. 15 marks
(c) Explain the relevance of green tourism for sustainable development of mountain environments in India.
15 marks
Q7 (a) Analyse the role of interstate migration in regional disparity in India. 20 marks
(b) Give a reasoned account of high levels of pollution in North Indian cities as compared to South Indian
cities. 15 marks
(c) Analyse the incentive oriented programmes for removing regional imbalances in socio-economic
development of India. 15 marks
Q8 (a) With special reference to India examine the changes in the nature and patterns of international trade.
Mention the major influencing factors. 20 marks
(b) Describe the altitudinal and spatial geo-environmental hazards in the Himalayas. 15 marks
(c) "India is emerging as a global power in relation to Indian ocean realm." Elaborate. 15 marks

Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:
(a) “Landscape is a function of structure, process and stage.” Critique the statement.
(b) Explain the role of evaporation in the hydrologic cycle.

(c) Describe the causes and consequences of sea level changes.

(d) Distinguish between intrazonal and azonal soils. Describe in brief the characteristics and importance of
azonal soils.
(e) Explain the natural and anthropogenic causes and mitigation measures of frequent flooding in Mumbai.
Q2 (a) Evaluate how far Kober's geosyncline theory explains the mountain building process.
(b) Critically examine the basis and scheme of climatic classification proposed by G.T.Trewartha.
(c) Discuss the objectives and principles of environmental education. Describe the basic concerns of
formal and non-formal environmental education in India.
Q3 (a) Explain the origin, progress and retreat of the Indian monsoon and discuss its impact on the Indian
economy.
(b) “Geomorphological changes are largely responsible for environmental hazards in the Himalayan region.”
Comment with relevant examples.
(c) “Controlling population growth is the sustainable solution to environmental problems.” Express your
views with suitable arguments.
Q4 (a) Describe the potential marine energy resources with reference to their benefits, harvestability and
environmental impacts.
(b) Explain the ecosystem approach to environmental management and highlight its advantages and
disadvantages.
(c) Discuss the causes of degradation of tropical rainforests and suggest remedial measures for their
prevention, conservation and development.
SECTION-B
(a) “Geography is a contested and multi paradigmatic discipline with a strong eurocentricity that has only
recently been challenged.” Comment.
(b) Discuss the degree of importance of transportation costs as a factor of industrial location with respect
to “footloose industries”.
(c) Explain the concepts of “megalopolis” and “exopolis” with regard to the growth of cities indicating
whether the two can and do overlap.
(d) Write a note on “forward and backward linkages” in Perroux's thesis of economic growth and regional
development.
(e) Outline briefly the “age of mass consumption” as described by Rostow in his „multi-stage theory of
growth.
Q6 (a) “Areal differentiation has provided the theoretical justification for studying „regions and regional
geography. Comment.
(b) Citing examples from Asia and Europe, comment upon the contexts within which pro natalist population
policies are advanced what could be the implications of these policies on women's workforce participation.

(c) Comment upon the contributions of D.M Smith in outlining „welfare as a key focus in the geographies of
social well-being.
Q7 (a) “Famine is a social phenomena rooted in institutional and political economic arrangements, which
determine access to food by different classes and strata.” Comment.
(b) Provide a brief outline of ideas related to “sense of place” as propounded by Yi-Fu Tuan and Relph in
humanistic geography that emerged in the 1970's.
(c) Elaborate upon the influence of Marxist philosophy on geographical research outlining key themes
addressed by Marxist geographers since the 1970's.
Q8 (a) “Welfare geography emphasizes spatial inequality and territorial justice.” Comment with reference to
the main ideas and scope of the subfield.
(b) Discuss critically the manner in which quantitative revolution provided the methodological foundation
for models and modeling in geography.
(c) Discuss in brief the main thesis in “Limits to Growth” (1972) and also provide a critique of the same.


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1 (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your
QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether
physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each
entry:
1. Shyok River
2. Mawlynnong
3. Shravasti
4. Kori Creek
5. Amarkantak
6. Ghatshila
7. Tawang
8. Neyyar
9. Dandeli
10. Mulshi Lake
(b) Explain the unusual intensity of dust storms and thunderstorms across India in the pre-monsoon period
of year 2018.
(c) Why setting up of Water Management Boards is a controversial issue in India.
(d) Keeping the recent developments in view, how can the energy crisis of India be circumvented by
harnessing non conventional energy resources?
Q2 (a) Distinguish the geographical aspects of North-Western lava plateau and Chota Nagpur Plateau of
Peninsular India.
(b) Explain the contemporary agricultural scenario in the context of rapid urbanizations in India.
(c) Assess the suitability of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for the sustainable economic development in
India.
Q3 (a) Examine the ongoing process of agricultural diversification and its implications for food security in
India.
(b) Account for the persisting negative trade balance of India.
(c) Critically assess the vanishing ethnic linguistic plurality of India.

Q4 (a) Examine the driving forces of changing urban morphology of million plus cities of India with suitable
examples.
(b) Discuss the emerging geo-political scenario of Indian Ocean realm.
(c) Give a critical account of region specific constraints of sustainable tourisms in India.

SECTION-B
Q5 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:
(a) Discuss the socio-economic problems associated with the left behind families of international migrants
from India.
(b) Explain the changing river courses and their impacts on the riparian population in India with suitable
examples.
(c) Make a critical appraisal of the factors affecting river water quality in India.
(d) Examine the role of people’s participation in successful decentralized planning in India.
(e) Describe the socio-spatial consequences of the recent Nipah viral encephalitis in India.
Q6 (a) Illustrate with suitable examples the endeavours undertaken in augmenting conservation of water
and vegetation in India.
(b) Discuss the strategies of integrated development of island territories in India.
(c) Cross border terrorism has implications on border area development in India. Examine it with suitable
examples.
Q7 (a) Explain the pipeline network across India and its impact on regional development.
(b) Discuss the changing composition of international trade through major seaports of India.
(c) Peri-urbanization has created enormous environmental problems. Discuss their causes and
consequences with reference to the National Capital Region (N.C.R) of India.
Q8 (a) Describe the changing regional morphology of rural settlements in India.

(b) Startups may play an important role in giving fillip to economic growth in India. Illustrate with examples.
(c) Is the land boundary of India with its neighbouring countries a cultural divide or divided culture? Explain
with suitable examples.


Exam Name: UPSC IAS Mains Geography (Paper-1)
Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 Marks
(a) Write a note on pseudo volcanic features.
(b) Distinguish between low energy coasts and coral coasts.
(c) Discuss the impacts of ocean currents on air mass behaviour.
(d) Describe the characteristics of biological deserts.
(e) Explain the concept of micro carbon sink and its relevance.
Q2 (a) Discuss the forces which govern the air movement on the Earth's surface. 20 marks
(b) "The knowledge of slope analysis has limited field application in the slope management." Explain. 15
marks
(c) Describe the configuration of the Pacific Ocean floor. 15 marks
Q3 (a) "Climate change is a reality." Explain with suitable examples. 20 marks

(b) Distinguish between the characteristics of Chernozem and Sierozem soils. 15 marks
(c) Give a classification of plants based on the amount of water requirement. 15 marks
Q4 (a) Discuss the concept of Periglacial cycle as propounded by Peltier. 20 marks

(b) "Climate, slope gradient and rock structure influence the avulsion of channels." Explain. 15 marks
(d) Discuss the Perception, Attitude, Value and Emotion (PAVE) Theory of environmental management. 15
marks
SECTION-B
Q5. Answer the following question in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 Marks
(a) Explain the concept of Time-Geography.
(b) "Whittlesey's agricultural regions are relevant even today." Discuss.
(c) Write an explanatory note on geographical systems.
(d) "The traditional cultural identities are at loss with the growth of global connectivity." Explain.
(e) Give an account on sustainable development and its components.
Q6 (a) Discuss the contemporary paradigms of Geography. 20 marks

(b) "The intensity of the energy crisis varies regionally." Explain. 15 marks
(c) Examine the causes and consequences of forces migration of population in the present context. 15
marks

Q7 (a) Discuss the applicability of Christaller's Central Place Theory. 20 marks

(b) "There are considerable demographic similarities between West European nations and Japan." Explain.
15 marks
(c) Define the quality of life and explain its parameters with adequate examples. 15 marks
Q8 (a) "The Heartland Theory is gaining importance once again." Comment. 20 marks
(b) Examine the role of small towns in the regional development process. 15 marks
(c) Explain the concept of social capital in relation to India. 15 marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your
QCA Booklet the significance of these locations. whether physical/ commercial/ economic/ecological/
environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry : (2x10=20 Marks)
1. Thumba
2. Nayachar Island
3. Doddabetta
4. Devasthal

5. Pangong Lake
6. Hampi
7. Havelock Island
8. Luni River
9. Daringbadi
10. Dudhsagar Waterfalls
(b) Give a reasoned account of the unusual pattern of distribution of monsoonal rainfall in India in 2017. 10
marks
(c) Explain the inter-State issues involved in implementation of the Satluj-Yamuna Link Canal Project. 10
marks
(d) Small towns in India have Problems and Prospects of their own. Elaborate. 10 marks
Q2 (a) Discuss the freshwater crisis in India and prepare a blueprint. for its sustainable management. 20
marks
(b) Identify the Naxal-affected areas in India and discuss their socio-economic problems. 15 marks
(c) Critically examine the feasibility of development of a comprehensive network of airways in India. 15
marks
Q3 (a) "An effective three-tier Panchayat Raj System will strengthen the bottom-up approach to multi level
planning in India." Explain. 20 marks
(b) "Linguistic diversity is an asset as well as a challenge in India." Explain the statement focusing on the
distribution of languages and the major steps taken to address the related issues. 15 marks
(c) How may tourism in hilly areas of India be developed as an important source of economy? 15 marks
Q4 (a) Mention various methods of functional classification of towns in India and explain the method
applied by Asok Mitra.
(b) Farmers' suicide is one of the major agrarian problems in India. Bring out its causes and suggest
remedial measures with special reference to Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab.
(c) Land reform is a key to modern agriculture in India. Describe various measures taken in this direction
after Independence.
SECTION-B
Q5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 Marks
(a) Explain the role of 'Hill Transport Subsidy Scheme' in reducing regional imbalances in areas identified by
the Government of India.
(b) Bring out the geopolitical implications of the Doklam dispute in the context of Indo-China relations.
(c) Bring out the significance of Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
(d) Mini steel plants can act as an instrument of decentralization of iron and steel industry in India. Explain.
(e) Goods and Services Tax (GST) has differential impact on developed and backward States of the country.
How and Why ?

Q6 (a) Interlinking of rivers may serve as a major source of assured irrigation and all-weather inland
navigation in India. Comment on its feasibility taking into account physical, economic and ecological
implication. 20 marks
(b) Religious minorities are largely concentrated in border States of India. Discuss its causes and
consequences. 15 marks
(c) What do you understand about soil pollution ? Delineate the areas vulnerable to it in India and suggest
remedial measures. 15 marks
Q7 (a) Integrated development of road and rail networks in a complementary framework is a prerequisite
for regional development. Explain with reference to North-Eastern Region of India. 20 marks
(b) Describe the salient features of Sagar Mala Project and highlight its role in port-led development of
coastal regions in India. 15 marks
(c) Justify the inclusion of Meghalaya in Peninsular India and discuss its vegetation and soil types. 15
marks
Q8 (a) Name the major industrial regions of India indicating the bases of their identification. Highlight their
basic problems. 20 marks
(b) Drainage pattern in Peninsular India is a result of its geological structure and topography. Elaborate. 15
marks
(c) Why has solar energy in India not been developed to the desired level in spite of its high potential? 15
marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 marks
(a) Describe the "Basket of eggs topography''. 10 marks
(b) Differentiate between insolation and temperature and explain anomalous temperature. 10 marks
(c) Discuss Maritime Zones. 10 marks
(d) Bring out the ecological significance of Tropical Rainforest Biome. 10 marks
(e) Explain the hydro-meteorological hazards in the Himalayas. 10 marks
Q2 (a) "In explaining the concept of 'Pediplanation', King combined the ideas of Davis, Penck and Wood with
his own." Elaborate. 10 marks
(b) Compare the origin and weather conditions associated with the tropical and temperate cyclones. 15
marks
(c) Give a reasoned account on how the impact of Global Warming differs from one part of the Earth to
another. 15 marks
Q3 (a) Discuss the significance of World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and its core projects in the
understanding of climatic change. 20 marks
(b) ''The relationship between the winds and the currents is best seen in the Indian Ocean." Justify. 15
marks
(c) Write a critical note on the tendency of "use and throw" in the context of economic status and
environment. 15 marks
Q4 (a) Bring out the vanous ecological problems associated with the exploitation and use of oceans and
their resources. 20 marks
(b) "Geological structure has a dominant control on landforms and is reflected on. 15 marks
(c) Describe Newbigin's scheme of Floristic regions of the world and explain the Mediterranean Floristic
region. 15 marks
SECTION-B
Q5. Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10x5=50
(a) "Areal differentiation forms the core theme in Geography." Explain. 10 marks
(b) Explain 'Isodapane'. 10 marks
(c) Discuss the major characteristics of 'CBD'. 10 marks

(d) Elaborate the idea of 'Compage'. 10 marks

(e) Discuss the application of Gravity model in Geographical studies. 10 marks
Q6 (a) Trace the origin and progress of Quantitative Revolution in Geography and bring out its merits and
demerits. 20 marks
(b) Discuss the role of site in determining the types and patterns of rural settlements. 15 marks
(c) What is a "region' ? Describe 'Thiessen' polygon method of regional delimitation. 15 marks
Q7 (a) Describe the regional pattern of Life Expectancy in the world and bring out the challenges faced by
developing countries due to increasing life expectancy. 20 marks
(b) Discuss the relevance of 'Stop and Go Determinism' in the present day context. 15 marks
(c) Define and differentiate between boundaries and frontiers. Describe the geometrical boundaries with
suitable examples.15 marks
Q8 (a) Give a critical account of Losch's theory of central places. 20 marks

(b) "Linkages between resource-endowed regions and resource-utilizing regions determine the pattern of
international trade." Elaborate with suitable examples, 15 marks
(c) In what ways can geographers contribute towards optimal land use planning in a region ? 15 marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1 (a) following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/
commercial/ economic/ ecological/ environmental/ cultural,in not more than 30 words for each entry :
2x10=20 marks
1. Pir Panjal Range

2. River Indravati
3. Nathu La Pass
4. Jog Falls
5. Pulicat Lake
6. Kudankulam
7. Nalanda
8. Kudremukh
9. Headquarters of N-E Railways
10. Farakka Barrage

(b) Explain the shifting of river courses and river capturing in the Himalayas. (In about 150 words) 10 marks
(c) Mention the space relationship of India with neighbouring countries. (In about 150 words) 10 marks
(d) Define agricultural intensity and bring out its regional distribution in India. (In about 150 words) 10
marks
Q2 (a) Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions
of India especially with reference to Stamp's climatic regionalization. (In about 250 words) 20 marks

(b) Describe the flood-prone areas and their management problems in the Ganga Plains. (In about 200
words) 15 marks
(c) Explain the New Industrial Policies in India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
Q3 (a) Identify the important biotic resource regions of India and highlight their problems. (In about 250
words) 20 marks
(b) Point out the ethnic disparities in N-E India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
(c) Give an account of the development of renewable resources of India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
Q4 (a) Bring out the development of river water transport in India and its role in regional development. (In
about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) Explain the impact of economic development on environmental degradation in India. (In about :..250
words) 15 marks
(c) Describe the distribution of black soils in India and their specific use for agriculture. (In about 200
words) 15 marks

SECTION-B
Q5. Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 marks
(a) Discuss the factors influencing the distribution of sex ratio in India. 10 marks
(b) "The Bokaro Iron and Steel Plant is an example of an Industrial Complex." Explain. 10 marks
(c) How do slums develop? Give concrete suggestions for their improvement. 10 marks
(d) Explain the role of India in the geopolitics of South Asia. 10 marks
(e) Analyze the pattern of India's trade with the S-E Asian countries. 10 marks
Q6 (a) Present a comparative analysis of geographical factors responsible for distribution of human
settlements in Rajasthan desert and North-Eastern regions of India. (In about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) Explain with suitable examples the role of road transport in agricultural development in India. (In about
200 words) 15 marks
(c) Evaluate the impact of technology on resource utilization in India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
Q7 (a) Analyze the location, distributional pattern and problems of cotton textile industries in India. (In
about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) Describe the major tribal regions of India and their problems. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
(c) Examine the causes of regional disparities in economic development in India. (In about 200 words) 15
marks
Q8 (a) Describe the causes and effects of urbanization in India and explain its impact on rural landscape
and urban ecology. (In about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) "India has paid heavily for the achievement of the Green Revolution in the form of economic, social and
ecological cost." Discuss. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
(c) Explain the origin, dimension and implications of Sino-Indian border dispute. (In about !.dUU words) 15
marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
(a) Attempt a classification of geomorphic processes from the zonal point of view.
(b) Discuss; as to how frontogenesis contributes to weather instability
(c) Describe the characteristics of different types of pelagic deposits.
(d) Explain the characteristics of ecological succession.
(e) Comment on the impact of environmental education on quality of life.
Q2 (a) Discuss the contributions of the American School of Subaerial Denudation in geomorphology.
(b) What is Potential Evapotranspiration ? Explain how it is used in assessing the water balance in an area.
(c) Discuss the methods of conserving biodiversity for sustainable development.
Q3 (a) Discuss the basis of Koppen’s climatic classification. Bring out the salient characteristics of ‘Cs’ type
of climate.
(b) Explain with examples as to how channel dynamics has been responsible for the development of alluvial
fans and cones.
(c) Classify soils based on their zonal distribution and describe the characteristics of pedocals.
Q4 (a) Explain the different stages of ecological adaptation of man and bring out the changing balance
between man and environment.
(b) “Present-day landforms bear more complexity than simplicity.” Elucidate.
(c) Explain the meridional circulation of the atmosphere and its importance in world climate.
SECTION-B
(a) “The welfare face of geography makes it an interdisciplinary subject.” Elaborate
(b) “Energy mix is a step towards sustainability.” Discuss.
(c) Discuss Nelson’s method of functional classification of towns.
(d) “Marx’s view on population is more humanistic.” Comment.
(e) “development planning has a component of environmental cost.” Discuss.
Q6 (a) “Regional synthesis is the crux of geographical studies.” Elaborate.

(b) “Man-induced famines are becoming more common than nature-induced ones.” Comment.
(c) Critically examine the theories on population migration.

Q7 (a) Discuss the relevance of Von Thunen’s model on agricultural location in the contemporary context,
(b) “Cultural regions are the most suited units to study the diversity of an area.” Comment.
(c) Discuss the approaches to the study of behavioural geography.
Q8 (a) “There is a rejuvenation of environmentalism as a paradigm in geographical studies.” Comment.

(b) “Geographical traits lead to regional imbalances.” Examine.
(c) ‘“Vital statistics are necessary ingredients for development planning.” Elaborate.


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the locations of all the following. Write in your QCA
Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/ commercial/ economic/ ecological/
environmental/ cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entity:
I. Tharangambadi
II. Namcha Barwa
III. Narcondam
IV. Khajjiar
V. Chunchanakatte
(b) Why does the pharmaceutical industry concentrate largely in the western region of the country? (In
about 150 words)
(c) Explain the pattern of winter rainfall in India. (In about 150 words)
(d) Discuss the relationship of watershed approach to village level planning. (In about 150 words)
(e) How does natural vegetation affect the formation of in situ soils? (In about 150 words)
Q2 (a) How does natural vegetation affect the formation of in situ soils? (In about 150 words)
(b) Why is the traditional crafts industry in India on the decline?
(c) Explain how modernization of Indian agriculture is affected by unfavourable institutional factors with
suitable examples.
Q3 (a) Distinguish between ‘agricultural productivity’ and ‘agricultural efficiency’, and bring out the disparity
in regional distribution of agricultural efficiency.
(b) With the help of a map, indicate the principal areas of dryland farming in the country and account for
farmers’ suicides mainly in those areas.
(c) Evaluate the contribution of Communication and Information Technology to the development of
economy and society, and examine the relevance of the recently launched ‘Digital India’ programme.
Q4 (a) Account for the growing frequency and intensity of floods in India, and suggest short- and long-term
remedial measures indicating the chronically flood-prone areas.
(b) How does climate change affect the process of desertification of India?
(c) Discuss the scope of replication of ‘White Revolution in India.

SECTION-B
Q5 (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the locations of all the following. Write in your
QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical / commercial /
economic/ecological/environmental / cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry :
I. Nokrek
II. Gorakhnath Peak
III. Indrakiladri Peak
IV. Polavaram
V. Anamudi
(b) “Age-sex pyramid is representative of the history of a region.” Explain. (In about 150 words)
(c) “Mono-functional towns are economically vulnerable.” Discuss. (In about 150 words)
(d) Explain how change in land use can promote eco-development at different levels in the country. (In
about 150 words)
(e) Discuss the social and spatial ramifications of increasing longevity. (In about 150 words)
Q6 (a) Decentralized planning through the strengthening of the Panchayat system is the focus of planning
in India in recent times. Suggest a blueprint for an integrated regional development plan.
(b) In population planning, the thrust of the Government has been ‘planning the population’ not ‘plan for the
population’. Elaborate.
(c) Is planning for a cluster of villages a viable option, when planning for backward areas of the country?
Discuss with suitable examples.
Q7 (a) Reduction in regional disparities has been one of the priority goals of national planning in India. How
the proposed new Smart urban centres may contribute to the process?
(b) How has India’s ‘Look East’ policy taken shape in the past two decades and how it may affect India’s
external trade?
(c) Indian island territories are vulnerable to sea level rise. Explain.
Q8 (a) Discuss the concept of multi-level planning as practised in India, and explain the implications of 73rd
and 74th Constitutional Amendments in this respect.
(b) Give a reasoned account of river water disputes related to the River Krishna.
(c) Outline the Government of India’s strategies of conservation of the Western Ghats.


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
(a) Attempt a classification of geomorphic processes from the zonal point of view.
(b) Discuss; as to how frontogenesis contributes to weather instability
(c) Describe the characteristics of different types of pelagic deposits.
(d) Explain the characteristics of ecological succession.
(e) Comment on the impact of environmental education on quality of life.
Q2 (a) Discuss the contributions of the American School of Subaerial Denudation in geomorphology.
(b) What is Potential Evapotranspiration ? Explain how it is used in assessing the water balance in an area.
(c) Discuss the methods of conserving biodiversity for sustainable development.
Q3 (a) Discuss the basis of Koppen’s climatic classification. Bring out the salient characteristics of ‘Cs’ type
of climate.
(b) Explain with examples as to how channel dynamics has been responsible for the development of alluvial
fans and cones.
(c) Classify soils based on their zonal distribution and describe the characteristics of pedocals.
Q4 (a) Explain the different stages of ecological adaptation of man and bring out the changing balance
between man and environment.
(b) “Present-day landforms bear more complexity than simplicity.” Elucidate.
(c) Explain the meridional circulation of the atmosphere and its importance in the world climate.
SECTION-B
(a) “The welfare face of geography makes it an interdisciplinary subject.” Elaborate
(b) “Energy mix is a step towards sustainability.” Discuss.
(c) Discuss Nelson’s method of functional classification of towns.
(d) “Marx’s view on population is more humanistic.” Comment.
(e) “development planning has a component of environmental cost.” Discuss.
Q6 (a) “Regional synthesis is the crux of geographical studies.” Elaborate.

(b) “Man-induced famines are becoming more common than nature-induced ones.” Comment.
(c) Critically examine the theories on population migration.

Q7 (a) Discuss the relevance of Von Thunen’s model on agricultural location in the contemporary context,
(b) “Cultural regions are the most suited units to study the diversity of an area.” Comment.
(c) Discuss the approaches to the study of behavioural geography.
Q8 (a) “There is a rejuvenation of environmentalism as a paradigm in geographical studies.” Comment.

(b) “Geographical traits lead to regional imbalances.” Examine.
(c) ‘“Vital statistics are necessary ingredients for development planning.” Elaborate.


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. Answer the following in about 150 words each:
(a) Define the term ‘meander’ and describe the basic characteristics of entrenched meander and ingrown
meander.
(b) Discuss the salient features of ‘sirocco’ and ‘mistral’
(c) Give an account of the nature of biosphere as an ecosystem
(d) State the uniqueness of the Eurasian Steppe Biome.
Q2 (a) State the concept of plate tectonics. How does it help in explaining the formation of the Himalayas
and Appalachian Mountains?
(b) Describe the origin and development of thunderstorms with examples.
(c) Enumerate the major causes of increasing degradation of environment in hills and hill slopes, and state
its down-valley impact.
Q3 (a) Discuss the nature and origin of Indian monsoon and recent techniques of its prediction.
(b) State the concept of erosion surfaces and highlight the factors responsible for their development.
(c) Give a critical account of reasons and consequences of marine pollution.
Q4 (a) Explain weathering and mass wasting, and describe their geomorphic significance.
(b) Define zoogeographic region. Also describe the basic faunal makeup of the Nearctic zoogeographic
region.
(c) Give an account of recent observations on coral bleaching with reference to Clive Wilkinson’s Report.
SECTION-B
(a) Elaborate the concept of mental map.
(b) Give an account of food security issues in developing countries.
(c) Discuss the factors responsible for counter-urbanization.
(d) Explain the relevance of bottom-up and top-down approaches in the development of agrarian economy.
(e) Critically analyses application of models in Geography.
Q6 (a) Explain the necessary conditions of takeoff and subsequent stage of development of a nation as
propounded by Rostow.
(b) Discuss environmental and economic problems associated with coal production.

(c) Discuss the contribution of geographers in the development of radical geography.
Q7 (a) Giving suitable examples, describe the importance of system analysis in geographical studies.
(b) “Rural sustainability is necessary for urban sustainability.” Discuss the statement in the backdrop of an
integrated development approach.
(c) “Indo-Gangetic hearth is considered to be one of the world’s richest cultural realms.” Examine.
Q8 (a) Explain the qualitative and quantitative methods of delineation of the sphere of urban influence.
(b) “World is passing through a global resource dilemma.” Comment
(c) “Food productivity with purity of the ecosystem is the need of the hour.” Elaborate.


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:10 × 5 = 50 marks
(a) Differences between Normal cycle and Arid cycle of Davis. 10 marks
(b) Differentiate Storm Surges and Seiches. 10 marks
(c) Uniqueness of fauna in the Notogean realm. 10 marks
(d) Impact of Pleistocene Ice Age on the crust of the Earth. 10 marks
(e) Types of endemic plants and their degree of vulnerability to extinction. 10 marks

(a) With suitable examples, bring out the impact of local winds on the climate of an area. 20 marks
(b) What are the characteristics that make CHC a serious threat to the ecosystem? Give examples. 15
marks
(c) What is ‘Base level’? Explain the types of base level 15 marks

(a) “Offshore Acoustic Study helped the development of concept of seafloor spreading”. Explain. 20 marks
(b) Discuss Dew point and the various forms of condensation. 15 marks
(c) Bring out the relationship between climate and vegetation in the Mountain Biome. 15 marks

(a) Compare the Subsidence and Glacial control theories on the formation of coral reefs. 25 marks
(b) Explain the levels of Noise Pollution and the legislative measures to control it. 25 marks
SECTION-B
Q5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: 10 × 5 = 50 marks
(a) “Ellen Churchill Semple is an ardent supporter of Determinism.” Explain 10 marks
(b) Role of Venezuela in the production and export of oil. 10 marks
(c) Misra’s theoretical stages of Rural – Urban Process. 10 marks
(d) Countries most affected in case of shut-down of Nuclear power. 10 marks
(e) Relevance of Heartland theory in Contemporary world. 10 marks

(a) What is Geriatrics? What are the problems associated with Geriatric population? 20 marks
(b) Discuss the changing pattern of production and export of Coffee in the world. 10 marks

(c) What are the basic postulates in the Central Place Model of Christaller? 20 marks

(a) “Urban Solid Waste Management poses the greatest challenge in Metropolitan planning.” Elaborate. 20
marks
(b) Analyse the reasons for a comparatively poorer development of fishing grounds in tropical areas. 15
marks
(c) Explain the parameters for assessment and the spatial pattern of Human Development Index in the
world. 15 marks
Q8. Write about the following in about 400 words each: 25 × 2 = 40 marks
(a) “Urban Geography is nothing but city “in” area and city “as” area.” Elaborate. 25 marks
(b) Analyse the causes for changes in the pattern of world trade. 25 marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your
QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical / commercial / economic / ecological /
environment and cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry: 2 × 5 = 10
I. Mishmi Hills
II. Lipulekh Pass
III. Beas River
IV. Rihand dam
V. Amaranth
(b) Explain the topographical and structural characteristics of the Siwalik Range. – (150 words) 10 marks
(c) Discuss the mechanism of Indian Monsoon. (150 words )10 marks
(d) Identify the main industrial clusters of India and account for their development. (150 words) 10 marks
(e) Explain the method of delineating crop association regions with reference to India. (150 words) 10
marks
Q2 (a) Discuss the potentiality and present status of horticultural in the Western and Central Himalaya. (250
words) 20 marks
(b) Delineate the coalfields of India and mention their distinctive features. (150 words) 15 marks
(c) Explain the role of multinationals in globalization of industries in India. (150 words) 15 marks
Q3 (a) Distributional pattern of industries in India does not provide requisite basis for division of the country
into distinct industrial regions. Elaborate. (250 words) 20 marks
(b) Discuss the role of institutional factors in shaping the pattern of Indian agriculture. (150 words) 15
marks
(c) What do you understand about Young India? How can the present state of population composition be
converted into an asset for the country? (150 words) 15 marks
Q4 (a) Comment on the feasibility of interlinking of rivers of India and its possible contribution to resolution
of water crisis. (250 words) 20 marks
(b) Define agricultural productivity. Mention the methods of its measurement and bring out the disparities in
its regional distribution. (150 words) 15 marks
(c) Discuss the problems in realization of benefits of globalization and liberalization in industrial sectors of
India. (150 words) 15 marks

SECTION-B
Q5. For question N.s. 5(a) to (5d), write on each about 150 words and answer Question No. 5(e) as
directed therein On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following.
Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical / commercial / economic /
ecological / environmental / cultural, is not more than 30 words for each entry: 2 × 5 = 10 marks
I. Rajgir
II. Sindri
III. National Highway No. 24
IV. Churk
V. Indira Gandhi Canal
(b) City regions as territorial unit for regional planning and development 10 marks
(c) Snags in the Food Security Policy in India. 10 marks
(d) Demographic dividend and its implications on Indian socio-economic environment. 10 marks
(e) Planning and development of ‘Tribal Regions’ in India. 10 marks
Q6 (a) Write a note on geopolitics on the Indian Ocean realm. (250 words) 20 marks
(b) Comment on the basis of creation of new States in India in 2000. (150 words) 15 marks
(c) Enumerate the basic indicators of development and explain their application in identification of the
spatial diversity in development in India. (150 words) 15 marks
Q7 (a) Write a note on the emergence of the National Settlement System in colonial India and discuss the
factors contributing to urbanization in the post independence period. (250 words) 20 marks
(b) Define slums and explain their problems. (150 words) 15 marks
(c) Discuss the objective of ‘Vision 2020’ in creation of viable village complex in India for ‘Inclusive Rural
Development’ Programme. (150 words) 15 marks
Q8 (a) Identify the earthquake-prone zones and suggest strategies for their management. (250 words) 20
marks
(b) Describe the impact of linguistic diversity on the development of various regions of India. (150 words)
15 marks
(c) Describe how urbanization creates air and water pollution in India. (150 words) 15 marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
(a) Paleozoic glacial evidence for Continental Drift.
(b) Systems approach to Landform analysis.
(c) Compare and contrast tropical cyclones and temperate cyclones.
(d) Major components of IGBP.
(e) Different layers of ocean water above the abyssal plain.
Q2. Answer the following in about 400 words each.

(a) Explain how Bosch and Haldenhang lead to the Theory of Slope Replacement. 30 marks
(b) Classify air masses and explain how ‘cP’ air mass affects global climate. 30 marks

(a) Discuss how different types of mining lead to different types of environmental problems. 20 marks
(b) Adaptation and distribution of animals in the Ethiopian realm. 20 marks
(c) Impact of Cryosphere on global climate. 30 marks

(a) Characteristics of the standard epigene cycle of erosion. 20 marks
(b) Programmes initiated by the International Council of Science on Earth System studies. 20 marks
(c) “Atolls present the most challenging explanation in the evolution of coral reefs”, Discuss. 20 marks
SECTION-B
(a) Relevance of distance decay principle in Indian cities.
(b) Impact of migration or urban demography.
(c) Similarities in the population distribution of southern continents and reason for the same.
(d) Status of infant mortality rate in the world.
(e) Problems faced by industries which developed due to inertia.

(a) Evaluate the various models on population density distribution in urban centres. 30 marks
(b) “Though 70% of Indian population is rural urban planning is crucial to the development of India.” Discuss
30 marks


(a) Salient features of watershed planning and is advantages and disadvantages. 20 marks
(b) Impact of changing fertility ratio on world population distribution. 20 marks
(c) “Colonial forces resulted in the primate pattern of urban process in most Southeast Asian countries.”
Discuss. 20 marks

(a) Regional shifts in world urbanization after 1950 and the varied characteristics of urban process. 20
marks
(b) Impact of failure of Monsoon on Gujarat Agro-climate zone. 20 marks
(c) Locational significance of Rotterdam in European economy. 20 marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
1. On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of ALL of the following for which one (1)
mark is given to each correct entry.
Writer in your answer script the significant geographical relevance or strategic importance of these
locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural in not more than 20
words for each entry. Three (3) marks are allotted for each write-up. 4 × 15 = 60 marks
(a) Mansa
(b) Bachau
(c) Ganga river waterway from Allahabad
(d) Indravati river
(e) Amaravati river
(f) Pir Panjal range
(g) Narcondam Island
(h) Kharkai river
(i) Kalahandi
(j) Kakaraparru
(k) Murshidabad
(l) Khetri
(m) Pawapuri
(n) Kolhan highland
(o) North Koel river
Q2 (a) Explain the structure characteristics of the Deccan plateau. 30 marks

(b) Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions of
India, specially with reference to stamp’s climatic regionalization. 30 marks
Q3 (a) Delineate the mineral belts of India and mentions their distinctive features. 30 marks
(b) Divide India into agricultural regions and critically examine the role ecological and human factors
responsible for transformation of agricultural economy in any one region. 30 marks
Q4. Write about the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Describe the development of the textile industry in India. 20 marks
(b) Examine the role of road transport in regional 20 marks

(c) Identify the spatial pattern of agro-industrial regions of India. Analyse the potentiality of Malwa as an
important agro-industrial region of the future. 20 marks
SECTION-B
Q5. Write about the following in about 150 words each: 12 × 5 = 60 marks
(a) Factors affecting innovation diffusion.
(b) Linguistic diversity in North-eastern states.
(c) Geographical reasons for the variation in literacy from state to state in India.
(d) Identify Tsunami affected areas and give their management problems in India.
(e) Morphological characteristics of villages situated in hilly regions.
Q6 (a) Evaluate the population policy of India and examine its relevance to the nation’s population control.
30 marks
(b) Give an account of geographical conditions responsible for the development of different types of rural
settlements in India. 30 marks
Q7 (a) Examine the origin, dimensions and implications of the Sino-Indian border dispute. 30 marks
(b) Explain the causes, impact of remedial measures of flood-hazards in the middle Ganga plain. Represent
the flood-affected areas of middle Ganga plain of a sketch map in your answer book. 30 marks
Q8. Write about the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Examine the relevance of linkage of rivers in India with special reference to Ganga-Cauvery link canal. 20
marks
(b) How age structure affected dependency ratio? Explain with suitable examples. 20 marks
(c) Elucidate the role of Tribal Development Blocks in the development of Tribal areas. 20 marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: 12 x 5= 60 marks
(a) Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism
(b) Rossby waves and Jet Stream
(c) Salinity patterns in Indian Ocean
(d) Soil profile in Zonal and Azonal soils
(e) Marine Ecosystem
Q2 (a) Name the climatically controlled agents of erosion. Explain how they differ in terms of properties of
matter. Compare the landforms produced by each of them. 30 marks
(b) Explain the concept of Isostasy as postulated by Airy and Pratt. 30 marks
Q3 (a) Give an account of global distribution of precipitation. 30 marks

(b) “Contemporary global climate change is an anthropogenic phenomenon.” Discuss 30 marks
Q4 (a) “Temperature, salinity and density differences in ocean water are the prime causes of ocean water
circulation.” Elaborate. 30 marks
(b) Define the term biome. List the terrestrial biomes and describe the characteristics of Savanna biome. 30
marks
SECTION-B
Q5. Write short explanatory notes on the following: 12 x 5 = 60 marks
(a) Welfare approach in Human Geography 12 marks
(b) Secondary cities in the context of urbanisation in the developing world. 12 marks
(c) Isodapane in the theory of Industrial location. 12 marks
(d) Population & food security. 12 marks
(e) Ingredients of Sustainable Development. 12 marks
Q6 (a) Discuss the impact of positivism in paradigm shift in Geography. 30 marks

(b) Enumerate alternative strategies of planning for backward regions. 30 marks
Q7 (a) Distinguish between boundaries and frontiers. Identify different types of boundaries. 30 marks
(b) Mention the agricultural regions as classified by Whittlesey and discuss their relevance. 30 marks

Q8 (a) Discuss System Approach and its applicability in Geography. 30 marks

(b) Critically examine the salient features of Central Place Theory propounded by Christaller and Losch. 30
marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. On the outline map of India provided to you mark the location of ALL of the following for which 1 (one)
mark is given to each correct entry. Write in your answer script the significant geographical relevance or
strategic importance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ ecological/
environmental/ cultural in not more than 30 words for each entry. Four (4) marks are allotted for each
write-up of these correctly marked locations. 5 x 12 = 60 marks
a. Badami
b. Mandvi
c. Dodital
d. Yanam
e. Netarhat
f. Shansabad
g. Lakshman Tirtha River
h. Baralacha La
i. Kalakot Fall
j. Singrauli
k. Dafla Hills
l. Tree Island
Q2. Present a comparative analysis of the regimes of Himalayan and Peninsular rivers of India and examine
their implications in the irrigation system of the country
Q3 (a) Identify the major biosphere reserve of India and discuss their role in the conservation of forest and
wildlife. 30 marks
(b) Give an account of potential and prospects of development of marine resources of India. 30 marks
Q4 (a) Discuss the potentiality and status of aquaculture in the Ganga Plain. 30 marks
(b) Assess the scope and development of Pharmaceuticals Industry in India. 30 marks
SECTION-B
Q5. Write about the following in about 200 words each: 15 x 4 = 60 marks
(a) Prospects of Rainbow Revolution in India

(b) Karewa Deposits and their economic significance.

(c) Impact of land tenure on agricultural produce.
(d) Agro-forestry in India
Q6 (a) Asses the growing importance of air transport in India and examine its role in the regional
development of the country. 30 marks
(b) Discuss the spatial pattern of the intra-regional migration in India and examine its implications in
regional development. 30 marks
Q7 (a) Differentiate between conurbation and metropolitan regions. Give a reasoned account of emerging
conurbations in India. 30 marks
(b) Identify the ravine affected areas in India and discuss the environmental and economic impacts of their
reclamation. 30 marks
Q8 (a) Discuss the problems of environmental degradation generated by the urban wastes in India. 30
marks
(b) Analyse the causes of desertification in India. Represent the desertified areas of the country on a sketch
map and suggest remedial measures to control it. 30 marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. Write short notes on the following in about. 12 x 5 = 60 marks
(a) Essential conditions for the development of Karst topography
(b) Ocean deposits
(c) Inversion of temperature
(d) Floristic Kingdoms, based on their global distribution
Q2 (a) Bring out the relevance of seismic study in determining the structure of the interior of the earth. 30
marks
(b) “Weathering is a complex phenomenon involving a number of processes and is influenced by various
factors,” Elaborate. 30 marks
Q3 (a) What is ‘polar front’? How does cyclone develop along this front? Describe the weather conditions
associated with it. 30 marks
(b) Examine the various kinds of atmospheric humidity and their associated forms. 30 marks
Q4 (a) Explain the scientifically sound methods of bathymetry and give an account of the bottom
topography of the Atlantic Ocean. 30 marks
(b) Give an account of the structure of the ecosystem and describe its functional aspects. 30 marks
SECTION –B
Q5. Write short explanatory notes on the following. 12 x 5 = 60 marks
(a) Neo-determinism
(b) Occidental cultural real
(c) Optimum population
(d) Growth poles
(e) Von Thunen’s concept of economic rent
Q6 (a) Critically examine the method of deriving Human Development Index. 30 marks
(b) “Famine, to a considerable extent, is a man-made hazard.” Elaborate. 30 marks
Q7 (a) Critically examine the changing perspectives on the concept of areal differentiation. 30 marks

(b) Bring out the sequential improvements in models of city structure by E. W. Burgess, Homer Hoyt, and
Harris and Ullman. 30 marks
Q8 (a) Discuss the role of the World Trade Organisation in determining the pattern of world trade. 30 marks
(b) “Huge populations of developing countries are not a curse. These may be and also are an asset, if
situations are properly managed.” Elaborate on this assertion. 30 marks


Marks: 250
SECTION-A
Q1. On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of ALL of the following for which 1
(one) mark is given to each correct entry. Write in your answer script the significant geographical
relevance of strategic importance of these locations, whether
physical/commercial/ecological/environmental/cultural in not more than 30 words for each entry. 3
(three) marks are allowed for each write-up. 60 marks
a. Narcondam
b. Kavvayi
c. Krishnapatnam
d. Shadnagar
e. Gahirmatha
f. Point Calimere
g. Jaitapur
h. Parichha
i. Saltoro Kangri
j. Shencottah Gap
k. Banas River
l. Sirpur
m. Sanand
n. Drass
Q2. Explain Himalayan Orogeny and illustrate how the process has affected the geomorphic characteristics
of Macro divisions of Himalayas. 60 marks
Q3 (a) Discuss the spatial distribution of Natural Vegetation in India with the help of a sketch map. 30
marks
(b) Examine the problems and prospects of agro-based industries in Bihar. 30 marks
Q4 (a) Discuss the emerging pattern of surface water utilization in India. 30 marks
(b) Assess as to how surface water utilization affects food production and food security in the country. 30
marks

SECTION-B
Q5. Write about the following in about 250 words each. 15 x 4 = 60 marks
(a) Role of physiography in cross border terrorism 15 marks
(b) Offshore oilfields and coastal ecology 15 marks
(c) Spatial pattern of soil erosion in India 15 marks
(d) Ethnic diversity of North-eastern States 15 marks
Q6 (a) Define an ‘Epidemic’ and discuss the occurrence of Chikungunya in India. 30 marks
(b) Identify the regions affected by Chikungunya with the help of a sketch map and bring out the regional of
the disease. 30 marks
Q7 (a) Outline the role Class II and Class III towns in the urban process of India and indicate their
contribution towards balanced urban development. 30 marks
(b) How does the formation of a National Park help ecological restoration and conservation? Explain with a
suitable example. 30 marks
Q8 (a) Explain how Demographic Transition created Demographic Divide in Contemporary India. 30 marks
(b) What is Regionalism? Discuss how regionalism affects the developmental process with suitable
examples. 30 marks

GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL PAPER SYLLABUS
PAPER-1 SYLLABUS
(Principles of Geography Physical Geography)
1. Geomorphology: Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin
and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s
interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building;
Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development ;
Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development ; Applied
Geomorphology : Geohydrology, economic geology and environment.
2. Climatology: Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric
circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air
masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation;
Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates;
Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied
climatology and Urban climate.
3. Oceanography: Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity
of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic,
mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sealevel changes; law of the sea and marine
pollution.
4. Biogeography: Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion,
Degradation and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of
deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry; agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene pool centres.
5. Environmental Geography: Principle of ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man on

ecology and environment; Global and regional ecological

changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and conservation; Environmental degradation,
management and conservation; Biodiversity and sustainable
development; Environmental policy; Environmental hazards and remedial measures; Environmental

education and legislation. Human Geography:
● 1. Perspectives in Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and

dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational
analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions and
secularisation; Cultural regions of the world; Human development index.
● 2. Economic Geography: World economic development: measurement and problems; World
resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology of
agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food
security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: locational patterns and problems;
patterns of world trade.
● 3. Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population;
demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and
optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social
well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. Types and patterns of rural settlements;
Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban morphology:
Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of urban
influence; Rural - urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable
development of cities.
● 4. Regional Planning: Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation;
Growth centres and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies;
environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.
● 5. Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography: Systems analysis in Human geography;
Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and
Losch;Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber’s model of
industrial location; Ostov’s model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of
international boundaries and frontiers.

PAPER-2 SYLLABUS
(GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA)
1. Physical Setting: Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage
system and watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns,
Tropical cyclones and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation; Soil
types and their distributions.
2. Resources: Land, surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources; Forest and
wild life resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.
3. Agriculture: Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors: land holdings, land
tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination,
land capability; Agro and socialforestry; Green revolution and its socioeconomic and ecological
implications; Significance of dry farming; Livestock resources and white revolution; aqua - culture;
sericulture, apiculture and poultry; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic
zones; agro- ecological regions.

4. Industry: Evolution of industries; Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron and steel, aluminium,
fertilizer, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile,
cottage and agro-based industries; Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings;
Industrial regionalisation; New industrial policies; Multinationals and liberalization; Special Economic
Zones; Tourism including eco -tourism.
5. Transport, Communication and Trade: Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their
complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade;
Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones; Developments in communication and information
technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.
6. Cultural Setting: Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial, linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious
minorities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; cultural regions; Growth, distribution and density of
population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio,
longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra- regional and international) and associated problems; Population
problems and policies; Health indicators.
7. Settlements: Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; Urban developments; Morphology of
Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian cities;
Conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; Slums and associated problems; town planning;
Problems of urbanization and remedies.
8. Regional Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated
rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and
decentralised planning; Command area development; Watershed management; Planning for backward area,
desert, drought prone, hill, tribal area development;
multi-level planning; Regional planning and development of island territories.
9. Political Aspects: Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganisation; Emergence of new
states; Regional consciousness and inter state issues; international boundary of India and related issues;
Cross border terrorism; India’s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.
10. Contemporary Issues: Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis,
floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues relating to

environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment
and environmental management; Population explosion and
food security; Environmental degradation; Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; Problems of
agrarian and industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic
development; Concept of sustainable growth and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers;
Globalisation and Indian economy.
NOTE: Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered
by this paper.

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Q3 (a) Discuss in detail the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation.

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(e) Discuss the genetic classification of boundaries suggested by Hartshorne.

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(b) Examine the major causes of groundwater depletion in India.

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Q5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

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(c) Describe the causes and consequences of sea level changes.

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Q8 (a) Describe the changing regional morphology of rural settlements in India.

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Q3 (a) "Climate change is a reality." Explain with suitable examples. 20 marks

Q4 (a) Discuss the concept of Periglacial cycle as propounded by Peltier. 20 marks

Q6 (a) Discuss the contemporary paradigms of Geography. 20 marks

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