) ‘ ( HUm)= (4) acm] + Determine whether the systeea S causcel or not ? v let n=0 B “Dperds. on pst i present values Ihial= wln) 2 present fie { HOM tall 9s Ls Als enusal fin} =0 for n2d nen! tule] present 2 TES cqusal ° 0 ty find = EYP tn] +, Ais causal — Cou ufn-{J depends on past values - wo bin} = ay As inl is present nlon - cousctl- it may glue future values also td Ate} = fata] - uln-2] ae has sore forte valus for negatives alse “t's mort causal: to hint = ()Putad +3" wen at's or causctl: ® : Sketch and tabel each of the following ‘e Signals ceurefully ip 2-4 012 3 4 56 x(n} ® xEnrJfe by xy-n] "| Me dle & stone 2 U6 BR aoe Sepa ssss- DOr x(n-uy x-orwy] = x[4nJ © Card = fata) , to), lr), xCee), 2b) 2005 = fouhok Ptah fr ' ) Pio 3d! oy ch x{njub-n] = {xedua), xlo}ud) y tute) , XO} MO, XWUCD , la) ue) J 0 {ists + tolob bhi, oo t x[n-WJ 6[n-3} = { eerste) , 2e0 6-3) ,x(0)8(-2) ,2(0 Sl), x21 8(0) } i eid 0,0, eH Our) (Determine ustiether the following are periedic or aot | @ oS (oom) | & = Py (rational) — periodic Jon 7) @ = O-OIT wo . oo . 1 rational ait Lt 200 Paiodic witht Eundeernental period = 100, 7 on b) 0 cos (w TS ) oe we ee 1 = tk) rotional oie es “ 4 Si pe ETEc We sit at ya (SF tational 2 FP zd, = feslic, FO 22 9 Ate represeacting, 3 harenonic d) sing) ee ag at oF Arrational s Not. periodic e) sin (« a) w 3 See ea a tae ay 7 Rational Periodic with —pertod = 0 ® find — the pertoditly and Fundamertal period :- ay) rd = 0 (Bf) @ (%) wr 2h) eo =e) Sele) Apeiodic te Wt \ ea eae issen oe exe =| apuiaticy, b) tos (an) -sin(DE) +3 os (TYE on on) eae Cement: 2T se he: mt Th ree Let = 16 = Fundetrnental pes, = oO Sketch — the following h Pe igen eee X(aJor ’ by x(n) 4 © x(0-2) 1 : Ah ts | asia aS ¢ “A 3 otra yse Ee pecs ues x (0-2) xn) x(™ntY) cy) xtnt2) d) x(n) uQa-n) t {axtrpuls), elo) wt), xa, ah) ule), XG)ul1), x(q) UI ‘h a yy & {yiyy | ale Ol ae i 7 a @) t(n-1)8(n-3) § ner} su), xCU 6C4) , to) 62) 201) 80. 20)8C0) ,x)S00 J z {,0,0,0,10} t o'2 345 f) xt) = (20) XU, x€0?) ret), EU KEE hh I h 2 Sern, y { hy Halts ho : 5 “1-101 G) euen part of x(o) = (Cay * 2 ita Wie Upp =) XEFMW gy ie a Sace me) =) ENEMY on 2 ee xt3)+ XB) ezine te Vath z ted =) ALY MY gay y Sapeeesearel m3 =) M20 =) lola at02 1 det =) rar 2. | ned 2D xtrjexla) Lo, eaten Wolng bape n23 =) x(3) 3) Yy ; " Teva x nyc) tu) +e) ‘y Sara a 1 Siar ae Ot 234v nz-3 = ala) a0). p- ee De My ee), “My ea ee mere) id a 5 wth tay Hats Org Yu, Yu } 70) ner =) ty ote he 4 ea ae oy Ot 2 sages My meu 2) My “th, 6) Determine ustrtther the following signe is power sig’ com enemy sig? . a and cellar tt: a deat ee n= ty xtn) 2 C08) ulod Ene r P Energy = finite zr [xtorl’ Jor energy N : Power signal : lire Se, [Ze Si v aa ae F [cosh u |? Ee x % nd power = finite ae um skp signal Enemy = trite o n> tol: { a =F [tosy"l ; ee 2 an eee (lal) n=Dd ob n - < (i) 020 = tat) Ge = PRAT OS ee : tr Pr a 3Wy xt) eulo) ato) + a 3 for 20 0; for ozo % Es F ful) = 21 ned nd E=d 2. Not an Energy sig? Por = lim tL Ww 1 New int 2, Lxto)] Se ea ym INTE =e -N NO ni = lim ae rw Nowe INH 920 Ww) tan = lim Nt lim Bete a 2 NOY el Nom (24 Yu 240 Ty Pouxr signal = ¥, 9 hy ais xin) 2 ap ft (En +¥)) x0) = [Ee8] As [c8] = [eoseticte =) Fy Eng = Sea 212 (a = oe os Re -. Not an Energy signal - N Powe = tim [3 (ret) Nom ont UN ' Nv Whe wa £5, = tim 7 anti Ne paltt eat suet | se RT sul a <. Power signal 21. YD,= 4 sitic. Syston: Wermgles syphiry te dips on tp ofp degre 0 past values: Cron} yen cloesn't deperel on tirne Dyocrmic yo aire -invariant } Tip - Op characteristics implis that Flin = yto) tto-) 29 yin-K) Linear Versus — nlon-tinecer : are At ollowr Superposition — theorem F Larutn) + axl) = art Cala) teat Un to) 3 t\ ayptero io linear f + process (2) xin) — yln) step_ | T S - Sy ee ree + Equal —> Tre 2rvaviant Sip? xtn) a torr) 5 Y(n-no) aN Questions: O cheek for Neneartiy. 2 a) yt) = sin x(n) qin) = sin atn) gala) = sin satn) yi) + yin) = sinaln) + sin 2M). sin( xin) +m) None finead - yen = x2en) Xta+ HPO) (xutn) +44(0)° + Non- fimear- © yln) = 2xtn) +3 Yil) = utnl4s —, yg) > arated +3Yed= Ylmrsy, md = pul) +9%(n) +6 = 2 (xen) 4 out) +6 Ye) 2 oC ntnd + a0) +6 = abil + an) 43 yond 7 yn) Hence, if f non- Lineay systenv © Determine YY the following sapterns vere time - variant (On) tie isi % yf) = vxfn} xn) yim a ylo- no) = (n-0)x( 1-710) xm) —> xtn-no) —E-, ne(n-no) yn) no \ Ylrene) 7 yi (n-n0) So, tt is time variant b yfnl = xT pres yen = ylm-no) 2 -8'(1-n9) xtn) > xtrente) > Len-no) “tt & time invariant: nta 6 yl = DS xn) tn-0 = iy ‘hota un) ——> yin) 4 Yln-no) = Lh) a) nn-g iia i, BE yliera) gan 2” 1 Al is time invaviant .ay yind= xine) bat Auponels On past values - So, dynaraic: ( Finite per iyelurs by yal = axtnl- eu) bet ae on only resect voluer So, static. yen) = Bay ee fuk ne gu = Evel — Depends om past value - fan = op S, Dynavaic CAnfinite Tenn spin @ check Yo the following Sipterns cre iy Cousal / non cantial ai ono ea less ui) Time variant / invariant - ) ytnd = xl cosea.tn) nel yeu) = 20 Co wd = 2b Cou, —) prwent nis oe Causal ylo) = x0) (oo Static (Memonyless) = xl0) present "t nl yl) = xl cos ud, 4 present n ata Layo =2 4 ytn-me) = (n-no) Coe uy bed) xen 224 1t0-noJ —7_—xl-No) or A y(n) a ib time variant -il by ytrd) = cox xin? + asin xin) — poast £ present Qual ¢ a Ce yer) = cs x04 asin x2) past £ present Dyan (inte) ylo) = casxio) + agra xt) = xin) yen) ee ylneno) = (osx (eno) Fasin x (n-No-L) xin 22 ttn-N0) ie to xlneno) + 2sin x(Tp- 170-1) SM ig time invariant - Q ytd) = xlira) gt = x3) pac | Non- causal & Ylo) = xt2) — past yl = xt) past Durante ( Finite) : xt me yuu AOE) yen-ne) = x(nno-a) Beer uN 1 ley azln-no-a) +. dime tavaricent -Tutorial - 3 velo a * Convolution: uo—s] OT Ls yin) bin) yo = at) * btn) Diserte trae — convolution -- ylrd = xe) * hand = Ss el ane) t-0 Proparties ¢ bo xfn) * tin} = Ala} afm] ( Corarautteitinn ) 2 fled * Lact gink] = fll) + FOI ying Distributiv) HMO) [xted * tod} = [pina ® x000) * ytod Cocaine) 4) xfnm) * HEn-k] = YEn-m-K] (sting 5) afr] * s{nJ = x(n] convelution Sum 7 ® xtnj-uln} > bln) = S[n-k]- an) * 6fnJ = ale) — property A[n) * S[nt) = x(n-t] 12) Detereaine the xen] = 6a] natn} * tin} > ulek): 4 by xtnd=o%m 3 ttn] = uth) co er] ® WOO = Do xt ttn ed Kaw WwW >03 for Keo * e k Unt 20; for n-k oe Culd uno Ts =« fk & ak yyw k20= atta’ 40” - tea! t-a 1 (a0) Z © xa) = nun] 5 ti(n) = vuln) yin) = xtnd# ke = 2G x0 Kon) Keo ® = YS Kul) (nek) uO ta n n 5, FE kine) = pe end k ) 20 3 enn +n) a = n (nin) - non+H(nH) 6 2 tat (ninjann e 6 = ais an? 6 @ deermine convolution sum ? a) xB = (07) uin) 5 kim) = (9277 wen) : id # hm) = Eo loa) ute) (oa vont) = (oak (0-2 s &Ms tus = i 3 a |= iz EM a 8 = n 0-2)" ( 5) (5)e 4 (35) ”3) Determine the Convolution sum 2 (oy htay | LU t Output samples: n+ Nae ol t23 nN “oft co J dt 5-1 26 Z ) W s[ad+SleaJes fa] Send Bln] 8n- Convolution : [senn4s(n-2it Sonal) * [ ser + 80-0 +8(n-29] Lv > tad & [Stn +80r-1)+8(n-a7J xn) + aln-t) +2ln-2) N = = (sna ste 2) + 6(neay)4 (Stra) + SU1-3) 4 £6) + (sen =3) + EEN HD € BEn-s 5), =) gw) + 2 Slira) + 38 (0-3) + 28(n-4) + Sln-5) {oath t of 12345 nu 4 dling 1 Shifti Sagi: Four steps » 3) Mattiply 4) Summation -Ve ® Determine the convolution sum: } xin) ts stn Boe 0 S s5¢n] + 28tr + S(n-aJ ven) * Pascnd+astn-00 + 8(n-2)] Sxl) + axln-0 + aln-a) 3( send + Son) +a(stn-0 46(n-a)) +(5lm2) +5003)) 380) + 560-1) 4 38(n-a) + 8ln-3) - eo 3Tutorial - 04 — 4. crarnsfore : aa a2) = Sum?” nie at treensforag the me darmain signal xtn? into Hts complex plane presentation x(Z) + irnsform f ary infinite power axis © Determine z-transform of following : ay xed = {1,2,5,7,0,1} mln) = a 4 25lnr) +76(N3) + 4 Sln-3) + S{n-5) uae FS (stn) + 26(n-1) + 56(n-2) + 78(n-3) + 8(n-s)) 7” N=-0 4 1 gh gi ooge = (+245 4 z gr . 5H 3, 242 < Eta +sehsaa'et oc: Satire zpleme expe 220 gd by ttm = [1,2,5,4,0,1} h = Gs aye yee aye ccs = 74 od 45+ Sy Zz z3 a 1 = ain) = {0 1,2513,0.3 = oa) o(2) + (27? al2) 4 5 (2) We alz) °+ ol) + U2) es trate po Je ried z Ja oO 3 ROC! Entive 2-plene cept z20 8 aut) = 48,40, i WW) = gate yg't sera aaie 123 2 2 +uz te tty Roc : Entire z- plane except 2-0 z&) tsi) = sin) Z- transform = & ane? 0 702) > S smmawa Te-00 z gk Roc: Entire z-plome > cherracteristics ef signals with ROC: Anfinite duration signal Cousal (GY [zl7% BB Ui, Hleli - causal = 1 4 Talen,” Botte sides: ry >lzl >t ® peterraine 7 transfor 8f signal : v7 5 120 x(n) = fun) = { 0 \ neo expd 2= 0Ce) X(2)ee x [o“utnyJ 2% i e = Lahn 74 Tune” Ss 2 0 = 0+ r ee = ey = (+2 wel = 2 Zr x Roc = [alra (_ outer part of civdle ustth reduc of) (2 ® determine z-trensformn of the Sige xtn) = -0 ul-nt) = ohan20 ~ls meet © X(2) 2 zy (x uen-t)) 2°” - - 7 E Ge urnn)24 Dewees) n one i. -olz 2 2 2 4 “(StH tHe ow) a of - re ye. 2 ad a zk, Roc: [alee it will &e tnside etree. QO Deterenine .7- treersform of ‘followin Signal: xin) = of“ uta) + Bunt) hin) = butns) @ ain)> 2 buen 7? 0dWNKT, n Z transform ou(n) = 2% “ 4 Toot ve Xs 2. ee ee ba Fe Eb ROC of ated stale ated) averse 7 transform: ain) 2 net any Mz 2 de. ® \ Q - ren t@2)- ——_—. Geterenine — the ruerse z-transform of a ailives Fay bo 1 lel br Roc , lal eos cy Roc, os Lite] a 1 ade i ~ 15 54, Reman u5(2 we? ttt) Qe ey (Phos ety -2, 8:2 t@)= -2 4, 9 2106 F-I ~9t 4 az (0-52 (z = -Hayubn-O + autny) Xin = gutn-t) - ua) uen) ¢ap ropecticd me z-transform : z-troneform koe 4 S[n] ! Atl z a» utr) U/(-2) 271 ' 3) cated Meet) teh 4) §{n-m] 270 if mo 270 if meo 5) na’ uln) f Zara A © -na™u(n) c2cu 4) og (wn) uln) (- 6 (wy) 27 lel >1' 208 (wal 24 22 8) sirvopn utn) {sin (09) 27! lal>1 (-2e08(wWo)2 42% % a eos lwp ula} (Cos w)2"t (al ely (-arot (wy) 2+ Pe? © sin (wy) Ula briny) 24 L-2rcos(uy) B+ et Faltrl Hh Pal) tae za m= a ule nt l-a2" zLa- et \° ) one N eo Ds eltewleere ad u finite waaation signal:Se Practical rection Expansion : = —_— M i b bet bo WN Hoy = botba4 —tbw®™ oraz" 4 —+a,2% z aya lee re Oe bem Vall poles core dif ay M2N ~ all pols aw diff 3) Moe than 4 pole is siraflay Find ttn) where H(z) = (22) ; talrt mutes teed = CbS) czle-a) & Sy 62-524! zg 2 _6# (2-9) 627-92 -3241 5 Ga(z-2) _ -82G2-10-(32-0 © Ds Lied Q2- 032-1) a (rr Ytrge) “ra deetegey) (I-92!) B(h2) sey BU) = -3 mtd) ace)=3 A =10i ih) (ree) (eee Get oa = WF gp q-4 as 3 zy J bead = 104)". wind = 4 (2)? gia) 3 eugee Roc : lalr>ga lalry ra kind= 10($)"wen-o + 4 ($)"uen-1 ty selaled eu ttn) = fox (3) und) +4 (3) uen-v - Hf oc vontains unl cele then systorn, stale if M2N- fall poles are Aiffeverct inisi i M > Do Long division until N7M 2 for sernainder of ong divisiory, use proudure for N7M © Fad Hon} where , Were tae 522 469-3 -3zt 40772 lal 72. > nNe3, Mee” M 4 a 3841) CH 5a 4 a2 ( az"! 40 643-4272 35-1 a wot? yp 3e Haff —-at st Ae 6: -l -62'42 oeecsmeee) 52 HOM): 33 yayy get 77? aay) wb Hye) thi. _-l +527 Wear eae™® (ge nat1452! eee a —A_, 2B (@2o@ty Gry to A(z) +B (a2) = -1 452"! 4+2B = -N-Be-l 42825 — Bea Ae 4, Bz3 HQ) = at3et — 3 tet [-aet end = 28m) + 3st) “Ala uum) +3 0Mule) — A Noms all pols ore different only Ly: exsists ; AMZN all pols are diffeunt only ur g Oo) exsists = Ab NeM > mow than 4 poles ave sirailar nly (2) £13) — dt HZN = mow then 4 pole are birallar —) (1, (2,00) exsicd- HH ep) ait: oe ry (sm)| al Cm = aa oos [CAEN ME] F] Fg, dr mrs Ce (dif HO) | 224i €° Find tlm) tere; Ha) __ 2! (ren (rdesy ay peotiol fractions ; uw Ne Ai sce TTB ce! peat (r2e9(-ge)? cw) (gz) (get? J Bpols—a ast ze 3 wand[(rs e219 {4 cl 1 oy tee Me = ~Q/-l2\.-9 ( a (vde'y? 4) | ay, = vi (re) zsh = rt Say, Hlz) = 4 t-2" From table , savant amie ay ula] -y (nt fite Imoa an “Tutorials 4 ® Response of _an UT system: — Noturat amd forced response: y(z) = WU) XW BUz) NIZ) A(z) (2) yar: Spey $e pr a ope p, > pales 4 The natural response of a couse sypteen: N Yael = 3 Aa Gp) "aed os Forad yesponse Yen) = E Oelge) utr) Ye -2 pols of ny cond. n20- © petermine the transient f Steely - sete nsponse of the sytern. yln) = b-5y(n-t)4 ata) when ip is ttn) = (0 cosy tmp,y The vaptera ig initially, at rest: SB Yia) = 05 7" Ya) + X@) Yq) - 0-5 7 YL2) = X@) Y@ | _1__ - 4) xa) (0-57! @- 3S n x(@@) = to cos( TM) 3° As XU) = oat x10 (t-te + 2-4) Y@) = H@)x%@) (1-42)fats 4 6B ei Natural ov ctransiont reopone is Yin) = 6-3 (655) utr) weed Yeeporse is yer) = [645 I (ginny 4 64g Fal CY * Fourier transform: Lt ; Ka = tn) HP 0k wear azo * Qisude FT» wh weed 2S anne RN ) Kr001,2..N4 K=O O A girl ~ Auction squence F length Lig giun as a(n) = {i > oenel-( OF ctherusie Determine — the NE point DFT of this Sequence fov Neb ra & . + alo) 2 a me? ned -| -| jolt) : too) cin, cheg., oe xl) = itl rele? put we ate N x (k) = \- gia [ee TKN 3 ke ot, nerVeet ® ormpute dhe DET 4 th. four paint sequen « vin) = (0,123). a } =jwln) aw = Bude nz0 7 ~9f -3 Xl = ste ae FP pe w= ark ak yr “jth - ju 7 xm) 2 al ae ajuk x0) = €4¢ acPy se? 26 xl = cit yey sont = [cose -sia J+ 2 [ ste) -Jsintw J +3 [ cos (sg) “18(ga] = oejld ta [-1-jeoy +3[0-§C0] = -j4-o 437 2 ofa = olf 2 -atai J ; d] ° ° y Vy xQQ) = g gt pat, it = [eased -jrintrd] + af easter) DFT ad linear jittening DIT - ae: q WTA FET ~ Peimation in time OIE EFT = Decimation ia frequerey i ee eee Nt Direct computation pit- FET -algoitn Ampnow ment Complex Compl — | Complex Cornplx Mutilation | aaltitivn | Mutilation | Addition ww) wean [toh Ig tt) [og 7 tn n b "4 5-3 u 256 240 a oy B timy A 65536 B90 fet “ate ipa. ~ * properties :- Ke NY : . b wi Wa cou oF nk ( Sym metres Property) wan ly yas 2 PN Ik (periodicity property) < DIT- eFT : x(a) mt Th uquene | Inde | Binary fem | Bit wwural | Deirral | Ficetl Up x] 0 ‘00 000 0 xf) ud ' ov 100 4 fal xf 1 oto o10 2 4 AB) 3 oll to 4 hy ayy 4 100 ool 1 ah x18) 5 101 ol 5 i aud 6 Wo ou 3 afd 18) q uw “ht * aiabit reverse form, Vp ir in normal for DIT ofp is in normal form sp ic in. bit revue form De 2 Op is In x [o} © © X(0] x4] © on ti 20) ope 0a ws We xy *E]o x) 4[3] p§ > : ( KY " i 3) Use the 8 point radix - 2. DIT-FET