SORAYA NABILLA PUTRI H.

– 2201842491 – LB44

ANSWER

FINAL EXAM BUILDING PHYSICS

1. Please explain with a precedent how the Sun influences the architectural design and form. You
may choose the precedent from Indonesia or any region of the globe. The case study should be
illustrated with sketches and provide the information according to the sketches.
ANSWER:
Building designs vary according to context of its location and climate. Orientation also plays
an important role regarding wind direction. The building form determines the volume of
space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled. However, the underlying principle
remains the same, in predominantly hot regions (Indonesia), buildings should be ideally
oriented to minimize solar gains. Thus, more compact the shape, the less wasteful it is in
gaining/losing heat. In hot & dry regions such as Indonesia building’s shape needs to be
compact to reduce heat gain and losses, respectively.

PRECEDENT – SOUTH QUARTER, TB SIMATUPANG

South Quarter is designed to meet the requirement for energy efficient building. Office
buildings require a significant use of energy for air condition. As the solution, the
placement of South Quarter’s building layout considers the to the solar orientation and
the louver (façade) application to increases internal comfort and reduces the overall
energy consumption.
 This layout allows minimum heat penetration into the building while maximizing natural
lighting, making South Quarter energy efficient, saving electricity costs which derive
from air conditioners. From Aesthetic point of view, the louver application creates a
unique façade, inspired by Indonesian traditional rattan basket.

2. Photovoltaic cells can convert the energy from the sunlight into electricity. Provide an idea of a
Building Integrated Photovoltaic in a tropical region.
ANSWER:

IDEA
Energy-efficient apartment is a
mass (shared) residence that is
efficient in the use (consumption) of
energy without having to physically
comfort the occupants of the house. If
photovoltaic is integrated in flats in
tropical climates, where solar cell
electrical energy serves to meet the
needs of lighting lamps (especially
outside buildings and corridors, or
shared spaces). If the placement of the
panels is good, it must also be adjusted
to the intensity of the sun's radiation,
the greater the performance of the solar panels.
For example, in Indonesia if the location of the solar panel installation is above
or below the equator, then the panel is directed to lean 15 ° to the north. In addition, also
the position of the placement of the solar panels, the best location is a location that
does not have obstructions that can produce shadows because it can affect the total
 power generated by the solar panels. To overcome this, how to install solar panels must
be considered. Leave enough space under the solar panels, so that airflow can lower
the temperature of the solar panels when the air temperature is at its highest.

3. To reduce electricity usage, solar radiation into a building should be minimized, and one solution
is to consider the OTTV. Please answer the following questions:
ANSWER:
a) What is OTTV?
Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) is a measure of external heat gain
transmitted through the building envelope area unit (W / m2). Solar radiation
transmission through windows is generally much greater than through walls.
Therefore, planning and designing windows must be carried out carefully to avoid
excessive heat gain through adjusting the orientation, the width of the window
opening, determining the glass specifications (shading coefficient) and the use of
external shading.

b) What are the variables of the OTTV?

The total thermal displacement in the outer wall for each plane of the outer wall of the
building with a certain orientation, must be calculated by means of the equation:

OTTVi = α((1-WWR)*Uw)*TDeq) + (WWR*Uf*ΔT) + (WWR*SC*SF)…

The variables contained in the OTTV formula, among others:

OTTV = displacement value. thermal thoroughly on the outer wall which has a direction
or specific orientation (Watt / m2).
α = absorption of solar radiation. (depending on the material)
UW = transmitansi termal dinding tak tembus cahaya (Watt/m2. K). (opaque wall
thermal transmittance (Watt / m2. K).)
WWR = comparison of the window area to the area of the entire outer wall in that
orientation determined.
TDEq = equivalent temperature difference (K).
SC = shading coefficient of the fenestration system.
SF = solar radiation factor (W/m2).
Uf = thermal transmittance of fenestration (W/m2. K).
ΔT = the planning temperature difference between the outside and the inside (5K is
recommend).

c) Please provide an idea of an architectural design that considers the OTTV.

 External shading is more effective at reducing solar
heat gain than internal shading because it blocks
solar radiation before it reaches the building
envelope. External shading needs to be carefully
designed not only to reduce the cooling load but also
to create aesthetically pleasing architecture,
considering the natural lighting performance.

The geometry of the shading devices must be

designed according to the path of the sun's
movement, which causes the design of different
shapes and sizes for different orientations. In
general, horizontal shading devices are more
suitable for windows in a south and north orientation
where the angle of incidence of sunlight is relatively
high. The vertical fins (sirip) can effectively block out
solar radiation at low incidence angles for windows
oriented east and west. To obtain more accurate
results, a sun path diagram should be used for the
development of a shading device design.

The effectiveness of vertical shading devices (fins/sirip) is not determined by the shape
of the shade, but by the Horizontal Shadow Angle (HSA).

4. Please describe several ways to achieve a low energy building for an office building. You may
answer it completed with a sketch.
ANSWER:
Illustration by Soraya nabilla
Several ways to achieve a low energy building or good net-zero energy building office
design:
- Building envelope measures
Shades and overhangs should be used to reduce the direct
sunrays. Multiple options are available such as roof overhangs,
shades and awning, and vegetation. To reduce the heat gain
through windows, the designer should avoid glazing on the east/
west façade. Other measures to reduce heat gains are to
increase insulation on opaque surfaces, use glazing with low
solar heat gain coefficient values, use double-skin façade, and
refine the building envelope to suit location conditions.

- Shape and orientation

A compact building (large volume compared to surface area) reduces the heat loss
and use of materials. The energy consumption can be reduced significantly by
means of a proper positioning of the various functions of the building. Permanent
workstations are placed to the north-west and north-east to avoid overheating and
blinding.
- Permanent sunlight protection on the facades
to avoid a direct inflow of daylight and
overheating. (panel)

Making use exclusively of materials that ensure a

good indoor climate, small environmental impact,
and a minimum of maintenance.

- A green roof serving several sustainable purposes.

It reduces the load on the public sewage system by means of slow percolation and
evaporation. In addition, the collected rainwater is used for flushing the toilets and
watering the garden, which contributes to reducing the overall energy consumption
for cooling.

- Radiant cooling and heating systems

When the floor is cooled, it is
often referred to as radiant floor
cooling; cooling the ceiling is
usually done in homes with
radiant panels. Although
potentially suitable for arid
climates, radiant cooling is
problematic for homes in more
humid climates. the growth of
radiant floor heating has greatly
benefited from the advent of
electric control systems.