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Χώροι συναρτήσεων - Γραμμικοί τελεστές
Χώροι συναρτήσεων - Γραμμικοί τελεστές
.
.
QWROI SUNARTHSEWN kai GRAMMIKOI TELESTES
1. EISAGWGH
2. QWROI SUNARTHSEWN
• Anisìthta Cauchy-Schwarz
• Grammikă anexarthsÐa
• OrjogwniopoÐhsh Gram-Schmidt
• Seirèc Fourier
4. TELESTES
• ExÐswsh idiotimÿn-idioanusmĹtwn
.
.
.
MEROS II
1
.
.
DIAFORIKES EXISWSEIS ME MERIKES PARAGWGOUS kai
PROBLHMATA SUNORIAKWN TIMWN
• Eisagwgă
• Taxinìmhsh twn d.e.m.p.
2. KUMATIKH EXISWSH
• Kuklikă membrĹnh
• Kumatikă exÐswsh se sfairikèc suntetagmènec
3. EXISWSH DIAQUSHS
4. EXISWSH LAPLACE
• GenikĹ
• ExÐswsh Laplace se sfairikèc suntetagmènec (eswterikì kai
exwterikì prìblhma)
2
1 Eisagwgă
Ac upojèsoume ìti èqoume na lÔsoume to parakĹtw prìblhma:
1 ∂T (~x, t))
∇2 T (~x, t) = (1)
a2 ∂t
ìpou
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
∇2 T (~x, t) = [ + + ]T (~x, t) (2)
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
kai a2 o suntelest’hc jermik’hc agwgim’othtac. Gia mia r’abdo pou e’inai jermik’a monwm’enh s
2 λt
Tµǫρ = e−a u(x)(3)arkeÐ h sunĹrthsh u(x) na ikanopoieÐ thn aplă
exÐswsh:
d2 u(x)
+ λu(x) = 0 (4)
dx2
H parĹmetroc l kai h u(x) jewroÔntai pragmatikèc. An tÿra apaităsoume
h Tµǫρ na "plhsiĹzeifl se lÔsh tou problămatoc , dhladă na ikanopoieÐ tic
sunoriakèc sunjăkec , tìte diakrÐnoume tic exăc periptÿseic.
1. λ = 0 tìte u(x) = Ax + B
3
q q
2. λ < 0 tìte u(x) = A cosh( |λ|x) + B sinh( |λ|x)
2 |λ|t
q
Tµǫρ = e−a B sinh( |λ|x) (5)
√
λL = nπ , ìpou n = 1, 2, 3...
RL 2 RL
− dxu∗ (x) d dx
u(x)
2 = λ dxu∗ (x)u(x)
0 0
RL ∗ RL
u∗ (x) du(x) L
dx )|0 + dx du
dx
du
dx = λ dxu∗ (x)u∗ (x)
0 0
4
ìpou n = 1, 2, 3...
Gia na ikanopoieÐtai kai h arqikă sunjăkh
T (x, t = 0) = T0 sin( πx
L
)
ja prèpei na epilèxoume B1 = T0 kai Bn = 0 ìtan n6=0.
H lÔsh tou problămatoc èqei thn morfă
2 π2 t
T (x, t) = T0 e−a L2 sin( Lπ x)
5
PollaplasiĹzoume kai ta duì mèlh me sin( πm
L
x), kai oloklhrÿnoume apì
0 mèqri L. Me th boăjeia tou oloklhrwtikoÔ tÔpou
RL
dx sin( πn
L
x) sin( πm
L
x) = L2 δmn
0
brÐskoume ìti:
ZL
2 πn
Bn = dx sin( x)f (x)
L L
0
k
a2 = cρ
ìpou k suntelestăc jermikăc agwgimìthtac, c jermoqwrhtikìthta anĹ
monĹda mĹzac kai ρ puknìthta thc rĹbdou. To posìn jermìthtac me to
opoÐo jermĹname thn rĹbdo ÿste na brejeÐ se jermokrasÐa T (x, t = 0) =
f (x) kai to opoÐo ja apodojeÐ sto loutrì jermokrasÐac mhdèn sto opoÐo
brÐskontai ta Ĺkra thc rĹbdou eÐnai peperasmèno. Ara ja prèpei
RL RL
dx|T (x, t = 0)| = dx|f (x)| = peperasmèno.
0 0
RL
dx|f (x)|2 = peperasmèno.
0
An paraleÐyoume to qrìno blèpoume ìti oi sunartăseic sin( πn
L
x) apoteloÔn
mia "bĹshfl sto qÿro twn sunartăsewn f (x), sto diĹsthma 0 ≤ x ≤ L,
pou ikanopoioÔn thn sunjăkh:
6
RL
dxf 2 (x) = peperasmèno 2 .
0
L
2Z πn
Bn = f (x) sin( x)dx (10)
L L
0
Oi sunartăseic
s
2 πn
en (x) = sin( x)
L L
ZL
en (x)em (x)dx = δmn
0
q q
2 2
en = L
sin( πn
L
x) , em = L
sin( πm
L
x) eÐnai orjogÿniec:
7
uγǫν (x) = c1 u1 (x) + c2 u2 (x) + c3 u3 (x)...
(N −1)
u(x0 ) = A0 , u′ (x0 ) = A1 , u′′ (x0 ) = A2 , ..., uN −1 (x0 ) = AN −1
2 Qÿroi sunartăsewn
2.1 DianusmatikoÐ qÿroi me eswterikì ginìmeno
San genikì sÔmbolo dianÔsmatoc ja qrhsimopoioÔme to |f > . Dianus-
matikìc qÿroc eÐnai èna sÔnolo S me stoiqeÐa ta dianÔsmata S = |f >, |g >, |h >, ...
sto opoÐo èqoume orÐsei duì prĹxeic
1. Dianusmatikă prìsjesh:
|f > +|g >= |h >
2. Bajmwtìc pollaplasiasmìc:
λ|f >= |g >, (l=migadikìc)
8
pou èqoun tic parakĹtw idiìthtec:
• |f > +(|g > +|h >) = (|f > +|g >) + |h >
< f |g >
9
Stic parapĹnw sqèseic (1-4) anagnwrÐzoume ìlec tic idiìthtec tou eswterikoÔ
ginomènoutou tou 3-diĹstatou qÿrou.
me thn diaforĹ ìti to ~a.~b eÐnai pragmatikìc arijmìc . EpÐshc san mètro
enìc anÔsmatoc |f > orÐzoume :
q
||f || ≡ < f |f >
10
λ|a >= (λa1 , λa2 , ..., λaN ) ìpou l pragmatikìc
N
< a|b >= ai bi =pragmatikìc.
P
i=1
∞
|ξ i |2 =peperasmèno
P
i=1
ja deÐxoume ìti an orÐsoume thn prìsjesh |ξ > +|η > duì tètoiwn
anusmĹtwn wc :
|ξ > +|η >= (ξ1 + η1 , ξ2 + η2 , ξ3 + η3 , ...ξi + ηi , ...)
paÐrnoume mia tetragwnikĹ sugklÐnousa akoloujÐa ,dhladă èna Ĺnusma
tou qÿrou. PrĹgmati an ξi kai ηi 2 tuqaÐoi migadikoÐ arijmoÐ , isqÔei
profanÿc
11
N N N
|ξi + ηi |2 ≤ 2 |ξi|2 + 2 |ηi |2
P P P
i=1 i=1 i=1
∞
|ξi + ηi |2 =peperasmèno
P
i=1
∞
ξi∗ .ηi
X
< ξ|η >=
i=1
12
wnikĹ oloklhrÿsimec,dhladă to oloklărwma
Zb
dx|f (x)|2
a
Zb
< f |g >= dxf ∗ (x)g(x)
a
An |f >= f (x) kai |g >= g(x) dÔo anÔsmata tou qÿrou autoÔ h prìsjesh
kai o pollaplasiasmìc me migadikì arijmì l orÐzetai wc :
q Zb
1
||f || = < f |f > = ( dx|f (x)|2 ) 2
a
Zb
< f |g >= w(x)f ∗ (x)g(x)dx
a
13
2.2 Anisìthta Cauchy-Schwarz
An |f > kai |g > duì tuqaÐa anÔsmata enìc dianusmatikoÔ qÿrou me
eswterikì ginìmeno tìte isqÔei h sqèsh
0 ≤< f |f > −λ < f |g > −λ∗ (< f |g >)∗ + λ∗ λ < g|g >=
= ||f ||2 + |λ|2 ||g||2 − λ < f |g > −λ∗ (< f |g >)∗ =
= ||f ||2 + |λ|2 ||g||2 − 2Re(λ < f |g >) (14)
H anisìthta aută isqÔei gia kĹje |λ| ≥ 0 kai gia kĹje 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π. EidikĹ
gia θ = −φ paÐrnei thn morfă:
14
eÐnai mh arnhtikì gia kĹje pragmatikă timă tou x. Autì shmaÐnei ìti h
diakrÐnousa tou triwnÔmou eÐnai mh jetikă, dhladă
H isìthta isqÔei ìtan upĹrqei migadikìc l tètoioc ÿste : |f >= λ.|g >
, dhladă ìtan ta |f > kai |g > eÐnai sugrammikĹ. H efarmogă thc anisìth-
tac twn Cauchy-Schwarz sto qÿro twn tetragwnikĹ oloklhrÿsimwn sunartă-
sewn L2 [a, b] mac odhgeÐ sthn gnwstă apì thn anĹlush anisìthta
Zb Zb Zb
1 1
w(x)f ∗ (x)g(x)dx w(x)|f (x)| dx) ( w(x)|g(x)|2dx) 2
2
≤( 2 (15)
a a a
ìpou w(x) > 0 h sunĹrthsh bĹrouc sto eswterikì ginìmeno. Trigwnikă anisìthta:
An |f > kai |g > duì tuqaÐa anÔsmata tou qÿrou tìte apodeiknÔetai e-
farmìzontac thn anisìthta twn Cauchy-Schwarz ìti isqÔei h anisìthta
:
||f + g|| ≤ ||f || + ||g||
λ1 |f1 > +λ2 |f2 > +λ3 |f3 > +... + λN |fN > +|0 >
|h >= λ1 |f1 > +λ2 |f2 > +λ3 |f3 > +... + λN |fN >
15
EĹn o qÿroc eÐnai efodiasmènoc me eswterikì ginìmeno tìte oi orjokanon-
ikèc bĹseic
|e1 >, |e2 >, |e3 >, ...|eN >
|h >= λ1 |e1 > +λ2 |e2 > +λ3 |e3 > +... + λN |eN >
< e1 |h >= λ1 < e1 |e1 > +λ2 < e1 |e2 > +λ3 < e1 |e3 > +... + λN < e1 |eN >
Sto dexiì mèloc ìla ta eswterikĹ ginìmena eÐnai mhdèn ektìc apo to
< e1 |e1 >= 1 . Ara
λ1 =< e1 |h >
OmoÐwc
λ2 =< e2 |h >, λ3 =< e3 |h >, ...λN =< eN |h >
(|e1 >, |e2 >, |e3 >, ...|eN >), (< ei |ej >= δij )
16
kataskeuĹzoume N-plăjouc orjokanonikĹ wc exăc:
OrÐzoume to |g1 >= |f1 >. To diĹnusma autì ja apotelèsei thn prÿth
orjogÿnia dieÔjhnsh . To monadiaÐo Ĺnusma kata thn dieÔjhnsh aută
eÐnai
|g1 >
|e1 >=
||g1 ||
Apì to |F2 > afairoÔme th probolă tou pĹnw sto |e1 > kai
|g2 >= |f2 > −(< e1 |f2 >)|e1 >
DiairoÔme me to mètro tou kai ètsi orÐzoume to |e2 >
|g2 >
|e2 >=
||g2
Profanÿc to |g2 >6= |0 > giatÐ alliÿc to |F2 > ja ătan sugrammikì tou
|e1 > dhladă tou |f1 > kai den ja ătan grammikÿc anexĹrthta.
1
Epiplèon < e1 |e2 >= ||g2 ||
< e1 |g >
1
= ||g2 ||
(< e1 |f2 > −(< e1 |f2 >) < e1 |e1 >) = 0
Dhladă ta |e1 > , |e2 eÐnai orjogÿnia. SuneqÐzonta; apì ta |f2 >
afairoÔme tic probolèc tou sta |e1 >, |e2 > kai
|g3 >= |f3 > −(< e1 |f3 >)|e1 > −(< e2 |f3 >)|e2 >
Etsi èqoume to
|g3 >
|e3 >=
||g3 ||
pou eÐnai orjogÿnio sta |e1 >, |e2 >. H diadikasÐa suneqÐzetai me ta
upìloipa dianÔsmata kai katalăgoume ètsi se mia orjokanonikă bĹsh
17
3 ApeirodiĹstatoi qÿroi-Seirèc Fourier
3.1 ApeirodiĹstatoi qÿroi
Sto qÿro L2 [−π, π] ìpou to eswterikì ginìmeno orÐzetai wc:
Zπ
< f |g >= dxf ∗ (x)g(x) (17)
π
1
en (x) = √ einx , ±n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
2π
eÐnai mia orjokanonikă akoloujÐa.PrĹgmati
Zπ
1 1
< em |en > = dx( √ eimx )∗ ( √ einx ) =
π
2π 2π
Zπ
1 i(n−m)x
= dx e (18)
π
2π
Epeidă ta anÔsmata |em >= em (x) eÐnai orjogÿnia metaxÔ touc eÐnai
profanÿc grammikÿc anexĹrthta. Ara o qÿroc autìc eÐnai apeirodiĹs-
tatoc afoÔ perièqei mia akoloujÐa apì grammikÿc anexĹrthta anÔsma-
ta. Allo parĹdeigma apeirodiĹstatou qÿrou pou perièqei orjokanonikă
akoloujÐa qrăsimh stic efarmogèc eÐnai to exăc.Sto qÿro L2 [−1, 1] h
orjokanonikă akoloujÐa
s
2n + 1
en (x) = Pn (x) (19)
2
ìpou
18
1 dn
P0 (x) = 1, Pn (x) = 2n n! dxn
(x2 − 1)n
Ja lème ìti mia akoloujÐa anusmĹtwn |fn >, n = 1, 2, 3... eÐnai basikă,
ìtan
Gia (m → ∞, n → ∞). H (??) eÐnai sunoptikă grafă tou exăc. Gia kĹje
ǫ > 0 upĹrqei akèraioc N0 (ǫ) tètoioc ÿste gia kĹje
m, n > N0 (ǫ)→ρ(|fm >, |fn >) < ǫ.
To Ĺnusma |f > onomĹzetai ìrio miac akoloujÐac |fn > kai sumbolÐzetai
ìtan gia kĹje ǫ > 0 upĹrqei akèraioc N0 (ǫ) tètoioc ÿste gia kĹje n >
N0 (ǫ) na isqÔei :
ρ(|fn >, |f >) = ||fn − f || < ǫ
19
To ìrio |f > an upĹrqei eÐnai monadikì.PrĹgmati eĹn kai Ĺllo |f ′ > ătan
ìrio thc akoloujÐac |fn > tìte :
Ara
ρ(|fm >, |fn >) = ||fm − fn ||→0, (n, m→∞
afoÔ
||fm − f || → 0, ||f − fn || → 0, (n, m → ∞)
(n)
ìpou fi ≡< ei |fn >
N N
(n) (m) (n) (m)
ρ2 (|fn >, |fm >) = (< fn − fm |fn − fm >) =<
X X
(fi − fi )ei | (fj − fj )ej >=
i=1 j=1
20
N X
N
X (n) (m) ∗ (n) (m)
= (fi − fi ) (fj − fj )δij =
i=1 j=1
N
X (n) (m) 2
= |fj − fj | (23)
i=1
Epeidă h |fn > eÐnai basikă , isqÔei:ρ2 (|fn >, |fm >) → 0 ,n → ∞, m →
∞ . Autì shmaÐnei ìti |fin − fim | → 0. Dhladă h akoloujÐa fin twn
i-sunistwsÿn eÐnai basikă. Epomènwc sugklÐnei se kĹpoio migadikì fi
(Plhrìthta tou qÿrou twn migadikÿn arijmÿn).Autì isqÔei gia kĹje i =
1, 2, 3..., N
SqhmatÐzetai ètsi to Ĺnusma:
N
X
|f >= fi |ei >
i=1
Zb
dxw(x)|f (x)|2
a
Zb
< f |g >= dxw(x)f ∗ (x)g(x) (24)
a
21
akoloujÐac sqhmatÐzoume to Ĺnusma:
N
|SN >= fi |ei >, ìpou fi ≡< ei |f >
P
i=1
N N
|fj |2 = | < ej |f > |2 ≤< f |f >
P P
j=1 j=1
N
Blèpoume ìti h akoloujÐa twn merikÿn ajroismĹtwn |fj |2 eÐnai monì-
P
j=1
tonh kai fragmènh apì to tetrĹgwno tou mètrou tou anÔsmatoc |f >. Ara
èqei ìrio kĹpoio jetikì arijmì 0 ≤< f |f > . Epomènwc se èna apeirodiĹs-
tato qÿro gia kĹje |f > kai gia kĹje orjokanonikă akoloujÐa [|en >]∞
n=1
∞
| < en |f > |2 ≤< f |f >
P
n=1
22
An se plărh qÿro S , mia orjokanonikă bĹsh [|e1 >, |e2 >, |e3 >
, ...|en >, ...], èqei thn idiìthta gia kĹje Ĺnusma tou qÿrou |f > na isqÔei
h isìthta :
∞
| < en |f > |2 =< f |f >
P
n=1
h opoÐa eÐnai gnwstă san isìthta Parseval, tìte sthn perÐptwsh aută
h akoloujÐa sunistĹ plhrec sÔnolo kai apoteleÐ bĹsh sto qÿro S.
Eqontac up’ ìyin autìn ton orismì gia th bĹsh enìc plărouc qÿrou
eÔkola mporoÔme na apodeÐxoume ta parakĹtw jewrămata.
Jeÿrhma 1: Mia orjokanonikă akoloujÐa [|ei >] apoteleÐ
bĹsh se plărh qÿrotìte kai mìno ’tìte an gia kĹje Ĺnusma |f > tou
qÿrou isqÔei h isìthta tou Parseval.
Jeÿrhma 2: EĹn gnwrÐzoume miĹ orjokanonikă bĹsh se plărh qÿro kai
gia tuqaÐo Ĺnusma |f > sqhmatÐzoume thn akoloujÐa anusmĹtwn
N
X
|SN >= (< ei |f >)|ei > (26)
i=1
23
tìte h akoloujÐa aută èqei ìrio to |f > .
kai
ρ(|SN >, |f >) → 0, (N → ∞)
h orjokanonikă akoloujÐa
1
en (x) = √ einx
2π
ìpou (±n = 0, 1, 2, ...), apoteleÐ bĹsh.
24
2
• Sto qÿro L2w (−∞, ∞) kai w(x) = e−x ta poluÿnuma
s
1
en (x) = √ Hn (x)
2n n! π
,
2 dn −x2
Hn (x) = (−1)n ex (e )
dxn
apoteloÔn plărec orjokanonikì sÔnolo.
Zπ
1
Bn = dxf (x) sin nx (30)
π
−π
25
Apì autĹ pou èqoume ădh anafèrei eÐnai profanăc h isìthta Parseval gia
tic seirèc Fourier:
π ∞
1Z 2 |A0 |2 X
dx|f (x)| = + (|An |2 + |Bn |2 ) (31)
π 2 n=1
−π
Gia thn omală sÔgklish thc seirĹc Fourier pou èqei kai to megalÔtero
endiafèron isqÔoun 2 krităria omalăc sÔgklishc.
∞
(|An | + |Bn |) = peperasmèno
P
n=1
f (x+0)+f (x−0)
h seirĹ sugklÐnei omalĹ sto 2
.
26
suneqăc sto Ðdio diĹsthma kai isqÔei
f (−π + 0) = f (π − 0)
b−a a+b
x= 2π
y + 2
27
2π
ìpou oi suntelestèc a,b eÐnai grammikoÐ sunduasmoÐ twn A,B kai k = b−a
.
4 Telestèc
4.1 GrammikoÐ Telestèc se plăreic qÿrouc
GenikĹ ènac telestăc mporeÐ na orisjeÐ san mia apeikìnish . San pedÐo
orismoÔ tou ja jewroÔme sunăjwc ìlon ton dianusmatikì qÿro . Gia
thn onomasÐa twn telestÿn ja qrhsimopoioÔme kefalaÐa grĹmmata me èna
kapèlo p.q T̂ .Etsi h drĹsh tou telestă se tuqaÐo Ĺnusma tou pedÐou
orismoÔ tou ja sumbolÐzetai wc
T̂ |f >= |g >
• O mhdenikìc telestăc
An gia kĹje Ĺnusma |f > tou pedÐou orismoÔ isqÔei
T̂ |f >= |0 >
• Tautotikìc telestăc
O T̂ eÐnai tautotikìc kai ton sumbolÐzoume me Iˆ .
28
MporoÔme na orÐsoume Ĺjroisma kai ginìmeno telestÿn wc exăc. Gia kĹje
|f > na isqÔei
ÂB̂ 6= B̂ Â
[Â, B̂] 6= 0
An h apeikìnish pou orÐzei ènac telestăc T̂ eÐnai èna proc èna (1-1) ,
tìte upĹrqei o antÐstrofoc , ton opoÐo sumbolÐzoume wc T̂ −1 kai isqÔei
profanÿc:
T̂ T̂ −1 = T̂ −1 T̂ = Iˆ
29
EidikĹ sthn 2 blèpoume ìti otan l=0
Orismènec apì tic "kalècfl idiìthtec twn grammikÿn telestÿn eÐnai oi akìlou-
jec:
30
d
3. Estw h dx o grammikìc telestăc pou drĹ sto qÿro twn pragmatikÿn
analutikÿn sunartăsewn f (x) (h= pragmatikì) (Dhladă sunartă-
sewn me paragÿgouc kĹje tĹxhc). Tìte5
d d 1 d2
eh dx f (x) = (Iˆ + h + h2 2 + ...)f (x) = f (x + h) (35)
dx 2! dx
+ +
(Â1 − Â2 )|g >= |0 > sunepĹgetai:
+ +
Â1 |g > −Â2 |g >= |0 >
Epeidă h teleutaÐa sqèsh isqÔei gia to tuqaÐo Ĺnusma |g > apì ton oris-
moÔ thc isìthtac twn telestÿn prokÔptei: ,
5 d
ο τεlεστήc dx ονοµάζεται και γεννήτοραc των µεταθέσεων γιατί η εκθετική
συνάρτηση ΄γεννάει΄ τιc µεταθέσειc x → x + h.
31
+ +
Â1 = Â2
2. (Â.B̂)+ = B̂ + .Â+
3. (λÂ)+ = λ∗ Â+
4. Â+ Â = 0 =⇒ Â = 0
1. Autosuzugăc
, (Autoprosarthmènoc ă ermitianìc )
Â+ = Â
2. Monadiakìc ă MonadiaÐoc
Û + = Û −1
3. Kanonikìc
Â+ Â = ÂÂ+
6
4. ProbolikìcEnac grammikìc kai fragmènoc telestăc P̂ lègetai
probolikìc ìtan:
P̂ + = P̂ , P̂ 2 = P̂
6
Εναc γραµµικόc τεlεστήc  είναι φραγµένοc όταν υπάρχει θετικόc αριθµόc C έτσι
ώστε ||Â|f > || ≤ C||f ||,για κάθε |f >
32
Ena endiafèron prìblhma pou aforĹ touc grammikoÔc telestèc kai ja
mac apasqolăsei idiaÐtera eÐnai autì thc exÐswshc idiotimÿn kai idio-
sunartăsewn enìc telestă Â.
ìpou l en gènei migadikìc arijmìc kai |f >6= |0 >. Gia kĹpoiouc gram-
mikoÔc telestèc h epÐlush autăc thc exÐswshc, dhladă h eÔresh twn idi-
otimÿn kai twn idiosunartăsewn pou antistoiqoÔn se autèc tic idiotimèc,
èqei idiaÐterh shmasÐa afoÔ ìpwc ja doÔme mporoÔn na odhgăsoun se
plărec orjokanonikì sÔnolo (bĹsh).
ParakĹtw diatupÿnoume dÔo jewrămata pou aforoÔn kanonikoÔc telestèc.
Jeÿrhma 1
An  kanonikìc telestăc kai l idiotimă tou idioanÔsmatoc |f > dhladă :
ˆ >= |0 >
D̂|f >= (Â − λI)|f
tìte ìmwc
< D̂ + f |D̂ + f >=< f |D̂ D̂ + f >=< f |D̂ + D̂f >=< D̂f |D̂f >= 0
Ara D̂ + |f >= 0 kai (Â+ − λ∗ I)|fˆ >= |0 >
Jeÿrhma 2
33
Ta idioanÔsmata kanonikoÔ telestă pou antistoiqoÔn se diaforetikèc
idiotimèc eÐnai orjogÿnia metaxÔ touc.
Apìdeixh . An λ1 6= λ2 kai Â|f1 >= λ1 |f1 >, Â|f2 >= λ2 |f2 > tìte
sÔnfwna me to prohgoÔmeno jeÿrhma èqoume :
tìte kĹje grammikìc sundiasmìc k1 |f1 > +k2 |f2 > eÐnai epÐshc idioĹnusma
tou telestă Â me thn Ðdia idiotimă.
 (k1 |f1 > +k2 |f2 >) = k1 (Â|f1 >) + k2 (Â|f2 >)
= k1 λ|f1 > +k2 λ|f2 >= λ(k1 |f1 > +k2 |f2 >) (39)
34
Gia tuqaÐo Ĺnusma tou qÿrou
N
X
|f >= fj |ej >, fj =< ej |f >
j=1
isqÔei:
N
X N
X
Â|f >= fj (Â|ej >) = (Â|ej >) < ej |f > (40)
j=1 j=1
An touc migadikoÔc arijmoÔc < ei |Â|ej > touc onomĹsoume aij , tìte h
sqèsh pou dÐnei tic sunistÿsec gi grĹfetai:
N
X
gi = aij fj , i = 1, 2, ..., N
j=1
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ìpou |ej >, (j = 1, 2, 3..N) ta anÔsmata miac orjokanonikăc bĹshc. Etsi
ìlh h Ĺlgebra twn grammikÿn telestÿn metafèretai sthn Ĺlgebra twn
tetragwnikÿn pinĹkwn me stoiqeÐa migadikoÔc arijmoÔc. O ermitianìc
suzugăc upĹrqei gia kĹje grammikì telestă Â kai den eÐnai Ĺlloc apì
ton ermitianì suzugă pÐnaka
kai
N
X
ÂB̂ → (A)ik (B)kj
k=1
Iˆ → (I)ij = δij
′
|ei >, (i = 1, 2, ...N)
′ N
|ei >= uki|ek >
P
k=1
36
′
ìpou uki ≡< ek |ei > . OrÐzoume pÐnaka Û me stoiqeÐa Uik = uik . Lìgw
thc orjokanonikìthtac èqoume:
N N
′ ′ X X
δ ij = < ei |ej >=< (U)λi eλ | (U)kj ej >=
λ=1 k=1
N X
N
(U)∗λi (U)kj < eλ |ek >=
X
=
λ=1 k=1
N N
(U)∗ki (U)kj = (U + )ik (U)kj
X X
= (42)
k=1 k=1
OmoÐwc kai
Û Û + = Iˆ
7
Ara o pÐnakac Û pou sundèei tic duì bĹseic eÐnai monadiakìc
(Uˆ+ ) = (Û)−1
37
H exÐswsh idiotimÿn (??) eÐnai mia algebrikă exÐswsh N-tĹxhc kai epomènwc
èqei N to plăjoc rÐzec, tic idiotimèc tou pÐnaka A. En gènei ,(ìqi pĹnta) ja
upĹrqoun N-plăjoc grammikÿc anexĹrthta idioanÔsmata pou antistoiqoÔn
se autèc tic idiotimèc. Etsi èqoume mia bĹsh apo thn opoÐa mporoÔme na
kataskeuĹsoume me thn mèjodo Gram-Schmidt mia Ĺllh orjokanonikă.
EidikĹ ìmwc gia touc kanonikoÔc telestèc isqÔei to parakĹtw jeÿrhma.
Jeÿrhma 3 (Fasmatikì)
: Estw (A) kanonikìc pÐnakac (anaparĹs-
tash kanonikoÔ telestă )
a) To plăjoc idioanusmĹtwn pou antistoiqoÔn se kĹpoia idiotimă l eÐnai
Ðdio me thn algebrikă pollaplìthtĹ thc idiotimăc
Jeÿrhma 4 (Fasmatikì)
: Estw  grammikìc telestăc pou eÐnai
autosuzugăc kai plărwc suneqăc. Tìte isqÔoun ta parakĹtw:
• Oi idiotimèc tou  eÐnai pragmatikèc
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peperasmèna to plăjoc
O prÿtoc ìroc sto dexiì mèroc mhdenÐzetai lìgw twn sunoriakÿn sun-
jhkÿn kai o deÔteroc grĹfetai wc < D̂f |g > .Ara deÐxame ìti
Z1
K(x, s)φn (s)ds = µn φn (x)
0
1 1
ìpou µn = λn
= 4π 2 n2
(
x(1 − s) : 0 ≤ x ≤ s ≤ 1
K(x, s) =
s(1 − x) : 0 ≤ s ≤ x ≤ 1
φn (x) = sin(2πnx)
d d
 ≡ − p(x) + q(x)
dx dx
40
ìpou p(x) > 0, q(x) pragmatikèc , pou drĹ sto qÿro L2 [a, b]. Qrhsi-
mopoiÿntac thn tautìthta Lagrange
∗ d ∗ df ∗ dg
f (Âg) − f (Âf ) ≡ [p(x)( g − f ∗ )]
dx dx dx
èqoume gia kaje zeugĹri f (x), g(x)
Zb
< f |Âg > = f ∗ (x)[Âg(x)] =
a
Zb
df ∗ dg
= [Âf (x)]∗ g(x) + [p(x)( g(x) − f ∗ (x) )]|ba =
a
dx dx
′ ′
= < Âf |g > +(p(x)[f ∗ (x)g(x) − f ∗ (x)g (x)])|ba (46)
p(a) = p(b) = 0
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