Quarries in Egypt

Prepared by:
Samer Samir Elsawaf / Ahmed Ebrahim Abdelkader
4th year students Petroleum and Mining Program

Under supervision of:

Prof.Dr./Mohamed Mahmoud Hamdy
Professor of Geochemistry and Ore Deposits
2021-2022
 ‫المحاجر في مصر‬

‫إعداد‪:‬‬
‫سامر سمير الصواف ‪ /‬احمد إبراهيم عبد القادر‬
‫مستوى رابع جيولوجيا البترول والتعدين‬

‫تحت إشراف‪:‬‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬محمد محمود حمدي‬
‫أستاذ الچيوكيمياء ورواسب الخامات‬
‫‪2021-2022‬‬
 Content
Title Page No.
Abstract 5
Chapter 1: Introduction 6
 1.1 What are quarries?
 1.2 Quarry vs. Mine
Chapter 2: History of Egyptian Quarries 10
 2.1 Quarry Features during the Pharaonic
Civilizations.
 2.2 Features of quarries during the Hellenistic and
Roman civilizations.
 2.3 Features of quarries from the Arab conquest of AD
641 to 1798, the French campaign.
Chapter 3: Quarry licenses 22
Chapter 4: Building and construction 29
materials group
 4.1 Sand Deposits
 4.2 Gravel & Pebbles
 4.3 Clay Deposits
 4.4 Lime Stone
 4.5 Ornamental Stones
Chapter 5: Industrial Ores from Quarries 51
 5.1 White Sand
 5.2 Talc
 5.3 Mica
 5.4 Black Sand
 5.5 Gypsum
 5.6 Basalt
Chapter 6: Eastern Desert Quarries 80
 6.1 Licensed Quarries in Ras Ghareb.
 6.2 Licensed quarries in Hurghada.
 6.3 Licensed Quarries in Safaga.
 6.4 Licensed Quarries in Quseir City.
 6.5 Licensed Quarries in Marsa Alam City.
 6.6 Licensed Quarries in Schlateen City.
Chapter 7: Safety & Risks of Quarrying 86
 7.1 Safety Precautions in Quarrying.
 7.2 Risks in Egyptian Quarries.
Summary 96
Arabic Summary 97
References 98
Maps
No. Map description Page
1 Sand deposits locations in Egypt 30
2 Gravel & Pebbles locations in Egypt 34
3 Clay deposits locations in Egypt 39
4 Limestone locations in Egypt 43
5 Ornamental stones locations in Egypt 47
6 White sand locations in Egypt 53
7 Talc locations in Egypt 58
8 Mica locations in Egypt 64
9 Black sand locations in Egypt 70
10 Gypsum locations in Egypt 75
11 Basalt locations in Egypt 78
 Abstract
This essay examines the history and future of Egypt's
quarries, as well as the ore types found there.
Due to the variety of rocks found in Egypt, such as
sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks, Egyptian
quarries feature a wide range of rock types. As a result,
different grades of ores were produced.
Quarrying is governed by administrative authorities
separate from mines, however both fall under the Ministry
of Petroleum and Mineral Resources.
 Chapter 1:
Introduction
1.1 A quarry is where rocks, asphalt, sand, gravel, or slate are extracted
from the earth.
The quarry is like the surface mine from which minerals are extracted. The simple
difference between the two is that open-pit mines that produce building materials
and basic stones are referred to as quarries.

The Central Administration of Mines and Quarries organizes and monitors the
proper exploitation of mineral wealth in the Arab Republic of Egypt, where it
issues research licenses, exploitation contracts for mining ores, exploitation
contracts for mining ores, and their dependency contracts.
It can be said that the general spatial distribution of quarrying is pretty even in the
sense that, geological conditions notwithstanding, there are few mountain
settlements that have not had a quarry of some scale open in their vicinity at some
point in their history.

When quarrying additionally attempts to reach markets further away, market

regulators (economically exploitable sources, transportation expenditure and
capability, and so on) become more relevant, and quarrying might exhibit a high
spatial concentration in some circumstances. The quantity and quality of the
material flow between the user and its surroundings have been determined by the
level of socioeconomic development.
The topography of the area, in addition to the geological factors, influences the
location of quarries. Longwall face quarrying is used in mountainous or hilly
terrains, whereas deep mining is used in flat locations.
A quarry buried in the surface must be built when the rock material to be exploited
is found under a flat or sloping surface.
Longwall face quarrying is occasionally used to produce such quarries by lowering
the quarry floor.
Extraction takes place from underground shafts or cavities if the overlying strata
are too thick. Aside from that, the quarried (metamorphic, igneous, or sedimentary)
rocks' properties, as well as adherence to numerous safety rules, are critical.
Mining and quarrying are high risk activities which can affect both employees and
people in surrounding areas. Also quarries have many types of risks especially with
quarries in limestone and much more depend on radioactivity, stability of quarry
and dust from quarrying operations.
1.2 Quarry vs. Mine
Mining is the process of extracting precious minerals or other geological elements
from the earth's surface from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which together
comprise the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.

Metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, dimension stone, rock salt, potash,
gravel, and clay are among the ores extracted by mining. Any material that cannot
be cultivated through agricultural techniques or generated artificially in a
laboratory or factory must be mined. Extraction of any non-renewable resource,
such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water, is referred to as mining in a broader
sense.
Stone and metal mining has been practiced since prehistoric times. Prospecting for
ore bodies, analyzing the economic potential of a proposed mine, extracting the
needed resources, and final reclamation of the land when the mine is closed are all
part of modern mining processes.

Quarrying is a location where rocks, sand, or minerals are mined from the Earth's
surface. Because it is open to the surface of the Earth, a quarry is classified as an
open-pit mine. Another type of mine, a sub-surface mine, consists of underground
tunnels or shafts.
Quarries are most commonly used to extract stone for construction purposes. For
thousands of years, people have used quarries. Massive limestone and granite
stones were hand-cut from neighbouring quarries to construct the Great Pyramids.
Each of these bricks is huge and weighs a lot of weight. Slaves and criminals were
frequently compelled to labour in marble, granite, and limestone quarries in ancient
Rome, where the work was extremely difficult. (Quarry | National Geographic Society, n.d.)

Figure 1 Marble Quarry

Quarry I understand to mean an excavation for stone such as granite, limestone,

slate, crushed stone, etc. for building purposes, but not to extract specific minerals
or ores.
So we have "copper mines" - both underground and open pit
"Limestone quarries"; "mica mines"; "gold mines"; "sandstone quarries".(Peter
Cristofono, n.d.)
Chapter 3:
History of
Egyptian
Quarries
 History of Egyptian Quarries
1-Quarry Features during the Pharaonic Civilizations Birth 332–
3100
The climatic conditions in the Egyptian desert airport were favorable for its use.
Water was available only in the pre-first period of the deserts in Sarat, and it
continued during only half of the ancient Pharaonic state. Then it gradually
decreased until it prevailed in the dry desert conditions and continued until today.
Over the course of about 3000 years of exploration and mining exploitation, the
Egyptians could build a civilization based on knowledge of the technology of
metallic ores and non-metal ores. Knowledge focused on the following bases:-
 Knowledge of scientific exploration and knowledge of the characteristics of
building materials and the selection of appropriate stone.
 Knowledge of engineering methods for opening mines, liquid, raw ore
extraction, Turkic and metallurgical capabilities in smelting and purifying
metals, making mixtures and forming them for various purposes. As well as
the capabilities in the appropriate rock cutting, transportation, formation and
installation.
 Keep records on the activities of the papyrus of the facts of mining in the
libraries of archives of the documents so that they refer to what they contain
and add to them the new.

The stones preserved the history of Egypt with the various structures built in it and
the drawings and writings engraved on it. These stones varied and their
characteristics and uses were numerous.
Calcareous stones: - are sedimentary stones whose chemical composition is
calcium carbonate.
It spreads on both sides of the Nile Valley from Cairo in the north to the middle of
Upper Egypt. From it, the ancient Egyptians cut large and small blocks of
pyramids and built them, vessels and temples, and carved them into vessels for the
month of Ramadan. Among the quarries are those in Tora and the Press. The use of
limestone flourished when Memphis was the capital.

All the pyramids have been built from limestone and the statue of the Sphinx carved from a rock in
its place in the middle of a limestone quarry next to the pyramid of Khafre.

Sandstones:-
They are sedimentary stones whose basic chemical composition is silica, and their
layers are spread on both sides of the Nile in general from the middle of Upper
Egypt to Nubia in the south. (Qasr) and the use of sandstone flourished when the
capital was Thebes.) Except for the smooth sandstone quarries located north of
Kom A. There are other quarries in Nubia, including Jem, Al-Kab, Dabod and
Kartas. Karnak, Qurna, Ramesseum, Medinet Habu, Deir al-Madina, Esna, Edfu,
Kom, and Fili.
 Abu Simbel temple of sandstone

Granite:-
Aswan pink granite is world famous. The granite blocks were carefully tested in
the quarry before separating them from the facade. The Nile was the effective
method for transportation, which left no room for extracting granite from other
sources in the desert, away from the Nile. From the granite, statues, ceiling
obelisks, and coffins were built, and brown walls were lined with it, and many
other things.

Aswan Pink Granite Big Grain Polished Surface

Building the pyramids:-

The ancient Egyptians emptied the people of the ancient state into building the
pyramids all that science and technology reached in that era. There are ten groups
of pyramids from Beyala built on the edge of the western plateau overlooking the
Nile and extending from Abu Rawash to the Fayoum depression. In addition to the
engineering creativity of building the pyramid, its construction was preceded by
the preparation of a subsurface structure that includes digging a trench, a vertical
well, or a sloping tunnel inside the rock, with a sound mining study.
Obelisk carving:-
Obelisks were made during the modern state, few of them are still standing, some
have been destroyed, and many have been moved outside the country. Most of the
obelisks, especially the large ones, were cut out of granite. The genius of carving
obelisks comes in choosing granite from which one block can be cut without being
defected by breaks or cracks. The most important witness to the genius of carving
obelisks is the unfinished obelisk which are located to the east of the city of
Aswan. If it had been estimated to be completed, its height would have been 41.75
meters and its weight would have been 1168 tons. Many Egyptian obelisks were
distributed in a number of countries in the world, the most famous of which is
found in Rome, Istanbul, Paris, London and New York. And in Rome alone 13 of
the Egyptian Obelisks.(Eerkens & Dickens, n.d.)

Stones with a special fame:-

King Khafre carved six life-size statues from a stone called the diorite Khafre. The
source of this type of stone was found only in one quarry located to the west of
Toshka. In the Egyptian Museum, one of the six statues is considered amazing.
There is a black, fine-grained stone for which there is a quarry in Wadi Hammamet
between Qena and Al-Qusayr. It was known as the Bakhen stone. A number of it
was carved from large stones from the statues due to its ability to polish and give it
a smooth surface that has majesty and dignity.

Statue of King Khafre from diorite

Salts and color:-

The Egyptians obtained table salt from lakes in the north of the delta and from
some marshes throughout Upper Egypt. They obtained natron, which was needed
for medicinal formulations and for embalming, from the lakes of Wadi al-Natrun
and from some marshes in the west of the delta and the ancient Egyptians mastered
the composition of various colors, the most famous of which are red ocher, yellow
ocher, green malachite powder, and blue azurite.
Semi-precious stones:-
The ancient Egyptians knew the Sinai turquoise at an early time in history and
extracted it from Serabit al-Khadem. They knew blue amethyst, as they knew
carnelian, carnelian, and agate, and they polished them into cloves, with which
they studded their jewels.
 Amethyst

Alabaster:-
Huge statues were carved from it, of which only a limited number remained, and
small masterpieces were carved from it.

Features of quarries during the Hellenistic and Roman civilizations

332 AD 641– ‫سمات المحاجر خالل الحضارتين الرومانية والهيلينية‬
Before the Ptolemies, ancient Egypt used mortar consisting of a mixture of clay
and roasted gypsum. The use of mortar in which quicklime was introduced did not
begin until the time of Ptolemy I. The Romans also introduced the use of burnt
bricks in buildings.(Coli et al., 2011)
  Sandstone was extracted from the quarries of Al-Silsilah and Nubia for the
construction of temples.
 Alabaster was extracted from its sources on the sides of the Nile.
 The Bakhen stone was extracted from Wadi Hammamet and called it Ferri
Coloris Atque Duritiae.
 The white marble was commonly used to carve statues, and it was imported.

Breccia:-
The Romans were interested in deducting a kind of green breccia in Wadi
Hammamet in the Eastern Desert, which they called breccia verde antico, a very
solid and very beautiful at Saqqa. It was exported in quantities throughout the
Roman Empire

Mons Claudianus Quarries:-

The choice fell on a source of gray granite (Grano Diorite) in the mountains of
West Safaga to be exploited despite its distance from the Nile. It appears that they
were dedicated to cutting and forming huge columns. Some columns are still
attached to the front of the quarry. In the quarry yard, some cylindrical columns are
lying waiting to be moved, and the longest of these columns is 18 meters and 2.6
meters in diameter. The name of this historical quarry is attributed to the Roman
Emperor Claudius.
Porphyric stone:-
To the west of the city of Hurghada is a high mountain range whose volcanic
rocks are of a purpure texture. The Romans chose a kind in itself, red in color, fine-
grained, with white granules spread, and they called it the "imperial sumac" stone,
which, when polished, gives an extreme beauty. Blocks were cut from it, from
which columns and paintings were carved for wall cladding. It was a material for
export throughout the Roman and Byzantine Empires. A number of coffins
remained in Egypt from the urfer stone in the cemetery of Kom el-Shaqafa in
Alexandria, and in the Roman Museum in Alexandria there is a huge statue of this
euphoria thought to be Diocletian. Interest in this stone stopped with the end of the
Byzantine presence in Egypt.

Huge statue of porphyry stone (Alexandria preserved in a museum)

Rosetta stone:-
One of the most important stone inscriptions attributed to the Ptolemaic period is
the "Rosetta Stone", which was found in the Rashid Castle. The stone is a block of
basalt or (gray wakie) 123 centimeters long and 27.5 centimeters wide.
Alum and natron:-
Egypt used to extract alum from the Kharga and Dakhla oases. It was a sought-
after export commodity throughout the ancient world.
Natron continued to be extracted from Wadi al-Natrun and some parts of the
western Delta for the purposes of embalming and making glass.

Features of quarries from the Arab conquest of AD 641 to

1798, the French campaign
Alum:-
The Arabs in Egypt used to bring alum from the Western Desert and sell it in
Akhmim, Assiut, and Bahnsa, then gather in Cairo. Ibn Mamati mentioned that in
1192 AD it was possible to export thirteen thousand kantars to European countries.
A quantity of alum imported from Yemen, the island of Socotra and around Lake
Chad, was gathering in Egypt to fulfill export requests.
Natron:-
Egypt did not stop extracting natron to supply local industries, especially glass and
soap, and part of the production was exported abroad with a large profit. Ibn
Mamati states that the cost of extracting a quintal from natron was two dirhams,
while it was sold for seventy.
Glass and ceramics industry:-
The glass industry was established in Fustat, and it rose generation after
generation, and its products varied from different bottles, cups, and gold
medallions. The Egyptians practiced crystal carving, which was brought from
Morocco. RockCrystal stoneware industry rose in Fustat and in some cities of
Upper Egypt, and reached its peak in the period between the tenth and thirteenth
centuries. He saw the case of Nasir Khusraw in Fustat, a fine, translucent
earthenware so that if you put your hand on it from the outside, its shadow
appeared from the inside. Perhaps the Egyptian kaolin clay was mixed with pure
kaolin imported from China (China Clay) so that the mixture gave a porcelain of
this luster.(Noor-Book.Com ‫المناجم والمحاجر فى مصر القديمة‬, n.d.)
Stones and Architecture:-
Most of the ancient churches in Egypt were built of limestone, especially the
churches of the Old Cairo region, the most famous of which is the Hanging
Church.(.)n.d, ‫مصر فى التعدين تاريخ عافية سميح محمد إستشارى جيولوجى‬
Chapter 3:
Egyptian
Licenses for
Quarries
 ‫خطوات طلب ترخيص محجر‬
‫يتقدم المواطن بطلب رسم محجر على النموذج المعد لذلك ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫و اققققورل مققققن البطاوققققة‬ ‫يرفقققق مققققع الطلققققب اققققورل مققققن البطاوققققة م الققققروم القققققوم‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫الضريبية أو السجل التجاري و بعد إطالع الموظف المختص على األال ‪.‬‬
‫يقققوم المققواطن بسققدا ويمققة رسققم النوققر المقققرر و وققدر ‪ 2000‬جنيقق( م ألنققاي جنيفققا فققق‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ال غير ‪.‬‬
‫يققققتم دحديققققد ميعققققا للمققققواطن لقيققققام اللجنققققة الماققققللة مققققن الجيولققققوجيين بقققق ارل المحققققاجر‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫برسقققم المحجقققر المطلقققو و إعقققدا رو ققق و قققذلك دقريقققر فنققق للمحجقققر و ذلقققك ب ر قققا‬
‫ااحب طلب الترخيص ‪.‬‬
‫يتقققققدم المققققواطن بطلققققب لتوويققققع الخققققرار المسققققاحية بعققققد إحضققققار ا بواسققققطة طالققققب‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫الترخيص و بعد سدا ويمة رسم دوويع الخرار بخزينة المحافوة ‪.‬‬
‫يققققتم دسققققليم طالققققب التققققرخيص الخققققرار المووعققققة و الخطابققققا المرسققققلة إلققققى جفققققا‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫م التنميقققة الزراعيقققة – اآلثقققار – يئقققة عمليقققا الققققوا المسقققلحة ‪ ...‬قققال علقققى‬ ‫اإلختصقققا‬
‫ذ الجفا ‪.‬‬ ‫حسب حالت( ‪ ,‬للحصول على موافقا‬
‫بعقققد المعاينقققة مقققن الجفقققا المختصقققة المقققذ ورل أعقققال قققل حسقققب حالتققق( و بواقققول قققذ‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫الموافقا يتم سدا ويمة المحجر بخزينة المحافوة‪.‬‬
‫بسققدا ويمققة المحجققر يققتم ويققام لجنققة مققن السققا ل الجيولققوجيين بتسققليم المح قق جر ل طال قق ب‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫ال ترخي ص و إعطار( رخصة التحميل‪.‬‬
‫جميقققع قققذ اإلجقققراما دقققتم مقققن خقققالل التنسقققي النقققوري وي دعطيقققل مقققع الجفقققا و‬ ‫‪.9‬‬
‫القطاعا المختصة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .10‬نققققوم اإل ارل الفندسقققية بقققالقوا المسقققلحة بمرافققققة لجقققاي مفندسققق إ ارل المحقققاجر للرفققققع‬
‫ميقققة المقققوا المحجريقققة التققق إسقققت لفا المقققرخص و ذلقققك قققل‬ ‫المسقققاح للمحجقققر لحسقققا‬
‫ثالثة أ فر لسدا ويمة اإلداول المقررل طبقا للقانوي ‪.‬‬
 ‫ثانياً‪ :‬فيما يخص سداد المخالفات ( مخالفات سيارات – مادة محجرية )‬
‫مخالفات البالغات‪-:‬‬

‫دحقققرر المخالنقققة بمعرفققققة السقققا ل الجيولقققوجيين اخققققل المواوقققع و دعقققد مققققن خقققالل المققققرور‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫الدوري بم واو ع الع مل و يتم إعتما ا من السيد ‪ /‬مدير اإل ارل و رريس الجفاز ‪.‬‬
‫درسققققل المخالنققققا المحققققررل بعققققد إعتما ققققا إلققققى إ اردقققق الحسققققابا و الاققققئوي القانونيققققة‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫بالجفاز إلدخاذ اإلجراما القانونية ‪.‬‬
‫يقققتم إبقققالا وسقققم الاقققرطة المخقققتص طبققققا لعنقققواي المخقققالف المبقققين بقققالبالا المحقققرر بواسقققطة‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫السا ل الجيولوجيين ‪.‬‬
‫فقق حالقققة ويققام المخقققالف بسقققدا ويمققة المخالنقققة يقققتم دحريققر إفقققا ل مقققن الجفققاز بسقققدا ال رامقققة‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫المقررل علي( لتقديمفا إلى الجفة الطالبة المختصة ف حالة طلبفا ‪.‬‬
‫ف حالة عدم سدا المخالنة خالل فرين ‪..‬يتم إعا ل إبالا وسم الارطة المختص ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

‫مخالفات السيارات‪-:‬‬
 ‫يتم دحريرالمخالنة من خالل منافذ التحصيل للل وحد ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫اققف يجمققع فقق نفايققة ققل ققفر إلققى رراسققة الجفققاز مققدرج بفققا‬ ‫درسققل المخالنققا فقق‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫روم السيارا المخالنة و الحمولة ‪.‬‬
‫يت قق م إرسققال بيققاي بهروققام ققذ السققيارا إلققى وحققدل المققرور التابعققة لقق( ل ستنسققار عققن‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫مالك ذ السيارل و عنوان( ‪.‬‬
‫بعققققد ورو ر المققققرور الينققققا يققققتم إرسققققال خطققققا مسققققجل بعلققققم الواققققول إلققققى مالققققك‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫السيارل على العنواي المرسل من وحدل المرور ‪.‬‬
‫بعقققد مقققرور‪ 15‬يقققوم مقققن دقققاريا الخطقققا المرسقققل وي ويقققام المخقققالف بسقققدا المخالنقققة‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫المحررل ضد يتم إبالا وسم الارطة التابع لمحل سلن( ‪.‬‬
‫ف حالة ويام المخ ال ف بس دا المخالنة يتم دحرير إفا ل بسدا ال رامة المحررل علي(‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫لتقديمفا إلى الجفة الطالبة المختصة ف حال طلبفا أو إ ارل المرور التابع لفا ‪.‬‬
 ‫قانون الثروة المعدنية‬

‫‪ ‬من القوانين الفامة التى دستفدف دنويم عمل المحاجر والمناجم فى مصر ووضع ضوابطفا‬
‫وانوي الثرول‬ ‫ودحديد الرسوم الخااة ‪ ،‬باإلضافة إلى وضع عقوبا للمخالنين لنصو‬
‫المعدنية‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬نصت الما ل م‪ 9‬من وانوي الثرول المعدنية على ان( يلوي منح درخيص االست الل‬
‫والمحاجر والمناجم الص يرل بقرار من الجفة المختصة ولمدل ال دزيد على‬ ‫للمالحا‬
‫خمسة عار عاما‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ونصت الما ل م‪ 10‬من وانوي الثرول المعدنية على أن( يؤ ي المرخص ل( بهعمال‬
‫االست الل لخاما المناجم سنويا للفيئة عن المساحة محل الترخيص ويمة إيجارية وإداول‪،‬‬
‫ودؤول حصيلتفما إلى الخزانة العامة للدولة ودحد الالرحة التننيذية لفذا القانوي القيمة‬
‫المناجم‪ ،‬ودسد‬ ‫اإليجارية المستحقة الت يؤ يفا المرخص ل( عن ل درخيص لخاما‬
‫سنويا ومقدما‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ونصت الما ل م‪ 11‬من وانوي الثرول المعدنية على أن( للجفة المختصة القيام بهعمال‬
‫اررل اختصاافا سوام بننسفا أو باال تراك‬ ‫ف‬ ‫المحاجر والمالحا‬ ‫االست الل لخاما‬
‫دحد ا الفيئة ودحت‬ ‫مع ال ير بعد موافقةمجلس الوزرام واستينام الاروط الننية الت‬
‫إ راففا النن ‪،‬ويؤ ي المرخصل( سنويا للجفة المختصة عن المساحة محل الترخيص ويمة‬
‫إيجارية وإداول‪ ،‬ودؤول حصيلتفما إلىالخزانة العامة للدولة‪ ،‬ودحد الالرحة التننيذية لفذا‬
‫يؤ يفاالمرخص ل( عن ل درخيص لخاما‬ ‫القانوي القيمة اإليجارية المستحقة الت‬
‫المحاجر والمالحا ‪ ،‬ودسد سنويا ومقدما‪ ،‬ويجوز للجفةالمختصة ل ثالث سنوا‬
‫ويصدربفا ورار من رريس‬ ‫المحاجر والمالحا‬ ‫اوتراح دعديل القيمة اإليجارية لمساحا‬
‫مجلس الوزرام بنام على عرض الوزير المختص‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬وال يجوز أي دقل ويمة اإلداول عن ‪ %5‬وال دزيد على ‪ %15‬من ويمة اإلنتاج السنوي للخام الذي‬
‫يست ل( المرخص ل(‪ ،‬وطبقا لما دحد الالرحة التننيذية لفذا القانوي بالنسبة للل خام‪ ،‬ما يؤ ي‬
 ‫المرخص ل( للجفة المختصة الواوع بفا مساحة االست الل نسبة ‪ %3‬من ويمة اإلنتاج السنوي لخاما‬
‫المحاجر والمالحا دخصص للمسا مة ف التنمية المجتمعية بتلك الجفة‪ ،‬وذلك وفقا للضواب الت‬
‫دحد ا الالرحة التننيذية لفذا القانوي‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ونصت الما ل م‪ 15‬من وانوي الثرول المعدنية على أن( ال يجوز التنازل عن دراخيص البحث أو‬
‫عليفا‬ ‫االست الل الصا رل طبقا ألحلام ذا القانوي إلى ال ير إال إذا دوافر فيفا الاروط المنصو‬
‫ذا القانوي والرحت( التننيذية‪ ،‬وويام المتنازل بسدا مثل القيمة اإليجارية السنوية للفيئة أو الجفة‬ ‫ف‬
‫المختصة حسب األحوال نوير التنازل‪ ،‬وال يسري التنازل إال بعد اعتما من السلطة المختصة‪.‬‬

‫بالفيئة أو بالجفة‬ ‫‪ ‬ونصت الما ل م‪ 16‬من وانوي الثرول المعدنية على أن( دقيد ف سجل خا‬
‫من ويمتفا‪ ،‬و ذلك المساحا الت‬ ‫المختصة بحسب األحوال المساحا الت أجريت بفا أعمال زا‬
‫انقضت التراخيص الصا رل باهنفا‪ ،‬ويعلن عنفا مساحا خالية مميزل لالست الل‪ ،‬ودطرح ف‬
‫مزايدل عامة على الوج( المبين بالالرحة الماار إليفا ف الما ل م‪ 6‬من ذا القانوي‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ونصت الما ل م‪ 18‬من وانوي الثرول المعدنية على أن( يصدر درخيص البحث للمناجم بقرار من‬
‫الوزير المختص بعد موافقة مجلس إ ارل الفيئة لمدل سنتين‪ ،‬ويجوز دجديد لمددين‪ ،‬ما يجوز دجديد‬
‫لمدل ثالثة بمبررا فنية دقبلفا الفيئة ودنوم الالرحة التننيذية لفذا القانوي اال تراطا المالية لنترا‬
‫البحث(‪.‬المستندات المطلوبه لترخيص محجر)‪, n.d.‬‬
 Chapter 4:
Building and
construction
materials
group:
1-Sand Deposits:-
The Definition:-
Sand is a granular material found in nature by small trails, formed as a result of the
erosion of rocks and deposited in valleys, hillsides and mountains in the desert. It
also occurs most frequently on shores and at estuaries. One is called a sand grain
the same material if smaller is called silt and larger is called gravel Sand has many
different types of nomenclature for industrial use, white sand the main material for
glass, and black sand for the extraction of heavy metals such as elemenite, rutile,
and zircons Monazite and iron oxides; filter sand for water and liquid removal of
impurities; construction sand for concrete; and industrial sand for cement, brick
and paint.

Characteristics and characteristics:-

Sand deposits in nature are of soft mineral compositions (0,625 - 2 mm) in
diameter and classified as ultra-fine sand (0,062 – 0,125 mm in diameter),
moderate soft sand (0, 25 – 0,5mm diameter), coarse sand (0, 5 - 1 mm diameter),
and ultra-tough sand (1 – 2 mm diameter), Granules of sizes greater than) 2mm)
are included in the gravel sediment group.
The sand melts at 1649℃ and the color of the sand is graded from white to yellow
to dark yellow to lion, but the purity of the sand is eliminated by the typographical
means by which the serpents are transported and re-deposited, where the purity of
transport and deposition is increased by wind and reduced to varying degrees by
transport and deposition by water.

Usages:-
The use of sand as a base material for construction and other manufacturing
processes depends on the gradient of sand. Therefore, the main uses of sand can be
reviewed as:
1-Soft and sorted sand, used in the cement, shale and sandbrick industries, making
oyster parlors for bishops and ceilings.
2- Weakly sorted grained sand of gradient size is used to make cement concrete
and is also involved in the manufacture of cement bricks
3-Well-sorted sand is used as a water and liquid filter to remove impurities.
4- Relatively alkaline amounts of sand are used for special purposes such as
sandpaper manufacturing, stone spreading, smoothing the edges of glass panels, as
well as for opening the pores of petroleum-bearing rocks to help increase
production.

The locations of sand deposits in Egypt:

Most of Egypt's sand deposits are spread out in deserts, which account for about
94% of Egypt's total area. They occur in large quantities and are visible at the
surface, making them easy to exploit. The most important locations of these
deposits can be shown from -: During the following

2-locations of sand deposits in Egypt

Egypt grew out of sand deposits:

Egypt produces construction sand in more than one form (soft sand, coarse sand,
ridim sand). Egypt produced a total of 23.1 million meters of sand in 2013/12 for a
financial value of approximately LE 1209.3 million. Most of this amount was
produced in the Giza, Aswan, Beheira, Minya and Menoufia governorates. The
table below shows Egypt's production of construction sand in the latest three years
according to the annual reports of the General Assembly for licensing and
inspection (2011/2010), (2012/2011) and the annual report for the governorates
Quarry ore and salt production for the year (2012/2013).
1 Sand Deposits Production in Egypt

‫االنتاج‬
‫السنة‬
‫القيمة بالمليون‬ ‫متوس السعر‬ ‫اللمية بالمليوي‬
‫جنيه‬ ‫متر‬/(‫بالجني‬ ‫متر‬
46,2 6 7,7 ‫م‬2011-2010
265,2 6 44,2 ‫م‬2012-2011
1309,2 2,5 523,6 ‫م‬2013-2012
1620,6 ........ 575,5 ‫االجمال‬
Producing Provinces:-
The number of governorates producing building and construction sand (fine sand -
coarse sand - rubble sand) in Egypt during the year (2012/2013) reached eighteen.

‫القيمة بالمليون نسبة المساهمة‬ ‫القيمة بالمليون‬ ‫المحافظة‬ ‫م‬

)%( ‫جنيه في االنتاج‬ ‫متر مكعب‬
47,3 619,8 247,9 ‫الجيزل‬ 1
28,7 375 150 ‫اسواي‬ 2
3 39 15,6 ‫البحيرل‬ 3
1,2 15,8 6,3 ‫المنيا‬ 4
1,1 14,8 5,9 ‫المنوفية‬ 5
18,7 244,8 97,9 ‫باو المحافوا‬ 6
%100 1309,2 523,6 ‫االجمال‬
Recommendation:-
Most of Egypt's production of building and construction sands is used in the
manufacture of cement concrete, oyster mortar for walls and ceilings, and in the
clay and cement brick industries. Therefore, work must be done to develop and
increase these fields in order to meet the needs of the local market of this sand and
achieve the requirements of the Egyptian.

2-Gravel and Pebbles:-

The Definition:-
Pebbles and gravel are naturally occurring grains of rock grained in size, small
grains like sand, and large grains such as pebbles and gravel formed from
fracturing and crumbling of rock by weathering, transported and deposited at
varying distances from the original rock in valleys by water.
It is very important for concrete to work, as it makes up about 10 to 70% of the
total volume of concrete, giving strength and high resistance to external forces and
various atmospheric factors such as heat and humidity, as well as reducing volume
changes resulting from freezing and hardening of cement mixtures or from
exposure to moisture and drought.
Usages:-
Gravel and pebbles are used mainly in construction and paving work, as they are
the main component of regular concrete, reinforced, and sand mixtures used for the
foundations and structures of buildings, architectural structures, Bridges, asphalt
roads, castings and yarns in tats and docks, and Highways. OBJECTS........ Etc.

Locations of pebbles and gravel deposits in Egypt:-

In general, most of Egypt's grazing and poly deposits occur in the region of the
eastern and western Nile Rivers or major cities of the Cairo or Cairo regions. Suez,
Cairo-Ismailia, Cairo, Fayoum, Red Sea, and North and South Sinai, most of which
are continental sediments formed in the Plastics period to modern times, the most
important locations of these sediments can be shown by: Map below

Egypt's Gravel production:

Gravel is produced in Egypt in Haina Nu 'in Type I gravel and Type II sandy soil.
The total production of this gravel during the year 2013/2012 was about 581.2
million Mars with a financial value of approximately 8718 million Egyptian
pounds. Most of this amount was produced from the governorates of Giza, Aswan,
Minya, Beni Suef, Red Sea, Lake, Qena and Suez. About (437 thousand meters) of
gravel was exported abroad under more than one name (Gravel + Gravel Mills +
Gravel mixed with sand) with a financial value of approximately (2, 27 million
Egyptian pounds) during the same year of (2012/2013AD)
And the following table shows Egypt's production and exports of gravel for the last
three years according to the annual reports of the General Administration of
Licensing and Inspection for the years (2011/2010 AD), (2012/2011 AD) and the
annual report (2013/2012 AD) of the governorates for the production of quarry
ores and salts for the year:-

‫الصا را‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫السنة‬

‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية‬ ‫اللمية بالمليوي القيمة بالمليوي‬
‫بالمليوي‬ ‫جني( بالمليوي متر‬ ‫متر ملعب‬
(‫جني‬ ‫ملعب‬
10,85 0,257 135,9 5,03 ‫م‬2011-2010
53,7 0,015 193,2 11,6 ‫م‬2012-2011
2,27 0,043 8718 581,2 ‫م‬2013-2012
66,82 0,315 9047,1 22,17 ‫االجمال‬
‫‪Producing Provinces:‬‬
‫)‪The number of productive governorates in Egypt during the year (2012/2013‬‬
‫‪reached sixteen‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫نسبة المساهمة‬ ‫القيمة بالمليون‬ ‫الكمية بالمليون‬ ‫المحافظة‬ ‫م‬
‫في االنتاج (‪)%‬‬ ‫جنيه‬ ‫متر مكعب‬
‫‪54,7‬‬ ‫‪4770‬‬ ‫‪318‬‬ ‫الجيزل‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪3750‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫اسواي‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1,06‬‬ ‫‪91,5‬‬ ‫‪6,1‬‬ ‫المنيا‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪0,41‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪2,4‬‬ ‫بن سويف‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪0,25‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪1,4‬‬ ‫المنوفية‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪0,58‬‬ ‫‪49,5‬‬ ‫‪3,3‬‬ ‫باو المحافوا‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪%100‬‬ ‫‪8718‬‬ ‫‪581,2‬‬ ‫االجمال‬
Recommendation:-
Most of Egypt’s production of gravel sand is used in regular and reinforced cement
concrete with sand, which is used in the work of foundations and structures of
buildings, architectural facilities, bridges, roads, dams, take-off and landing
corridors of aircraft and port docks, in addition to some decoration works, so work
must be done to develop and increase these areas in order to meet the needs The
local sof of gravel and the fulfillment of the requirements of the Egyptian industry.

3-Clay Deposits
The Definition:-
A shale, or clay, is a term for many natural, fine-grained earth materials, which
have a mineralogical structure based on crystallizing minerals from German
aluminum silicate and sometimes magnesium silicate. The plasticity of these
minerals makes them easy to form is of great economic value. They contain a wide
range of minerals that are involved in a number of industries, the most important
being Clay Minerals, the most important of which are thermal minerals such as
ceramics, porcelain, China, cement making, shale bricks, pottery and building and
construction materials.
Usage:-
The use of clay as a building and construction material and other uses depends on
the granular gradient and natural and chemical characteristics, and they are used in
many industries, the most important of which are the thermal industry, such as
ceramics, ceramics and ceramics, in the manufacture of cement, shale bricks,
thermos, pottery, building materials, road paving and the manufacture of drilling
fluid for oil wells and groundwater....... Etc.

The location of clay deposits in Egypt:

There are many areas and sites in Egypt containing many types of clay deposits.
This is due to the numerous sources of symbionism from which clay deposits are
found. Multiple types of clay deposits are found in most of the formations Geology
from the Cretaceous to the modern period. Most of these clay can be used in
various industries depending on their physical characteristics and chemical
composition, such as cement, shale bricks and ceramics, in addition to building and
construction work, especially after the demand for clay materials has increased due
to the urban expansion of new cities. The main locations of shale deposits in Egypt
can be shown in the following map
Egypt's production from the clay:
About six types of clay are produced in Egypt, namely (kaolin, bentonite, shale,
Aswani shale, The Bolkley shale and The Diatomaceous shale). The total number
of these shale produced by Egypt during (2013/2012) was approximately (1220.8
million metres), with a financial value of approximately (EGP 45903.3 million).
Most of this amount was produced by the governorate of Aswan and some other
governorates, such as Beni Suif, Cairo, Suez and North Sinai The annual
governorate report on quarry ore production and salts for (2012/2013).
‫االنتاج‬ ‫السنة‬
‫القيمة بالمليون‬ ‫متوس السعر‬ ‫اللمية بالمليوي‬
‫متلر ملعب‬
‫جنيه‬ ‫متر ملعب‬/(‫جني‬
94,9 11 8,6 ‫م‬2011-2010
158,2 12 13,2 ‫م‬2012-2011
4903,6 4 1225,8 ‫م‬2013-2012
5156,7 ........... 1247,6 ‫االجمال‬

Producing provinces:-
In (2013/2012), there were 14 governorates producing child raw
materials in Egypt. The following table shows the production of each
governorate and the percentage of its production in relation to the total
production of shale, according to the annual report of the governorates
for the production of quarry raw materials and salons for (2012/2013).
‫نسبة‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫المحافظة‬ ‫م‬
‫المساهمة في‬ ‫بالمليون جنيه‬ ‫بالمليون متر‬
)%( ‫االنتاج‬ ‫مكعب‬
99,5 4880 1220 ‫اسواي‬ 1
0,12 5,5 1,35 ‫بن سويف‬ 2
0,1 5,1 1,26 ‫القا رل‬ 3
0,08 3,7 0,9 ‫السويس‬ 4
0,05 2,3 0,55 ‫مال سينام‬ 5
0,15 7 1,74 ‫باو المحافوا‬ 6
%100 4903,6 1225,8 ‫االجمال‬

Recommendation:-
Most of Egypt's production of clay ores is used in the industry of
thermals, ceramics, ceramics, cement, shale tonic and as a substance
used in drilling fluids for oil Wells and groundwater. Efforts must
therefore be made to develop and expand these fields in order to meet
the needs of the domestic market for clay and meet the requirements of
Egyptian industry.

4-Limestone
Definition: -
It is found in CaCo3 as a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate
by more than (75%) and it is found in nature in different degrees of purity, and is
extracted from it, and its name is given to the rocks contain (50%) or more calcite
or dolomite with the predominant percentage of calcite. When limestone contains
more than (10%) of magnesium it is called magnesium limestone or dolomitic.
Usages:-
Limestone is from the most important lime ores which is used as a main or a
secondary material in a lot of industry fields which is:-
1- Cement industry.
2- Manufacture of anhydrous sodium carbonate or soda ash.
3- As an auxiliary material in iron and steel smelting.
4- Rock wool industry.
5- Lime industry.
6- Metal filling industry.
7- Ornamental stone industry.
Limestone locations in Egypt:-
Egypt is characterized by a great abundance of limestone deposits of various
varieties and colors. Limestone covers vast areas of the deserts of the Republic and
forms plateaus or ridges extending (kilometers) with a huge reserves estimated at
hundreds of millions of tons. The most important sites can be highlighted in the
following map
Egypt's limestone production and exports:-
Egypt's total production of limestone in its ordinary forms, steel, age and mold
(calcium carbonate) during the year (2013/2012) was about (10.8 million meters)
with a financial value in excess of (EGP 3948 million). Most of this amount was
produced from the governorates of Aswan, Cairo, Suez, Beni Suef and El Wadi El
Gdid, in addition to the other governorates. Egypt's total exports of limestone
amounted to about (122,000 tons) with a financial value of over (EGP 3.2 million).
The following table shows Egypt's production and exports of limestone for the last
three years the annual report of the General Licensing and Inspection Department
(2011/2010) and the annual report of the governorates for the production of quarry
ores for (2012/2013).
‫الصادرات‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫السنة‬
‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية سعر الطن‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫سعر المتر‬ ‫اللمية بالمليوي‬
‫بالمليون‬ (‫بالجني‬ ‫بالمليوي جني( بااللف طن‬
(‫متر ملعب ملعب بالجني‬
‫جنيه‬
0,73 120 6,1 42,66 18 2,37 ‫م‬2012-2010
1,12 40 28,2 46,3 10 4,63 ‫م‬2012-2011
3,2 265 12,2 394,8 6 65,8 ‫م‬2013-2012
5,05 ........ 46,5 483,76 ......... 72,8 ‫االجمال‬

Producing governorates:-
The number of governorates producing limestone in Egypt during (2013/2012) was
sixteen, and the following table shows the production of each governorate and the
percentage of its production in relation to the total production of limestone,
according to the annual governorate report for quarries ores production
(2013/2012).
‫نسبة المساهمة‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫الكمية بالمليون‬ ‫المحافظة‬ ‫م‬
)%( ‫في االنتاج‬ ‫بالمليون جنيه‬ ‫متر مكعب‬
41 162 27 ‫اسواي‬ 1
14,8 58,8 9,8 ‫القا رل‬ 2
9,6 37,8 6,3 ‫السويس‬ 3
6,8 27 4,5 ‫بن سويف‬ 4
5,4 21 3,5 ‫الوا ي الجديد‬ 5
22,4 88,2 14,7 ‫باو المحافوا‬ 6
%100 394,8 65,8 ‫االجمال‬

Recommendation:-
Most of Egypt's production of limestone is used in the cement industry, and a small
amount is used in the calcium carbonate and soda industries and the iron and steel
industries, so work should be done to develop and increase these fields by setting
up new industries in addition to these industries such as the rock wool industry and
the metal fillings industry, especially since Egypt has huge reserves of limestone
with grades of purity ranging from medium quality limestone to high quality
limestone, in order to meet the needs of the local market.
4-Limestone
Definition: -
Stone is a term given to every rocky material used for construction or industrial
purposes in its natural state without any change in the chemical or physical
condition. Include Marbles, granite, limestone, sandstone, quartz, slit and green
stones also it used in ornamental, decoration and buildings.

Usages:-
There are many uses of ornamental stones in the industrial fields and various
building and construction works of various types, such as:
1- Manufacture of statues, memorials and columns that require hard stones with a
homogeneous texture, with their ability to be polished and polished, and their
resistance to erosion factors.
2 - Paving streets and bridges.
3 - The walls of houses, palaces, castles and dams require small blocks for building
and construction works, but currently they are used in the internal and external
facades of houses and decoration works.
Ornamental stones locations in Egypt:-
Ornamental stones of all kinds, especially limestone, are an important resource of
mineral wealth in Egypt.
Areas such as (Al-Jalalah and Khashem al-Naqqah in the north of the Eastern
Desert) are the most important areas for extracting these stones. Recently, many
quarries of the private sector have spread in semi-marble due to its color and low
price. Where the reserve is approximately 500 million cubic meters, and the granite
rocks cover an area of 945 square kilometers and can be viewed through the
following map:
Egypt's limestone production and exports:-
Egypt's total production of marble and other ornamental stones during the year
(2012-2013) reached 8.5 million cubic meters, equivalent to about 9.5 million tons,
with a financial value of 4750 million Egyptian pounds.
Most of that quantity was produced from the north and south of the Eastern Desert,
and North and South Sinai, in addition to the governorates of North Upper Egypt.
About 1.3 million tons of ornamental stones were exported, with a financial value
of about 74.7 million Egyptian pounds.

‫الصادرات‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫السنة‬

‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية سعر الطن‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫متوس سعر‬ ‫اللمية بالمليوي‬
‫بالمليون‬ (‫بالجني‬ ‫بالمليوي‬ (‫بالمليوي جني‬ (‫الطن بالجني‬
‫طن‬
‫جنيه‬ ‫طن‬
‫‪485.6‬‬ ‫‪539.5‬‬ ‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪328‬‬ ‫‪262.5‬‬ ‫‪1.25‬‬ ‫‪2012-2010‬م‬
‫‪580.6‬‬ ‫‪341.5‬‬ ‫‪1.7‬‬ ‫‪611‬‬ ‫‪291‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪2012-2011‬م‬
‫‪747‬‬ ‫‪574.5‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫‪4750‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪9.5‬‬ ‫‪2013-2012‬م‬
‫‪1813.2‬‬ ‫‪........‬‬ ‫‪3.9‬‬ ‫‪5689‬‬ ‫‪.........‬‬ ‫‪12.85‬‬ ‫االجمال‬
Producing companies:-
The number of companies producing ornamental stones of all kinds in Egypt
during the year (2012-2013) reached 117 companies, all of them from the private
sector, while the number of exporting companies reached 87 companies.
Recommendation:-
1-The export of marble and other ornamental stones in the form of blocks and
tables should be stopped to encourage the local industry and then export in the
form of a final product to achieve the highest added value to the raw material and
achieve the highest financial return.
2-It is proposed to put up Sheikh Fadl and El Galala roads for paving and paving
works using a BOT system to raise the efficiency of the two roads to facilitate the
transportation of marble from the production areas to the manufacturing areas.
 Chapter 5:
Industrial Ores
from Quarries
1-WHITE SANDS
The Definition:-
White sand is one of the most important types of sand in industry. It is composed
mainly of silica granules, and its quality increase when it is pure and impurities
free. It has a high quality of white and pure quartz (Si02) and contains very low
levels of colored materials and oxides (iron oxides, chromium and titanium) as
well as clay. It is therefore widely used in glass and thermal manufacturing,
ceramics, china, silicon foil, fiber glass and optical lenses.
Their existence in nature:-
White sand (glass sand) is generally found in deserts, which are formed as a result
of weathering igneous rocks containing marru (quartz), such as rocks (granite,
granodiorite, quartz monzonite, volcanic rocks), and some metamorphic rocks
(quartzite), sand is found in a consistent form (sedimentary sandstones), and white
sand usually contains Anneal Baal (Iron oxides and Chrome......... Etc) which are
considered undesirable impurities in glass making.

Usage:-
1- Glass industry and production.
2- Silicon wafer industry.
3- Optical lenses industry.
4- Fiberglass industry.
5- Others industries.
The locations of white sand in Egypt:-
are the abundant deposits of white sand (glass sand) in Egypt along the Gulf of
Suez -The Red Sea coast and South Sinai, the most important sites to be identified,
can be found on the following map:-
 1- Road of Mersa Alam – Idfu.
2- Wadi Al Dakhl.
3- Wadi Qina.
4- Al Janah Hill.

Egypt's production and exports of white sand:-

The total production of white sand (glass sand) in (2013/2012) amounted to (2, 05
million meter) or approximately (3.2 million tons), with a value in excess of (LE
240 million). Most of this amount was produced from Red Sea and North and
South Sinai governorates. (1.9 million tons) were exported with a value of about
(LE 222 million). The following table shows Egypt's production and exports of
other white sand ore in (2011/2010) · the annual report of the governorates on the
production of quarry ore and salvage for the year (2012/2013).
‫الصادرات‬ ‫االنتاج‬
‫القيمة‬ ‫سعر الطن‬ ‫اللمية‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫سعر الطن‬ ‫اللمية‬ ‫السنة‬
‫بالمليون‬ ‫بالجني(‬ ‫بالمليوي جني( بالمليوي طن‬ ‫بالجني(‬ ‫بالمليوي طن‬
‫جنيه‬
‫‪893‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪9,4‬‬ ‫‪727,5‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪9,7‬‬ ‫‪2011-2010‬م‬
‫‪103,2‬‬ ‫‪114,7‬‬ ‫‪0,9‬‬ ‫‪210‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2012-2011‬م‬
‫‪222‬‬ ‫‪148‬‬ ‫‪1,5‬‬ ‫‪245‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪3,5‬‬ ‫‪2013-2012‬م‬
‫‪1218,2‬‬ ‫‪.........‬‬ ‫‪11,8‬‬ ‫‪1182,5‬‬ ‫‪.......‬‬ ‫‪16,2‬‬ ‫االجمال‬

‫‪Producing and exporting companies and importing countries:-‬‬

‫‪The number of white sand (glass sand) producing companies in Egypt amounted to‬‬
‫‪23 in (2013/2012), including one public sector company, the Sinai Manganese‬‬
‫‪Company, and other private sector companies, while the number of exporting‬‬
‫‪companies amounted to 29, all of which are private companies. The following list‬‬
‫‪shows the main producers, exporters and importing countries, according to the‬‬
‫‪annual report (2013/2012) of the General Licensing and Inspection Department for‬‬
‫‪the year:-‬‬
‫الدول المستور ل‬ ‫ا م الار ا المصدرل‬ ‫ا م الار ا المنتجة‬
‫النسبة‬ ‫الدولة‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫در يا‬ ‫سبيللو ايجبت للخاما التعدينية‬ ‫سبيللو ايجبت للخاما‬
‫التعدينية‬
‫‪22,8‬‬ ‫لبناي‬ ‫جاميش مصر للتعدين‬ ‫مالت مين للتعدين‬
‫‪9,3‬‬ ‫ايطاليا‬ ‫مالت مين للتعدين‬ ‫جاميش مصر للتعدين‬
‫‪8,9‬‬ ‫االمارا‬ ‫رواس للفندسة والتطوير‬ ‫مؤسسة زمزم للمقاوال‬
‫والمحاجر‬
‫‪6,7‬‬ ‫اليوناي‬ ‫سينام للمنجنيز‬ ‫سينام العالمية للتعدين‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫الفند‬ ‫ام القرى الدولية للتعدين‬ ‫رواس للفندسة والتطوير‬
‫‪1,4‬‬ ‫بلجيلا‬ ‫داس فلورانس لالستيرا والتصدير‬ ‫سينام العالمية للتعدين‬
‫‪0,7‬‬ ‫بنجال ش‬ ‫سينام العالمية للتعدين‬ ‫داس فلورانس لالستيرا‬
‫والتصدير‬
‫‪14,2‬‬ ‫باو الدول‬ ‫دو وورلد لالستيرا والتصدير‬ ‫النيروز للتعدين‬
‫‪%100‬‬ ‫االجمال‬ ‫مؤسسة زمزم للمقاوال والمحاجر‬ ‫سينام للمنجنيز‬
Recommendations:-
1- Stop the export of white sand abroad immediately due to Egypt's need in the
near future to enter the industry of silicon necks, which are used in the manufacture
of electronic devices and equipment. The specificity, especially in computer
systems, of making these chips is white sand.
2. Work hard to develop and increase the use of white sand in Egypt, where it will
be used after necessary clearance in important industries such as glass, crystal and
optics Optical lenses, light saws and other industries to achieve the best value
added to the ore.

2-Talc
Definition:-
Talc is known as soapstone or steatite, and it is a secondary mineral starch, as it is
produced from the decomposition of magnesite silicic minerals. Its percentage
ranges between (40-52%), such as gabbro rocks, and talc is also found with ultra-
basic or ultramafic rocks such as peridotite rocks.
Types of Talc:-
Talc deposits are divided into four main types:-
1-Steatite or soapstone: An irregular mass of crystals, grey to green steatite,
hardness between 19 and 25, which is used in the manufacture of certain electric
tools .
2-Foliated Talc: - This type of is produced by the decomposition of dolomitic
limestone and this type is a green color and it is an important species used in most
industries.
3-Trimolite talc: - contains tremolite this type of talc is characterized by
magnesium content up to (10%).
4-Mixed thick-ores: These contain different levels of chlorite, dolomite and
serpentine.

Usage:-
Talc ore is of considerable industrial value, with a number of currently
indispensable industries, the most important of which are:
1- Paints. 2- Porcelain and ceramics.
3- Talcum powder and cosmetics. 4- Pesticide.
5- Plastic. 6- Paper and printing inks.
7-Leather tanning. 8- Electrical insulators.
9-Fissure pad. 10- Soap.
11-The Rubber. 12- Some medical drugs.
Places for talc in Egypt:-
Egypt's talc ore deposits are found in areas of schist and serpentine rocks at more
than 30 sites -: most are found in the Southeastern Desert, the most important of
which can be shown on the following map:-

Egypt's production and exports of talc:-

Egypt's total production of talc ore during the year (2013/2012) amounted to about
(21 thousand tons), with a financial value estimated at (10 million Egyptian
pounds) Most of this amount was produced from the regions of (Al-Alaqiy-Al-
Hawi - Wadi Umm Al-Shaileqat) in the southeastern desert, and about (19.7
thousand tons) of talc ore in its three degrees was exported with a financial value
of about (128 million Egyptian pounds) and the following table shows Egypt's
production of talc ore, (2011/2010), the last few years according to the annual
reports of the General Administration for Licenses and Inspection for years
(2013/2012), (2012/2011).
‫الصادرات‬ ‫االنتاج‬
‫سعر الطن القيمة بالمليون‬ ‫اللمية‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية سعر الطن‬
‫جنيه‬ (‫بالجني‬ ‫بالمليوي جني( بااللف طن‬ (‫بالجني‬ ‫بااللف طن‬
‫السنة‬
13,5 736 18,3 26 420 62,1 ‫م‬2011-2010
44,8 893 50,1 23,4 500 46,8 ‫م‬2012-2011
12,8 653 19,6 10,6 500 21,1 ‫م‬2013-2012
71,1 ......... 88 60 ........ 130 ‫االجمال‬

Producing and exporting companies:-

The number of companies producing talc ore in Egypt during 2013/2012 was eight,
including one oasis company from the public sector, two companies from the
private sector and two individuals.
The following table shows the production of the most important companies and the
percentage of their production in total talc ore production:-
‫نسبة‬ ‫مواقع االنتاج‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الشركة‬ ‫م‬
‫المساهمة في‬ ‫بالمليون‬ ‫بااللف طن‬
‫االنتاج (‪)%‬‬ ‫جنيه‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫العالو‬ ‫‪4,12‬‬ ‫‪8,25‬‬ ‫عام‬ ‫النصر للتعدين‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫وا ي مبارك‬ ‫‪1,66‬‬ ‫‪3,32‬‬ ‫خا‬ ‫وبام للتعدين‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫الحاوي‪ -‬وا ي ام‬ ‫‪1,5‬‬ ‫‪3,01‬‬ ‫خا‬ ‫النرجاوي للتعدين‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫الاليقا‬
‫‪9,5‬‬ ‫وا ي ا ابورا‬ ‫‪1,01‬‬ ‫‪2,02‬‬ ‫افرا‬ ‫محمد محمو‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫عرنوس‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫النخيرل‬ ‫‪0,4‬‬ ‫‪0,8‬‬ ‫خا‬ ‫المتحدل للتعدين‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫واستثمار المحاجر‬
‫‪17,5‬‬ ‫ام الروس‪ -‬وا ي‬ ‫‪1,91‬‬ ‫‪3,7‬‬ ‫خا‬ ‫باو الار ا‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ساوية‪ -‬وا ي‬
‫افرا‬
‫ا ابورا‬
‫‪%100‬‬ ‫‪.........‬‬ ‫‪10,6‬‬ ‫‪21,1‬‬ ‫‪........‬‬ ‫االجمال‬
While the number of companies exporting talc ore in Egypt during (2013/2012)
amounted to ten companies, only one company from the public sector, namely Al-
Nasr Mining Company, and the rest from the private sector,
The following table shows the most important of these companies and the
proportion of each company's exports in total total exports of talc ore, according to
the annual report of the General Administration for Licensing and Inspection for
‫م‬2013/2012‫م‬.
‫نسبة‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الشركة‬ ‫م‬
‫المساهمة في‬ ‫المستوردة‬ ‫بالمليون‬ ‫بااللف طن‬
‫الصادرات‬ ‫جنيه‬
)%(
32 ‫در يا‬ 4,07 6,24 ‫خا‬ ‫سلاي الين جرو‬ 1
24,5 ‫اليوناي‬ 3,12 4,78 ‫خا‬ ‫المر ز المصري‬ 2
‫للتجارل‬
12,5 ‫ اسبانيا‬-‫ايطاليا‬ 1,58 2,42 ‫عام‬ ‫النصر للتعدين‬ 3
9,5 ‫اسبانيا‬ 1,22 1,87 ‫خا‬ ‫العربية للموا المالية‬ 4
3 ‫ الصين‬-‫اسبانيا‬ 0,39 0,61 ‫خا‬ ‫اليمرا‬ 5
18,5 ‫ الصين‬-‫اسبانيا‬ 2,42 3,68 ‫خا‬ ‫باو الار ا‬ 6
‫ ولندا‬-‫سلوفينيا‬ ‫افرا‬
%100 .......... 12,8 19,6 ........... ‫االجمال‬
RECOMMENDS:-
Export of talc ore abroad must be stopped immediately due to the lack of reserves
in Egypt. To expand the use of talc ore in Egypt in local manufacturing such as
cottage, paint, medical pasteurization, talc powder, cosmetics, soap and other
important industries, etc. To achieve the maximum value added to the ore and meet
the needs of the domestic market for these products, and to export to the output,
thereby increasing the national vinegar of hard currency.

3-MICA
Definition:-
A name for a group of minerals that are chemically composed mainly of hydrated
aluminum, potassium, iron and magnesium silicate. In some species there are
sodium and lithium. This group is characterized by the property of complete
cracking, flexibility, ease of folding and separating into flakes, and its inability to
melt, and despite the multiplicity of types of this group of minerals, the most
famous and most prevalent of them are muscovite and biotite.

Natural and Chemical Properties:-

The mica group of minerals generally contains aluminum, oxygen, and silicon
atoms bonded together in regular necks, and the mica group has very similar
natural properties, although it was formed from minerals Different; they have the
characteristic of perfect division, that is, they divide well into thin chips or layers
that are distinguished by their strength It's so elastic and malleable that all kinds of
mica can be hammered into very thin platelets.
The mica is so soft that it can be easily scratched by fingernails, and it is insulation
strength for sound, electricity and heat, all kinds of micas are the same kind of
crystals and for the color, they range from colorless or may be covered in shades of
yellow, green, red, brown or black, recognizable The physiological properties and
chemical composition of mica are more clearly demonstrated by its genres.

Utilization:
In view of the natural characteristics of mica, which are unique to other metals, and
their strong electrical insulation, some mica metals are of particular value as a
buffer material for the electrical, thermal and other major industries, as may be
stated as follows:
1- Manufacture of kryptonite, televisions, dynamo, radar and vacuum valves.
2- Used as sound and heat insulating materials when used in a disassembled
fabric or when mixed with cement, concrete, slurry, rubber, and lubricant.
3- It is used as a filler to reduce friction in industrial molds, as a surface layer
in the manufacture of paints and plastics, as well as in the manufacture of
flame candles in automobiles, and in aircraft engines.
4- Lebedolite is used as a source of lithium for use in dry, long-lived batteries,
as well as in ceramics, glassware, and aluminum products .
The second is in the form of Mica Sheet and Mica in two forms the use of mica
flakes has declined, Mica x& Flake, small pieces called fats or mica flakes of the
1950s due to high production costs and the fact that other synthetic materials have
been replaced by carrots. In addition, the development of the transistor industry has
reduced the use of vacuum valves containing mica flakes, however, mica flakes are
still used in distributed electronic and electrical products.
The existence of mica in Egypt:-
Mica in Egypt is found in many areas of the Eastern Desert represented by two
types of minerals, Muscovite and Phaefer Micolite, the most important of which
can be shown on the following map:
First, the Muscovite:
With feldspar and quartz as ore, it is found, secondary to granite and pygmatite
rocks, on thin, thin slices or on an orchid (Mica Scrap & Flake) Silver white, dark
brown, green or on sheet paper (Mica Sheet) -: in the following areas
1- Abu Khazzam area, 90 km south of Morsi Alam, is located in the area of
Haina Shraij, a thin strip of feldspar and quartz.
2- Umm Rashid area, 90 km south of the city of Morsi Alam, is located on
Hina Raqqin, where plates or paper accompany the SPAR and quartz The
 area of Mu 'taq al-Fawakheer, south of the city of Qusayr, where the ore is
found on hines of slabs and blocks, sheet and paper, with schist rocks.
Second, Fermecolite:
It is a type of mica, but is characterized by heating expansion due to the separation
of its leaflets from each other due to water vapor. Plate masses are found on top of
the mesa as a derivation of the mica group, forming veins, lenses, or incisive
pockets of the surrounding metamorphic rocks, such as schist and gneise. These
veins and lenses are very weak in hardness and can therefore be easily extracted -
without the use of heavy equipment.
The main locations in Egypt are the following:-
4-Gabl Hafafit, about 70 km southwest of Marsa Alam, where the ore is found in
the form of lenses and veins with schist rocks.
5-Wadi El Hami and Wadi El Naqaa areas, located 97 km and 75 km, respectively,
south of Marsa Alam, where the ore is located on the lenses and veins, which are
critical for the Serpentine and Nis rocks. · There are also many other areas (Wadi
Sheat, Wadi Jamal, Wadi al-Hamr, Wadi Mujjaf, Wadi al-Quras) (Wadi al-
Duwayq....... Etc.)

Egypt's production of mica:-

Mica is produced in Egypt in the form of three types: the first Mascuvite mixed
with feldspar and quartz, the second on Mascuvite, and the third type in the
Fermecolite ore form. Egypt's total production of the three types of Mika during
the year (2013/2012) amounted to about (99 thousand tons), with a financial value
of (978 thousand Egyptian pounds). This quantity was produced from the regions
of Abu Khazam, Hafafit, Wadi Al-Hami and Umm Rashid in the central and
southern eastern desert, and the following table shows Egypt's production of Mika
ore in three other forms, for three years According to the annual reports of the
General Directorate of Licensing and Inspection for (2010/11), (2011/12),
(2012/13).
‫االجمالي‬ ‫فيرميكوليت‬ ‫مسكوفيت‬ ‫مسكوفيت مختلط مع‬
‫الفلسبار والكوارتز‬
‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية‬
‫السنة‬
‫بااللف‬ ‫بااللف‬ ‫بااللف‬ ‫بااللف طن‬ ‫بااللف‬ ‫بااللف‬ ‫بااللف‬ ‫بااللف طن‬
‫جنيه‬ ‫طن‬ (‫جني‬ (‫جني‬ ‫طن‬ (‫جني‬
1360,9 12,65 1214,9 11,05 120 1,2 26 0,4 -2010
‫م‬2011
715,5 7,38 693 6,93 . . 22,5 0,45 -2011
‫م‬2012
978 9,9 965,5 9,65 . . 12,5 0,25 -2012
‫م‬2013
3054,4 29,93 2873,4 27,63 120 1,2 61 1,1 ‫االجمال‬

Producers and exporters companies:-

In (2013/2012), the number of three Mika producers in Egypt was four, including
only one public sector company and two private sector companies and one
individual. The following table shows their production and the proportion of their
production in total total production of Mika crude, according to the Department's
annual report General Licensing and Inspection for (2012/2013).
‫نسبة‬ ‫مواقع االنتاج‬ ‫القمة‬ ‫الكمية‬
‫المساهمة‬ ‫بالمليون‬ ‫بااللف طن‬
‫القطاع‬ ‫الشركة‬ ‫النوع‬
‫في االنتاج‬ ‫جنيه‬
‫(‪)%‬‬
‫مسلوفيت مختل‬
‫مع النلسبار‬
‫‪2,5‬‬ ‫وا ي ابوخزام‬ ‫‪0,025‬‬ ‫‪0,25‬‬ ‫عام‬ ‫النصر للتعدين‬
‫واللواردز‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫جبل حنافيت‬ ‫‪0,28‬‬ ‫‪2,8‬‬ ‫عام‬ ‫النصر للتعدين‬

‫‪34,5‬‬ ‫وا ي النقع‬ ‫‪0,34‬‬ ‫‪3,4‬‬ ‫خا‬ ‫وبام للتعدين‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫وا ي الحم‬ ‫‪0,12‬‬ ‫‪1,2‬‬ ‫خا‬ ‫ملتب نور للفندسة‬
‫والمقاوال‬ ‫فيرميلوليت‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫جبل حمرا‬ ‫‪0,23‬‬ ‫‪2,3‬‬ ‫افرا‬ ‫احمد محمد خليل‬

‫سلمة‬
‫‪%100‬‬ ‫‪..............‬‬ ‫‪0,978‬‬ ‫‪9,9‬‬ ‫‪.......‬‬ ‫االجمال‬

‫‪Recommendation:-‬‬
Most of Egypt's production of mica is ferr miculite ore, so work should be done to
develop and increase its use areas in Egypt, so that it is used in the manufacture of
tools, electrical wires, insulation tape, sound and heat insulation industries and
other uses in addition to the basic use in the agricultural fertilizer industry, so that
the use of ore is not limited to the agricultural seasons as it currently is. In order to
meet the needs of the local market in mica and meet the requirements of Egyptian
industry.

4-Black sand
Definition:-
Black sand is heavy black beach sand that has been deposited and accumulated on
certain beaches near large estuaries. It is concentrated as a result of the impact of
seawater on river estuaries and river estuaries. Black sand is spread by sea currents
and waves. The economic importance of black sand is that it contains a range of
important metals that are used in various industrial fields, including the most
important metals: elemenite, rotile, iron oxides, and zircons. Garnet, monazite,
heavy silicate.

Existence in nature:-
Black sand deposits occur naturally on shoreline sands, which were deposited as a
result of the impact of seawater on river estuaries and river estuaries where the
original rock fragments and minerals from these sands are collected and
transported by running water and other weathering factors such as rain and wind
and eventually concentrated with sand and gravel on the shores of these rivers.
Black sand is often found near the estuaries of large rivers such as the Nile in
Egypt and is spread over large areas by sea currents and waves shore sand.
Usage:-
Once the metals in the black sand are recovered, they are processed for various
industrial uses:-
1- Elminite: Used in the extraction and production of titanium metal used in the
manufacture of airframes and missiles. Elminite is also used in the dyeing and
underground oil pipeline packaging industries and lining the ovens.
2-Rutile: is the base material for boyote (dyes), and is also a component of an
alloy of ferotitanium used in engines.
3-Zircon: It is used in vitrification in the manufacture of ceramic, Porsilin, and
sanitary instruments. Due to its properties and high neutron absorption capacity, it
is used in nuclear reactors to stop the flow Neutron.
4-Iron oxide: Used for the production of reducible iron ore granules MASHER for
the production of D iron.
5-Monazite: Contains oxides of rare earth elements sifted in advanced industries,
including electronics, airplanes, mobile devices, computers and modern cameras,
and contains varying proportions of uranium and metric used in power weathering
reactors.
6-Garnet: Used for sanding purposes in special cases.
7- Heavy silicates: mainly used in sanding.
8-cassiterite: a major ore for tin metal production.
Locations of black sand in Egypt:-
Black sand deposits are spread in Egypt in large economic quantities on the shores
of the Mediterranean Sea as a result of the collision of the Nile waters carrying it
with the waters of the White Sea at the estuary and these sand was spread along the
coast due to the sea currents and waves in the direction of the east from the city of
Rashad to the Egyptian city of Rafah with a length of about 400 km. Black sand is
also found in the Sila region near northern Sudan, and the most important can be
shown Locations of these deposits on the following map:-
Black sand is now concentrated in the north of the Delta and especially in the east
of the Rosetta branch. The sea currents go from west to east. They take the river
load from the west and deposited it eastward with silt and sand to deposition the
heavy sands, and soft sands remain trapped the shoreline, waves, currents, tides,
roots and
A layer of the latest atmospheric survey conducted by Nuclear Materials
Authority ,Egypt has eleven black sand sites along the northern coast, rich in black
sand. Distributed to the following regions:-
Rashid area- Buhyrah Governorate: and the reserves are reported there (600
million metres).
The Damietta region, Damietta governorate: (300 million metres) of reserves
Baltim, Barlus and Kafr al-Sheikh areas; (200 million metres).
The Arish and Rafah areas in North Sinai governorate: (200 million metres).
While the mining industry recognizes the reserve in the sand as (285 million tons),
containing an average of mineralized minerals of a length of about (22 km)in the
western sector, which is located east of the Barlus, and (2.1%) of heavy minerals ,
there is a proven test reserve in the northern sector of about (48 million tons), This
is in contrast to the future extensions of black sand, which are economic figures
well, according to studies and research conducted and international mining codes.
The black sands found in these areas contain eight types of heavy metals, ranging
from (1-8%) in the composition of these sands to more than (80%) in the Barlus
area of the governorate of Kafr al-Sheikh and it is the highest concentration of
these minerals in the black sands, in addition to radioactive materials such as
uranium and thorium. These sands contain the economic metal at an average rate
(4%) and the size of their particles ranges between (0.1-0.2 mm) and includes the
following minerals:
 Elmenite: Its presence is about (75%) of the total economic minerals and
contains titanium dioxide at a rate ranging between (34-40%).
 Rotael: The percentage of its presence is about (1.5%) of the total economic
minerals and it contains titanium dioxide by (98%).
 Iron oxides: consisting mainly of magnetite and hematite, are sand rich
grains about) 250 μm‫ م‬in diameter and account for about (15%) of the total
economic minerals. It contains ferric oxide (59%) and ferrous oxide (26,
5%).
 Zircon: Its presence is about (2.7 percent) of the total economic minerals
and it contains zirconium dioxide (63%) and silicon dioxide (31%).
 Garnet: The percentage of its presence is about (4.7%) of the total
economic minerals and it consists mainly of silicate magnesium, aluminum
and iron silicate, and it is found in the form of round granules.
 Heavy Silicate: Its presence is about (0.3%) of the total economic minerals
and it consists mainly of amphibole and pyroxene minerals with high
degrees of hardness.

The total confirmed reserves of black sands in the areas of Al-Arish and Rumana
in North Sinai Governorate in an area of 35 square kilometers and up to a depth of
(10 meters) are about (760 million tons) containing economic minerals estimated at
about (3 million tons), which are distributed as follows:
‫االحتياطي بالمليون طن‬ ‫المعدن‬ ‫م‬
2,4 ‫االلمنيت‬ 1
0,046 ‫الرودايل‬ 2
0,4 ‫ا اسيد الحديد‬ 3
0,088 ‫الزير وي‬ 4
0,027 ‫المونازيت‬ 5
0,014 ‫الجارنت‬ 6
1 ‫السليلا الثقيلة‬ 7

Recommendations:-
It is necessary to set up a national company to exploit the sands that are supplied in
Egypt for the next reasons:-
1- To meet the needs of the local theft and the Egyptian industry of the
minerals extracted from these sands, the most important of which is the
mineral zircon that is imported from abroad under the trade name (zircosil)
in quantities ranging from (4000-5000 ton per year) with a financial value of
about (£40 million), it is used currently in Egypt on In the manufacture of
ceramics, porcelain and healthy tools.
2- The possibility of establishing an integrated industrial complex to separate
economic minerals from black sand, each metal with food for already
existing industries, or to establish new industries with high purity value on
it, where a complex can be established Industrialized for over 22 industries,
such as the manufacture of kilns on the Elmenite ore, and manufacturing.
Cast iron and railways based on live oxide, as well as creating new
imperatives such as electronics, wind turbines, mobile devices, computers,
and modern metal cameras Monazite, which will lead to the creation of new
jobs and the development of established areas of these industries.
3- Guarantee national security by providing Egypt's needs for uranium in black
sand used in nuclear reactors to generate energy, and for material that Cray
countries monopolize and aspire to reach developing countries in any way,
generating Albanian power in the daba area of Marsa Matrouh .
 4- Exploiting the black sand and turning it into a multimillion-dollar economic
product will cost technologically only some intermediate devices and
equipment that separate the deposits of these rainwater sands in Its location
and put the rest back in place, and this wealth of sand is threatened by the
Iraqi encroachment, which is increasing year after year as Egypt's reserves
fall short of its soft sands.

5-Gypsum
Definition:-
Gypsum or (hydrated calcium sulfate) Ca SO4 2H2O is one of the most common
ground ores in sedimentary rocks. It is one of the most common sulfate minerals in
nature as a mineral or sedimentary rock. It is usually found with limestone,
dolomite and clay, as it overlaps with anhydrite.
Physical properties and chemical composition: Gypsum consists of long,
prismatic-shaped single crystals and its coherent granules. It may be found in
nature in the form of fibrous masses that are responsible for the distinction in the
light color ranging from transparent glass to semi-transparent white and gray and
from petit to red, and the most important natural properties and chemical
composition of gypsum can be reviewed and its source is in the region of Raas
Malaab east of the Gulf of Suez.
Types of Gypsum:
 Gypsite: It is a fine-grained, impure sediment, often accompanied by clay or
red layers, and is made of sand and clay
 Selenite Cleavable Crystals: It is the best known type of gypsum, with
transparent, full and cracked single crystals.
 Rocky Gypsum: It is a cohesive type of crusty or granular and impure.
 Satinspar: And it is in the form of a variety of fibers, characterized by a silky
luster, and it is very cracked.
Existence in nature:-
It is found in nature either on the surface of the earth or at varying depths that may
reach more than 200 meters, and gypsum is always found above the anhydrite
mineral in the rocky succession, and thick and wide deposits of gypsum are found
in nature with salt rock (halite) in the form of lenticular bodies or Flat bodies that
correspond to limestone along the geological column, especially low-lying
environments.

Usage:-
 Plaster of Paris industrial gypsum constitutes about 95% of the uses of
gypsum, and it is most used in finishing works of buildings and facilities,
such as finishing works for ceilings or whitewashing.
 Portland cement industry.
 Manufacture of statues, ornamental works, orthopedics and orthopedics.
 Production of ammonia sulfate and calcium sulfate, which are used as
natural fertilizers in the reclamation of alkaline and saline lands.
Locations of gypsum in Egypt: - Gypsum deposits are found in Egypt in
abundance and high quality in many locations such as North and South Sinai,
Ismailia, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, Marsa Matrouh and Fayoum, and they can
be viewed through the following map:
Production in Egypt:
Egypt's total production of gypsum ore during the year 2012/2013 amounted to 6.5
million tons, with a value of 130 million Egyptian pounds.
Most of this quantity was produced from areas in the governorates of South Sinai
and Ismailia, in addition to Cairo and the Red Sea, and about 15 thousand tons
were exported, with a value of approximately 8.7 million Egyptian pounds.
‫الصادرات‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫السنة‬
‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية سعر الطن‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫سعر المتر‬ ‫اللمية بالمليوي‬
‫بالمليون‬ (‫بالجني‬ ‫بالمليوي جني( باأللف طن‬ (‫بالجني‬ 2
‫متر‬
‫جنيه‬
29.2 165 0.177 3.1 30 0.104 ‫م‬2012-2010
6.6 220 0.03 18.7 25 0.748 ‫م‬2012-2011
8.7 580 15 130 20 6.5 ‫م‬2013-2012
44.5 ........ 15.2 151.8 ......... 7.35 ‫االجمال‬

Producing Provinces:
Province Amount in Million Value in Million Percentage%
M3 pound
South Sinai 5.91 118.2 91
Cairo 0.5 10 7.7
Ismailia 0.05 1 0.7
Red Sea 0.04 0.8 0.6
Total 6.5 130 100%

Recommendations:-
Most of Egypt’s production of gypsum ore is used in the finishing works of walls
and ceilings in buildings and facilities, as well as cement, so work must be done to
develop this industry and establish many industries beside it, such as ammonia and
calcium sulfate, which are used as natural fertilizers, in addition to its medical uses
and Egypt has a very large reserve of ore gypsum;
All this in order to meet the needs of the local market and achieve the requirements
of the Egyptian industry.

6-Basalt
Definition:-
Basalt is one of the oldest and most widespread names of rocks known to man. It is
a solid black basalt igneous rock.
Basalt includes many group of superficial igneous igneous rocks that are
characterized by a dark black color and a brown weathered color, rich in
magnesium and iron.
Physical properties and chemical composition:
 Black Color and Scratch
 SPG (2.8-3)
 Porosity (0.1-1%)
 Temperature (1220-10000 Co)\
It consist of less than 52% of silica SiO2 , also basalt is usually produced from lava
and crack eruptions, and the most common minerals in basalt are (olivine,
pyroxene and plagioclase).
Types of Gypsum:
 Theolitic Basalt
 Alkali Olivine Basalt
 High – Alumina Basalt
Existence in nature: - Basalt is a fine-grained black igneous rock that may be
partially vitreous, and large samples of it when broken show smooth surfaces,
unless the rock has a porphyry texture or has bubble cavities, and tends to black,
and the formation of basalt overflows in the world is five times the rest of all rocks
Volcanic ejected to the surface of the earth.
It is formed near volcanic craters and fissures from which basalt magma emerges at
a temperature of (1100-1250°C).
Usage: - Basalt in all its forms is used in a number of important industries, such as
the rock wool industry, the pozzolan cement industry, the leveling and paving of
railways, and the construction of houses, and in the manufacture of cement shields
that are used in nuclear reactors, and sea wave's breakers in some cases.
Locations of gypsum in Egypt: -
Basalt spreads in Egypt widely north of (28) north latitude as a result of volcanic
activity in different geological eras, where basalt bodies cover a large area under
the Nile Delta and corresponding areas of the Western Desert, and there are the
most famous basalt quarries in Egypt and can be detected through the following
map:

Production in Egypt:
Egypt's total production of basalt during the year (2012-2013) amounted to 25.5
million cubic meters, with a financial value of about 306 million Egyptian pounds,
and most of this quantity was produced from the governorates of Giza, Aswan,
Minya and the Red Sea.
‫الصادرات‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫السنة‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫القيمة‬ ‫اللمية سعر الطن‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫سعر المتر‬ ‫اللمية باأللف‬
‫بالمليون‬ ‫بالجني(‬ ‫بالمليوي جني( باأللف طن‬ ‫بالجني(‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫متر‬
‫جنيه‬
‫‪0.055‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪0.307‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪6.8‬‬ ‫‪2012-2010‬م‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪55.03‬‬ ‫‪2012-2011‬م‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪306‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪2550.8‬‬ ‫‪2013-2012‬م‬
‫‪0.055‬‬ ‫‪........‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪308.7‬‬ ‫‪.........‬‬ ‫‪2612.6‬‬ ‫االجمال‬

‫‪Producing Provinces:‬‬
‫‪Province‬‬ ‫‪Amount in Million‬‬ ‫‪Value in Million‬‬ ‫‪Percentage%‬‬
‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪pound‬‬
‫‪Giza‬‬ ‫‪23.5‬‬ ‫‪282‬‬ ‫‪92.16‬‬
‫‪Aswan‬‬ ‫‪1.81‬‬ ‫‪21.804‬‬ ‫‪7.13‬‬
‫‪Minia‬‬ ‫‪0.187‬‬ ‫‪2.16‬‬ ‫‪0.7‬‬
‫‪Red Sea‬‬ ‫‪0.003‬‬ ‫‪0.036‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬
‫‪Total‬‬ ‫‪25.5‬‬ ‫‪306‬‬ ‫‪100%‬‬
Recommendations:-
Most of Egypt’s production of basalt is used in building and construction works,
paving roads and as decorative stones. Therefore, work must be done to develop
and increase these fields and to establish new industries beside them, such as the
rock wool industry, the pozzolanic cement industry, and others, in order to meet
the needs of the local market and meet the requirements of the Egyptian industry.
 Chapter 6:
Eastern Desert
Quarries
(RedSea)
 ‫‪-1‬المحاجر المرخصة بمدينة رأس غارب (‪)2018‬‬

‫مساحة‬ ‫مدل الترخيص مدل الترخيص خ العرض خ الطول‬ ‫مووع‬ ‫ما ل‬ ‫روم‬ ‫اسم المست ل‬
‫المحجر‬ ‫الى‬ ‫من‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬

‫‪200x100 32 41 18‬‬ ‫‪28 48 35‬‬ ‫‪23/4/2019‬‬ ‫‪24/4/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪70‬‬ ‫جبس‬ ‫‪2277‬‬ ‫شركة األمانة‬
‫متر‬ ‫مال‬ ‫للمحاجر‬
‫غار‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪32 39 05 28 51 25‬‬ ‫‪21/2/2019‬‬ ‫‪22/2/2018‬‬ ‫" " "‬ ‫جبس‬ ‫‪4172‬‬ ‫شركة البحر‬
‫األحمر للتعدين‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪32 40 49 28 48 16‬‬ ‫‪9/7/2019‬‬ ‫‪10/7/2018‬‬ ‫" " "‬ ‫جبس‬ ‫‪3903‬‬ ‫شركة اندلس‬
‫ريالنس‬
‫‪100x100 32 33 48‬‬ ‫‪28 35 06‬‬ ‫‪7/12/2018‬‬ ‫‪8/12/2017‬‬ ‫م ‪65‬‬ ‫رمال‬ ‫‪3876‬‬ ‫شركة سيناء‬
‫مال‬ ‫بيضام‬ ‫العالمية‬
‫غار‬
‫للتعدين‬
‫‪100x100 32 28 23‬‬ ‫‪28 58 50‬‬ ‫‪18/10/2019‬‬ ‫‪19/10/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪26‬‬ ‫رمال‬ ‫‪4022‬‬ ‫شركة الصقر‬
‫الزعنرانة‪-‬‬
‫اللريما‬ ‫بيضام‬ ‫للمقاوالت‬
‫والتوريدات‬
‫‪200x50 32 34 06‬‬ ‫‪29 02 25‬‬ ‫‪3/11/2019‬‬ ‫‪4/11/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪11‬‬ ‫حجر‬ ‫‪4193‬‬ ‫شركة رواج‬
‫جنو‬
‫الزعنرانة‬ ‫جيري‬ ‫للتعدين‬
‫‪200x50‬‬ ‫‪32 34 06 29 02 26‬‬ ‫‪22/1/2019‬‬ ‫‪23/1/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪ 5‬جنو‬ ‫حجر‬ ‫‪4073‬‬ ‫شركة رواج‬
‫الزعنرانة‬
‫جيري‬ ‫للصناعة‬
‫والتجارة‬
‫‪200x50‬‬ ‫‪32 35 10‬‬ ‫‪29 03 15 23/4/2019‬‬ ‫‪24/4/2018‬‬ ‫" " "‬ ‫حجر‬ ‫‪4115‬‬ ‫شركة‬
‫جيري‬ ‫الياسمين‬
‫العالمية‬
‫للتجارة‬
‫‪200x100 32 25 07‬‬ ‫‪28 39 05‬‬ ‫‪28/2/2019‬‬ ‫‪1/3/2018‬‬ ‫وا ي‬ ‫رمال‬ ‫‪2806‬‬ ‫شركة أسيك‬
‫الدخل‬ ‫بيضام‬ ‫للتعدين‬
‫(أسكوم)‬
‫‪200x100 32 26 27‬‬ ‫‪28 35 19‬‬ ‫‪15/7/2019‬‬ ‫‪16/7/2018‬‬ ‫وا ي‬ ‫رمال‬ ‫‪4078‬‬ ‫شركة اإلتحاد‬
‫الدخل‬ ‫بيضام‬ ‫للتعدين‬
‫‪100x100 32 26 45‬‬ ‫‪28 41 04‬‬ ‫‪14/10/2019‬‬ ‫‪15/10/2018‬‬ ‫وا ي‬ ‫رمال‬ ‫‪4254‬‬ ‫شركة سيجما‬
‫الدخل‬ ‫بيضام‬ ‫بالس للمحاجر‬
‫‪200x300 32 25 39‬‬ ‫‪28 38 -‬‬ ‫‪21/4/2019‬‬ ‫‪22/4/2018‬‬ ‫وا ي‬ ‫رمال‬ ‫‪446‬‬ ‫شركة سيناء‬
‫الدخل‬ ‫بيضام‬ ‫للمنجنيز‬
‫‪100x100 32 35 37‬‬ ‫‪27 54 23‬‬ ‫‪30/7/2019‬‬ ‫‪31/7/2018‬‬ ‫م‪67‬‬ ‫جرانيت‬ ‫‪3941‬‬ ‫شركة كارين‬
‫غار ‪-‬‬
‫الايا فضل‬ ‫اسبلندد ماربل‬
‫‪100x100 32 33 49‬‬ ‫‪28 05 47‬‬ ‫‪9/4/2019‬‬ ‫‪10/4/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪70‬‬ ‫سر‬ ‫‪3951‬‬ ‫شركة النيل‬
‫غار ‪-‬‬ ‫رخام‬ ‫للتوريدات‬
‫الايا فضل‬ ‫ابيض‬ ‫المعمارية‬
‫‪200x300 32 38 04‬‬ ‫‪28 10 01‬‬ ‫‪5/3/2019‬‬ ‫‪6/3/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪50‬‬ ‫دربة‬ ‫‪4169‬‬ ‫شركة السالم‬
‫غار ‪-‬‬
‫الايا فضل‬
‫زلطية‬ ‫انترناشيونال‬
‫للمقاوالت‬
‫‪200x50 32 44 11‬‬ ‫‪28 01 37‬‬ ‫‪23/6/2019‬‬ ‫‪24/6/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪50‬‬ ‫جرانيت‬ ‫‪4096‬‬ ‫صالح رضوان‬
‫غار ‪-‬‬
‫الايا فضل‬ ‫احمد رضوان‬
‫‪100x100 31 50 47‬‬ ‫‪28 26 55‬‬ ‫‪20/11/2018‬‬ ‫‪21/11/2017‬‬ ‫خام‬ ‫رخام‬ ‫‪1307‬‬ ‫شركة األمانة‬
‫الروبة‬ ‫ريم‬ ‫للرخام‬
‫والجرانيت‬
‫‪100x50 31 49 45‬‬ ‫‪28 26 48‬‬ ‫‪27/1/2019‬‬ ‫‪28/1/2018‬‬ ‫خام‬ ‫رخام‬ ‫‪3654‬‬ ‫احمد علي‬
‫الروبة‬ ‫ريم‬ ‫نسيم شقرة‬
‫‪80x100 31 48 56‬‬ ‫‪28 26 40‬‬ ‫‪9/1/2019‬‬ ‫‪10/1/2018‬‬ ‫خام‬ ‫رخام‬ ‫‪4157‬‬ ‫شركة‬
‫الروبة‬ ‫ريم‬ ‫اإلخالص‬
‫الستغالل‬
‫المحاجر‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪32 06 30 28 32 01‬‬ ‫‪25/4/2019‬‬ ‫‪26/4/2018‬‬ ‫وا ي‬ ‫رخام‬ ‫‪4079‬‬ ‫ماجدة محمد‬
‫ار س‬ ‫ريم‬ ‫عبد الغني‬
‫حسنين‬

‫‪-2‬المحاجر المرخصة بمدينة الغردقة (‪)2018‬‬

‫مساحة‬ ‫مدل الترخيص مدل الترخيص خ العرض خ الطول‬ ‫مووع‬ ‫ما ل‬ ‫روم‬ ‫اسم المست ل‬
‫المحجر‬ ‫الى‬ ‫من‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬

‫‪200x100 33 34 30‬‬ ‫‪27 26 48‬‬ ‫‪24/1/2019‬‬ ‫‪25/1/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪35‬‬ ‫زل‬ ‫‪4028‬‬ ‫شركة ايماكوم‬
‫متر‬ ‫مال‬ ‫للخرسانة‬
‫ال ر وة‬
‫الجاهزة‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪33 31 38 27 32 10‬‬ ‫‪18/6/2019‬‬ ‫‪19/6/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪42‬‬ ‫زل‬ ‫‪3946‬‬ ‫شركة النيل‬
‫مال‬ ‫العامة للطرق‬
‫ال ر وة‬
‫والكباري‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪33 34 15 27 27 21‬‬ ‫‪2/3/2019‬‬ ‫‪3/3/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪35‬‬ ‫زل‬ ‫‪3684‬‬ ‫شركة ال دي‬
‫مال‬ ‫ري للتوريدات‬
 ‫ال ر وة‬

‫‪100x300 33 28 57‬‬ ‫‪27 36 27‬‬ ‫‪19/5/2019‬‬ ‫‪20/5/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪50‬‬ ‫زل‬ ‫‪4207‬‬ ‫محمود طه‬
‫مال‬ ‫محمد احمد‬
‫ال ر وة‬
‫‪-3‬المحاجر المرخصة بمدينة سفاجا (‪)2018‬‬
‫مساحة‬ ‫مدل الترخيص مدل الترخيص خ العرض خ الطول‬ ‫مووع‬ ‫ما ل‬ ‫روم‬ ‫اسم المست ل‬
‫المحجر‬ ‫الى‬ ‫من‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬

‫‪100x100 32 58 20‬‬ ‫‪27 01 17‬‬ ‫‪29/7/2019‬‬ ‫‪30/7/2018‬‬ ‫وا ي ام‬ ‫جرانيت‬ ‫‪4194‬‬ ‫شركة طيبة‬
‫جروف‬ ‫للرخام‬
‫والجرانيت‬
‫‪400x50‬‬ ‫‪33 54 01 26 42 17‬‬ ‫‪18/5/2018‬‬ ‫‪19/5/2017‬‬ ‫م‪5‬‬ ‫زل‬ ‫‪4183‬‬ ‫الشركة المتحدة‬
‫جنو‬ ‫لتجارة مواد‬
‫سناجا‬ ‫البناء‬
‫‪200x50‬‬ ‫‪33 13 27 26 38 49‬‬ ‫‪14/6/2019‬‬ ‫‪15/6/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪50‬‬ ‫سر‬ ‫‪3921‬‬ ‫احمد نبيل عبد‬
‫طري‬ ‫بازلت‬ ‫الواحد‬
‫سناجا‪-‬‬
‫الصعيد‬
‫‪200x50 33 54 26‬‬ ‫‪26 42 38‬‬ ‫‪4/7/2019‬‬ ‫‪5/7/2018‬‬ ‫جنو‬ ‫دربة‬ ‫‪4061‬‬ ‫نجوه عطا‬
‫سناجا‬ ‫زلطية‬ ‫رفاعي علي‬
‫‪200x100 33 52 24‬‬ ‫‪26 46 38‬‬ ‫‪5/9/2019‬‬ ‫‪6/9/2018‬‬ ‫م‪5‬‬ ‫رمال‬ ‫الوحدة المحلية ‪4027‬‬
‫سناجا‪-‬ونا‬ ‫ر يم‬ ‫لمدينة سفاجا‬

‫‪-4‬المحاجر المرخصة بمدينة القصير (‪)2018‬‬

‫مساحة‬ ‫مدل الترخيص مدل الترخيص خ العرض خ الطول‬ ‫مووع‬ ‫ما ل‬ ‫روم‬ ‫اسم المست ل‬
‫المحجر‬ ‫الى‬ ‫من‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬

‫‪200x100 34 09 16‬‬ ‫‪26 16 -‬‬ ‫‪11/7/2019‬‬ ‫‪12/7/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪ 2‬مال‬ ‫جبس‬ ‫‪2315‬‬ ‫شركة اسمنت‬
‫الحمراوين‬
‫متر‬ ‫اسيوط‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪34 14 23 26 06 58‬‬ ‫‪3/4/2019‬‬ ‫‪4/4/2018‬‬ ‫جبل‬ ‫زل‬ ‫‪3930‬‬ ‫ياسر خريشي‬
‫الضوي‬ ‫احمد حسين‬
‫م‪3‬‬
 ‫القصير‪-‬‬
‫ون‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪34 07 33 26 11 11‬‬ ‫‪1/8/2019‬‬ ‫‪2/8/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪10‬‬ ‫حجر‬ ‫‪3965‬‬ ‫سيدة يوسف‬
‫القصير‪-‬‬ ‫رمل‬ ‫محمد احمد‬
‫ون‬
‫‪100x100 33 39 24‬‬ ‫‪25 31 59‬‬ ‫‪22/1/2019‬‬ ‫‪23/1/2018‬‬ ‫جرانيت م ‪81‬‬ ‫شركة مرمونيل ‪4098‬‬
‫طري‬ ‫للمحاجر‬
‫القصير‪-‬‬
‫ون‬
‫‪100x100 33 53 39‬‬ ‫‪25 37 14‬‬ ‫‪13/9/2019‬‬ ‫‪14/9/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪75‬‬ ‫بريايا‬ ‫‪4039‬‬ ‫الشركة‬
‫حمرام طري‬ ‫المصرية‬
‫القصير‪-‬‬
‫اللبنانية للرخام‬
‫ون‬
‫والجرانيت‬

‫‪-5‬المحاجر المرخصة بمدينة مرسى علم (‪)2018‬‬

‫مساحة‬ ‫مدل الترخيص مدل الترخيص خ العرض خ الطول‬ ‫مووع‬ ‫ما ل‬ ‫روم‬ ‫اسم المست ل‬
‫المحجر‬ ‫الى‬ ‫من‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬

‫‪200 x 50 34 53 14‬‬ ‫‪24 24 12‬‬ ‫‪10/12/2018 11/12/2017‬‬ ‫جرانيت جبل‬ ‫‪3321‬‬ ‫شركة جرين‬
‫وا ‪-‬‬ ‫ستون للرخام‬
‫ابو‬
‫غصوي‬
‫‪100 x 50‬‬ ‫‪35 00 02 24 04 01‬‬ ‫‪22/1/2019‬‬ ‫‪23/1/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪46‬‬ ‫جرانيت‬ ‫‪3679‬‬ ‫محمد خليفة‬
‫الايا‬
‫الااذل –‬ ‫احمد اسماعيل‬
‫برانيس‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪34 58 25 24 04 33‬‬ ‫‪22/2/2019‬‬ ‫‪23/2/2018‬‬ ‫جرانيت وا ي‬ ‫‪4201‬‬ ‫شركة الرباط‬
‫الخري‬ ‫للمحاجر‬
‫‪100x100 34 59 08‬‬ ‫‪24 05 06‬‬ ‫‪15/5/2019‬‬ ‫‪16/5/2018‬‬ ‫جرانيت جبل‬ ‫‪4147‬‬ ‫محمود شعبان‬
‫الصالع‬ ‫محمود حسن‬
‫‪100x100 35 01 13‬‬ ‫‪24 05 07‬‬ ‫‪13/5/2019‬‬ ‫‪14/5/2018‬‬ ‫جرانيت وا ي‬ ‫‪4074‬‬ ‫شركة‬
‫خري‬ ‫الموحدين‬
‫للرخام‬
‫‪100x100 34 55 05‬‬ ‫‪22 55 54‬‬ ‫‪21/12/2018 22/12/2017‬‬ ‫م ‪14‬‬ ‫جرانيت‬ ‫‪4154‬‬ ‫عماد ابو الحمد‬
‫جنو‬
‫مرسى علم‬ ‫علي حسين‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪35 00 16 23 03 37‬‬ ‫‪1/4/2019‬‬ ‫‪2/4/2018‬‬ ‫جبل‬ ‫جرانيت‬ ‫‪4038‬‬ ‫بغدادي احمد‬
‫الصالع –‬
‫وا ي خري‬ ‫محمد ابراهيم‬
‫‪100x50‬‬ ‫‪33 52 18‬‬ ‫‪25 04 04‬‬ ‫‪1/1/2019‬‬ ‫‪2/1/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪100‬‬ ‫سر‬ ‫‪4101‬‬ ‫شركة النيل‬
‫طري‬
 ‫مرسى علم‬ ‫بازلت‬ ‫العامة لإلنشاء‬
‫ا فو‬

‫‪100x100 33 47 48‬‬ ‫‪25 05 51‬‬ ‫‪19/3/2019‬‬ ‫‪20/3/2018‬‬ ‫م ‪117‬‬ ‫رخام‬ ‫‪4082‬‬ ‫شركة شقير‬
‫مرسى‬ ‫اسو‬ ‫للمناجم‬
‫علم‪-‬ا فو‬
‫والمحاجر‬
‫‪-6‬المحاجر المرخصة بمدينة شالتين (‪)2018‬‬
‫مساحة‬ ‫مدل الترخيص مدل الترخيص خ العرض خ الطول‬ ‫مووع‬ ‫ما ل‬ ‫روم‬ ‫اسم المست ل‬
‫المحجر‬ ‫الى‬ ‫من‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬ ‫المحجر‬

‫‪200x50 34 06 04‬‬ ‫‪23 02 03‬‬ ‫‪26/3/2019‬‬ ‫‪27/3/2018‬‬ ‫جرانيت وا ي‬ ‫الشركة الدولية ‪3487‬‬
‫متر‬ ‫العالو‬ ‫للرخام‬
‫والجرانيت‬
‫‪100x100‬‬ ‫‪34 06 14 23 01 53‬‬ ‫‪27/11/2018 28/11/2017‬‬ ‫جرانيت وا ي‬ ‫‪3947‬‬ ‫حنا ذكري‬
‫العالو‬ ‫عوض ابراهيم‬
‫‪100x50‬‬ ‫‪34 05 26 23 01 30‬‬ ‫‪27/7/2019‬‬ ‫‪28/7/2018‬‬ ‫جرانيت وا ي‬ ‫‪3609‬‬ ‫لطفات حسن‬
‫العالو‬ ‫محمد‬
‫(المحاجر )‪2017, n.d.‬‬
Chapter 7:
Safety and
Risks of
Quarrying
 First: Safety Precautions

PPE and safety equipment

Any personal protection equipment (PPE) or safety equipment provided by their
company must be used correctly. Hearing protection, respiratory protection, hard
hats, steel toe-capped boots, vehicle seat belts, gloves, safety harnesses, and
lanyards are all examples. Workers who have a problem with the PPE or safety
equipment provided by their business should discuss it with their boss to find out
why it is essential and what alternatives are available.
Workers who work with chemicals must wear the proper PPE, as specified on the
safety data sheet or on the box. This gear ensures your safety and well-being.
Always put it to good use.
High-visibility clothing
The use of high-visibility gear improves the visibility of quarry employees and
reduces their risk of being involved in an accident. Employers give vests, t-shirts,
pants, jackets, hats, and coveralls as high-visibility apparel. The quarry's high-
visibility dress policy is defined by the operator, and regulations will range from
waistcoats to full-body high-visibility outfits.
The sort of clothing worn in a quarry is also influenced by factors such as the
lighting in the region and weather conditions like fog and snow. Quarries that
operate during the night have an increased risk.
Employers should give full high-visibility body suits to maintenance workers and
anyone who works in an area with a lot of moving cars. These outfits allow
machinery operators to see where their workers are and take the required
safeguards to keep them safe.
Wearing high-visibility apparel will help to ensure your safety and health.
Designated pedestrian routes
Quarry operators should either provide designated pedestrian routes or prevent
pedestrian access to places where they are not available.
When there is no pedestrian route, access should be via vehicle exclusively, or
within the quarry's operating rules if access is required.
Always choose the designated pedestrian route and avoid entering restricted areas.
Vehicle checks
Workers who operate a vehicle should
Workers who operate a vehicle should carry out a daily check of that vehicle
before use. This check should include testing:
 Tires
 reversing and visibility aids
 Lights
 access steps
 oil and water levels
 brakes
The SLAM technique to do risk assessment
Stop – Look – Assess – Manage
Stop: Stop the task and think. Consider each step of the task. Ask yourself:
 Is this a new task, or has something changed about it?
 How long has it been since I completed this task?
 Do I feel comfortable doing this task?
 Do I need more training?
Look: Look at the work area before, during and after completion of the task. Ask
yourself:
 What are the possible risks (unsecured ladders, unclean environment, etc.)?
 Is there a separate hazard for each task step?
 What should I do about these hazards?
Assess: Assess each step of the task. Ask yourself:
 Do I have the necessary knowledge and abilities to safely complete the
task?
 Do I require additional training?
  Do I have the necessary tools to complete the activity safely?
 What else will I require to complete the task safely?
 Do I require assistance? (Whenever you require assistance, you should
always ask for it.)
Manage: you and your employer should take appropriate action to eliminate or
minimize any hazards on site by ensuring that the proper equipment is used and is
well maintained and by reviewing completed tasks. Ask yourself:
 What went particularly well? What didn't go as planned?
 Did anything happen that you weren't expecting?
 How can I be more prepared and plan ahead for the future?
(Dr Patrick J. Foster, n.d.; Health_and_safety_in_quarrying_4, n.d.; Safe Quarry - A Guide for Quarry
Workers, n.d.; SP12_s51-66, n.d.; Szabó et al., 2010)

Second: Risks of Quarrying

According to National geographic " Egypt’s Limestone Quarries: Picturesque but
Deadly"
“It’s very hot, even in December. And it’s really hard to breathe when pillars of
dust rise. Workers hit machines with hammers to make noise, warning other
workers that the heavy, fast machinery is close by,”

Ali Eddin first visited the quarries in 2009 with a journalist who was working on a
book. “I visited for only two days. I couldn’t take photos for more than half an
hour before I had to give my eyes and my lungs a break,” he says. But the story of
the workers, taking place in such a visually enticing environment, had him hooked.
At the time he didn’t have the funding, the connections, or the experience to tell
the difficult story of the quarry laborers, but he knew he had to return.

In his four months photographing in the quarries, he says at least six people were
killed. Ali Eddin, who lives about 150 miles away in Cairo, says that most people
in the capital are completely unaware of this dangerous industry. “Nobody,” he
says, “publishes any news in Cairo, or even in Minya, about what happens in
quarries.”
Ali Eddin says the hazards of the job begin before the workers even arrive on site.
Because the laborers ride down curvy roads in trucks that were not intended to
carry people, often at high speeds, just getting to work is one of the largest risks.
The powerful machines used to cut the hard limestone and high-voltage electricity
cables are the other culprits most likely to cause injury.
The conditions are still as hazardous as they were after Ali Eddin’s initial visit in
2009, but he says many of the workers have become more aware of the dangers.
“In 2009, I used to hear workers’ justifications after accidents in the quarries. They
used to say, ‘It’s our destiny. It’s the will of God, and we have to accept it.’” But
Ali Eddin says that when he returned in 2014 he heard a different tone. “They told
me directly, especially the youth workers, that injuries or death are not the will of
God. They said, ‘Our colleagues died because of unsafe machines,’ and they
complained that quarry owners don’t want to spend money on improving the
machines or making it safer.”
A man named Mary Mina stands out in Ali Eddin’s memory. “He helped me at the
beginning to meet other workers and talk with them and visit the quarries. He was
a member of the Quarry Worker Syndicate,” Ali Eddin says, explaining that the
independent syndicate was the first in Egypt to be established after the 2011
revolution. In 2014 a truck accident took Mina’s life. He was killed along with two
other quarry workers on their way to work.
In telling this sensitive story, Ali Eddin says it was important “not to be somebody
who doesn’t know anything about them or someone coming from Cairo to report a
very fast story and get back.” He developed trust with the men. “We talked on the
phone all the time, even some of them had a Facebook account. I spent the night at
the quarry, sleeping alongside them. Many warned me, ‘Don’t go to the quarry at
night. It’s not safe.’ But it was very safe because I had all of them as my friends.
We ate together, drank together, and took photos. The relationship was very good,
and I couldn’t continue this story without it. They were very welcoming, and they
thought I should be there and should be taking photos.”

Also according to Akhbar Elyoum: Death and injury... an ongoing show

The difficult circumstances are the motive for the quarry children to leave their
schools and head towards the mountain to find their livelihood... Quarter cars pick
them up at dawn, and the winter frosts or the heat of the summer sun will not be
merciful to them. From one moment to the next... while death surrounds them with
"dynamite".

"Sign language"
As soon as you arrive at the quarries, you receive very loud sounds because of the
primitive electric motors and the machines used to dig inside the mountain... The
workers inside the quarries use sign language to talk to each other and every
machine and tool used has a sign that they symbolize to each other when they need
it.

"Lack of insurance"

The working environment around the quarry workers is very poor, as they work
under the hot sun in the summer, whose rays reflect the colors of dust and white
blocks resulting from the drilling. They also work in the cold of winter and thick
clouds of dust that make it difficult to see and threaten their lives while cutting the
block with machines.

"Traditional means"
And when we talk about means of protection, industrial security and occupational
safety, we find that they are completely absent from them, as all workers use
ordinary protection tools such as the keffiyeh or the shawl in which they wrap their
faces and black sunglasses as a substitute for the tools that are supposed to be used
in factories, and they do not use gloves or shoes that protect Lime limb.
Ahmed Sayed Jumaa... 12 years old... a worker... I left my studies and from Assiut
and came to the quarries, me and my cousin Khaled. I have 6 brothers, and I am
the only man. I start working 6 am until sunset daily, adding that he works in
quarries due to the financial compensation. He knows how dangerous it is to his
health.
Muhammad Gad Ali, 16, a block quarry worker, added, "All workers' lives are at
risk, and my friend was electrocuted."
Hamada El-Shimy, 23, continues that he works in quarries after his dream of
government appointment was shattered, adding: "It's all because of a living. The
dirt in the quarry blocked our chest, and we remained ill while we were still
young."
Akram Mustafa, 17 years old, says: We are dying, and no one is feeling between us
and diseases that surround us from every place, such as asthma, bronchitis and
chest allergies. We work in difficult environmental conditions and face harsh cold
day and night. Industrial safety Machines are primitive and worn out, gears and
electric wires are exposed and corroded for long distances. A worker may be
electrocuted by touching a bare electric wire.

Killer hook
A number of quarry workers expressed their exposure to many damages, such as
the health damage they face, including chest diseases, including pulmonary
ossification, cancerous diseases, eye diseases and hearing loss from the sound of
machines, noting the absence of factors of industrial security and occupational
safety and the complete loss of health care, as well as the lightning strike, and that
The hook is a wooden board installed on two iron posts that are connected to an
electricity generator for the quarry, and the worker connects a hook that looks like
a hook to the wires of the machines in the nails installed on the wooden board. Al-
Baker, and confirmed that their families bid them farewell every two months while
they travel to work as if they would never return again, because working in this
field puts a person in danger every moment in his life.

They pointed out that the workers work in the mountain and in the open air, and
they are irregular workers, moving from one factory to another, demanding that the
insurances respond and insure them, as their number is estimated at 45,000
workers from Minya and other governorates.
They confirmed that there are no rotating ambulances in the work areas, and there
is no ambulance unit in areas close to the factories.
"Raw materials"
Minya is famous for the availability of raw materials in the Eastern Desert, which
extends for a length of 300 square kilometers. These materials are used in many
different industries such as construction, medicine, marble and block, among
others. Quarries are one of the most important sources of development and income
increase not only in the villages of East Nile whose residents and children work in
Quarries but at the county level. (BECKY HARLAN, n.d.; Egypt’s Limestone Quarries: Picturesque
but Deadly, n.d.; ‫عمال المحاجر‬.. ‫بوابة أخبار اليوم اإللكترونية |صور | »الرزق«وسندان »الموت«بين مطرقة‬, n.d.; Khaled
Desouki, n.d.; Wafaa Salah, n.d.)
 Summary
Followed by history of quarries through old Egypt all over ages (Pharaonic-
Roman-and till French campaign).
Also it could be a suitable guide for who is approaching a quarry license or
establishment, by these steps mentioned in the essay could license a quarry in
a right way.
Many quarry ores were also dealt with, divided into two parts:
1- Building materials (sand deposits - gravel and gravel - clay deposits -
limestone - building and ornamental stones).
2- Materials used in many industries (white sand - talc - mica - black sand -
gypsum - basalt).

All of these raw materials were mentioned where they are located in the Arab
Republic of Egypt, as well as Egypt's annual production and export and the
production of the most prominent governorates of the Republic during the
years (2010-2011-2012-2013).
Focusing on the Red Sea Governorate, we find the great diversity in the types
of quarries and their ores, which include: (gypsum - white sand - limestone -
granite - all kinds of marble - asphalt - basalt fracture).
In areas that include: (Ras Ghareb - Marsa Alam - Safaga - El Quseir -
Hurghada - Shalateen) in 2018.
Any field work can’t be mentioned without talking about safety, as always
said “Safety First” so in the last chapter mentioned the main safety
precautions for workers, quarry itself as a place and who in charge of this
quarry. Followed by some risks and hazards that already happened and
happening to learn from previous problems and fix existing ones.
 ‫الملخص العربي‬
‫االما ن الت يتم استخراج الزل والحصى والرمال‪ ،‬و داب( الى حد بير المناجم السطحية‪،‬‬ ‫المحاجر‬
‫وللن المحاجر دنتج بالل اساس موا مثل موا البنا والخاما غير اإلوتصا ية‪ ،‬فال يوجد مايسمى محجر‬
‫ذ ب او حديد وللن يوجد محجر زل وحصى‪ ،‬او جبس‪ ،‬او جرانيت و لذا‪.‬‬
‫داريا المحاجر ف مصر منذ وديم األزل ومنفوم دلك المحاجر موجو بداية من عصور المصريين القدمام‬
‫وأ فر م دم بنضل المحاجر انت األ راما المصرية إحدى عجارب الدنيا السبع القارمة إلى اآلي‪،‬‬
‫مرورا بالحضارل الرومانية والفلنستية‪ ،‬وأخيرا من النتح العرب اإلسالم لمصر حتى الحملة النرنسية‪.‬‬
‫لفا حقب زمنية احدثت طنرا واختالفا عديدل ف مجال التحجير إلى اي إنتفى ب( الحال إلى الالل‬
‫الحال ‪.‬‬
‫مرورا بلينية دراخيص المحاجر من حيث األوراق المطلوبة والتللنة والخرار وخطوا دقييم اللجنة الملونة‬
‫من الجيولوجيين المختصيين‪ ،‬وأيضا المخالنا بم فيفا مخالنا البالغا والسيارا ‪ ،‬ختاما بنصو من‬
‫وانوي الثرول المعدنية المصري‪.‬‬
‫ايضا دم دناول العديد من خاما المحاجر مقسمة إلى وسمين و ما‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬موا البنام مرواسب الرمال ‪ -‬الزل والحصى ‪ -‬رواسب الطين – الحجر الجيري ‪ -‬احجار البنام‬
‫والزينة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬موا دستخدم ف العديد من الصناعا مالرمال البيضام ‪ -‬التلك ‪ -‬الميلا ‪ -‬الرمال السو ام – الجبس ‪-‬‬
‫البازلت ‪.‬‬
‫دم ذ رجميع دلك الخاما بهما ن دواجد ا ف جمفورية مصر العربية وايضا انتاج مصر السنوي واا ردفا‬
‫وانتاج ابرز محافوا الجمفورية خالل أعوام م‪. 2013-2012-2011-2010‬‬
‫بالتر يز على محافوة البحر األحمر نجد التنوع اللبير ف انواع المحاجر وخامادفا الت دضمن‪ :‬مجبس ‪-‬‬
‫رمال بيضام ‪ -‬حجر جيري ‪ -‬جرانيت ‪ -‬رخام بهنواع( ‪ -‬زل ‪ -‬سر بازلت ‪.‬‬
‫ف مناط دامل‪ :‬مرأس غار – مرسى علم – سناجا – القصير – ال ر وة ‪ -‬الدين لعام ‪.2018‬‬

‫والختام بعوامل األماي ومخاطر المحاجر ف مصر الت دتضمن‪ :‬مالمالبس ومعدا السالمة الاخصية –‬
‫المالبس ذا الوضوح العال – طرق مخصصة للماا – وايضا طرق للمر با والته د من سالمة وعمل‬
‫المر با ‪.‬‬
‫ودامل المخاطر العديد من األ يام وخصيصا محاجر الحجر الجيري مثل ال بار الذي يسبب األمراض‬
‫التننسية وساعا العمل الت دسبب اإلجفا الاديد واإلعيام خصيصا ف اووا العمل الحارل ف الصيف‪،‬‬
‫وايضا ولة وجو التهمينا على العمال‪ ،‬واستخدام العديد من الوسارل التقليدية الت دعمل على دننيذ المطلو‬
‫ف أ بر ووت وبمجفو عال ‪.‬‬
 References
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picturesque-but-deadly-limestone-quarries
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. (n.d.).‫المستندات المطلوبه لترخيص محجر‬ 

‫بين مطرقة «الموت »وسندان «الرزق| »صور |بوابة أخبار اليوم‬.. ‫عمال المحاجر‬ 
. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2022, from ‫اإللكترونية‬
2018 ‫ الهيكل التنظيمي للمحاجر‬-‫بوابة محافظة البحر األحمر‬ 
‫الثروات المعدنية في جمهورية مصر العربية – خامات المناجم والمحاجر والمالحات‬ 
2014 - ‫القاهرة‬
‫ محمد علي غنيم‬.‫ ج‬،‫صالح سميح‬.‫رواسب الحصى والزلط في جمهورية مصر العربية – د‬ 
2007 ‫القاهرة‬
‫محمد رضا محرم بيروت‬.‫الثروة المعدنية العربية (إمكانيات التنمية في إطار وحدوي) د‬ 
1984
‫التقارير السنوية لإلدارة العامة للترخيص والتفتيش – الهيئة المصرية العامة للثروة‬ 
)2009/2010 2010/2011 – 2011/2012 – 2012/2013 ( ‫المعدنية – القاهرة‬
2013/2012 ‫التقرير السنوي للمحافظات إلنتاج خامات المحاجر والمالحات لعام‬ 