Radiation From Infinitesimal (Hertizian) Dipole: Doece, Svnit

Unit 3 :Radiation from Wires and
Loops
Part 1: Radiation from

Infinitesimal (Hertizian) Dipole
DoECE, SVNIT
Introduction
 Wire antennas are some of the oldest, simplest, cheapest

but at the same time, most versatile variety of antenna.
 If we take a current that is varying as a function of time,
makes the electric charges to undergo acceleration and
deceleration.
 So when the charges accelerate or decelerate, there is a
possibility of electromagnetic radiation.
 While discussing the problem of radiation by an antenna
we can separate out the two regions.
Introduction
 One is the source region (consists of current and charges)

and other is the effect region or the observation region
(where we have electromagnetic fields).
 As discussed in the Introductory lectures, to find the fields
radiated by the source, one need to first find the potential
functions (A, F) and then to find the E and H fields from
that.
 A dipole whose length is much smaller compared to the

wavelength λ of the excited wave i.e. l<< λ (l< λ/50) is
known as infinitesimal dipole.
 An infinitesimal linear wire is positioned symmetrically at
the origin and oriented along the z-axis as shown in Fig
2.1.
 For simplicity the current is assumed to have constant
magnitude along the length l.
 The ideal current element is practically unrealizable but a
very good approximation of it, is to short top-hat antenna.
 To realize a uniform current distribution along the wire,

capacitive plates are used to provide enough charge
storage at the end of the wire, so that current is not zero
there. z
Impinging
 So the constant current is given by  Wave
I( z ' )  aˆ z I o (constant current=I0)

l/2
 only electrical current present Io
 I
Im  0  F  0 l/2
l   ; thin wire ;
Magnetic vector potential due to current
element
 To find the fields radiated by this current element we have
to obtain the magnetic vector potential 𝐴Ԧ due to the source
at distance r from the origin (as the source is at the origin)
r  x2  y2 z2
l  /50
Fig. 4.1(a) Geometrical arrangement

of an infinitesimal dipole
element
 mixed coordinates in (x,y,z)
expression - change to
spherical
source
For   
points

(x’,y’,z’)
l
 l  /50
x  x    y  y   z  z 
2 2 2
R  ' ' '
 o  ' ' ' e  jkR

A (x,y,z)  c e  '
I ( x , y , z ) d
4 R
 Ie=I0 constant current

element
(x,y,z)
 Ie=I0 constant current

 So, the vector potential due
to an electric current element source
points
(x’,y’,z’)
(infinitesimal dipole). l
o Io e  jkr
/2
A(x, y,z)  aˆ z
4 r 
 /2
d z'
 Z and A are vector quantity and has direction


 I
A(x,y,z)  aˆ z o o e  jkr
4 r
element
 In antenna theory the spherical coordinate system is
preferred because the far field radiation is of interest.
 When the source is located at the origin, the field far
from the source propagate radially outward.
 The transformation from rectangular to spherical co-
ordinates is given as:
𝐴𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐴𝑥

 𝐴𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐴𝑦
𝐴∅ −𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 0 𝐴𝑧
element
 In this problem Ax= Ay= 0 and only Az exist.
 So the equation can be reduced as:
o I o   jkr
A   Az sin   e sin 
4 r
o I o  jkr
Ar  Az cos   e cos  A  0
4 r
R  x  x   y  y   z  z 
' 2 ' 2 ' 2
d 
'
along source
c
Field due to current element
 Using Vector Potential A , calculate H & E fields

 1 
H    A  aˆ 

1 
 A 

 
 
 1
  A    (r A ) 
r  r
Ar 
 
k I o  1   jkr
H  j sin  1  e [4-8]
4 r  
 jkr
Hr  0
H  0
 Using Maxwell’s Eqns to calculate E fields

 1 
E H
j
 I o  1   jkr
Er  cos  1   e
2 r 2
 jkr 
 E  j
 k I o
sin 


1

1   jkr
4 r 1 2 2
e
 jkr k r 
E  0
Fig. 4.1(b) Geometrical arrangement

of an infinitesimal dipole and its
associated electric-field components
on a spherical surface
 So the equations show the electric & magnetic field of

the radiated wave due to the current element
 The field vectors contain terms which are dependent on
1 1 1
the distance from the source as , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟3
 The higher order terms can be neglected at large distance
from the source.
 So in the far field zone the terms containing
1 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 are neglected.
𝑟2 𝑟3
 The different terms in the field vector represent different

types of fields.
1
 Radiation field (varies wit  )
𝑟
1
 Induction field (Independent of frequency)
𝑟2
1 1
 Electrostatic field (It varies as )
𝑟3 𝜔
Radiated power due to current element
 Using H, Er, E, calculate the complex Poynting vector

W  ( E  H )   aˆ E H   a E H  
1 1
2 2 r    r 
2
 I  sin 2   1 
W   o  1  j 
r 8    r 2  3
(kr ) 
o
2
k I cos sin   1 
W  j 1  j 
 2
16  r 3  2
(kr ) 
 Find total outward flux through a closed sphere

 
P   W  ds (only contributions from Wr)
s
2 
  0
d  0
Wr r 2 sin  d [4-14]
  1 
2
 I o 
   1  j (kr)3 
3    
 Find total outward flux through a closed sphere

 Real P = total radiated power Prad

2
 Io  1 2
Prad      I o Rr
3 2
2
Radiation resistance Rr  80  2
2
for free-space where   120 

Example:   0.02   Rr  0.316 
50
(Impedance would also have a large capacitive term that is not
calculated here.)
 Imaginary part of P = reactive power in the radial

direction

2
 I o  1
    [4-17]
3   kr 3
 Note: this  0 as kr  , so it is essentially not

present in far field;
 only important in near and intermediate field
considerations
Field Region
 Near Field approximations [ kr  1 ]

 Field point very close or very low frequency case
 I o  e  jkr
Er   j cos  Like ‘quasistationary” fields
2 k r 3
E near static electric dipole
H near static current
  I o  e  jkr
Dominant terms
E   j sin  element
4 k r 3
I o  e  jkr
H  sin  [4-20]
4 r 2
Field Region
 Near Field approximations [ kr  1 ]
 I 
Biot – Savart Law :
H  aˆ  o 2 sin  (same as above when kr 0)
infinitesimal current

element in az direction
4 r
 1   (note E and H are 90° out of phase)

Wavg  Re [ E  H ] [4-21]
2

Wavg  0 [4-22] NO RADIAL POWER FLOW
REACTIVE FIELDS
Field Region
 Intermediate Fields [ kr > 1 ]

 Induction zone; still have radial fields
• Er a 1/r • E a 1/r • H a 1/r

Field Region of INFINITESIMAL DIPOLE
 Field Region of INFINITESIMAL DIPOLE
Intermediate r = /2 (Radian Distance)

Region
Induction Zone (Radius of Radian Sphere)
Energy
basically
Real
Energy
(radiating)
basically
Far field
imaginary
(stored)
Near field
Fig. 4.2 Radiated field terms magnitude

variation versus radial distance
 Far Field [ kr >>1 ]
 k I o  e  jkr
E  j sin 
Dominant terms  4 r
k I o  e  jkr
H  j sin  [4-26]
4 r
Er  E  H r  H  0
 Far Field [ kr > >1 ]

E
  [4-27]
H

( both E and H are TEM to â r )
Similar to plane wave, but propagation in aˆ r direction

1
With and sin  variations
r
 Directivity (use Far Field approx.) Far Field [ kr > >1 ]
 k I  2 sin 2 
Re[ E  H ] 
1
W  aˆ  o  [4-28]
avg 2 r2  4   r2
2
 k I  [4-29]
RADIATION INTENSITY U  r 2 W   o
2
 sin 
avg 2  4  
2
  Io  sin 2 

avg 8   
Note: W as before for Real ( Wr )
  r 2
 Directivity (use Far Field approx.) Far Field [ kr > >1 ]

  Io 
2
U 8    3
D  4  max Do  4   1.5 [4-31]
o    Io 
2
P 2
rad
3   
2
  k Io 
U     in  =90 direction 
max 2  4  
2
  I 
P   o 
rad 3   
  Io 
2
  sin 2

8 
D  4  
3 2
 sin   1.5sin 2 
   Io 
2
2
3   
Radiated Power due to Small Dipole
 Uniform current assumption - only valid for ideal case ( approximated by
capacitor plate antenna)
  '  /50 < 𝓵 < /10
aˆ I 1  2 z  '
0  z 
 z o  2
' ' '   
I ( x  0, y  0, z )  
e   ' 
2 z
aˆ z Io 1     z'  0
   2
  
 The distance R from the different positions on the
antenna to the observation point is not much
different from the value r.
R≈r
o  0
 2 z '  e  jkr
/2
 2 z '  e  jkr 
A(x, y,z)  aˆ z  Io 1  d z '  aˆ z  Io  1  '
  dz
4   /2   r 0   r 
 Now the vector potential

can be reduced to
1 o Io
A(x, y,z)  aˆ z e  jkr
2 4 r
An infinitesimal dipole with constant current distribution and we integrated a

triangular function along length 𝓁 , whose average is obviously
Iav= 0.5 I0
𝟏
 𝑨𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 = 𝟐 𝑨𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆
 Since the potential function for the triangular distribution is one half of
the corresponding one for the constant current distribution, the
corresponding fields of the small dipole are simply half those of
infinitesimal dipole.
 k I o  e  jkr
E  j sin 
8 r ½ value of fields compared
to constant current case
k I o  e  jkr
H   j sin 
8 r
/50 < 𝓵 < /10
 For physical small dipole triangular current distribution
  I o  
2
Prad 
12    _
1 value of case of
2
4 constant current [4-37]

Rr  20 2  
 
Do  1.5 same as constant

current case
FINITE LENGTH DIPOLE
(length comparable to )
1  z 2 
R  r  z cos   
'
sin 2   
r 2 
approx. error
[4.41]
(max error where  = 90° ; 4th term = 0 there) Fig. 4.5 Finite dipole geometry
and far-field approximations
31
(CONT)
Phase and Magnitude considerations
In calculating phase assume

can tolerate phase error of /8 (22°)
Must choose r far enough

away so that ….
32
(CONT)
Phase and Magnitude considerations
k z 2  2 2  2 2
 max z '   r  [4-45]
2r 8 2  8r 8 
1 ORIGIN OF
for magnitude term  use R  r DEFINITION
r
for phase term e jkr  use R  r - z cos OF FAR FIELD
33
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
 A good approximation of the current distribution along the dipole's
length is the sinusoidal one:
 “thin” wire, center fed, zero current at end points (z’=± 𝓁/2)
   ' 
ˆ
 z o  
a I sin k  z  0  z' 
   2  2
I ( x'  0, y '  0, z ' )  
e [4-56]
aˆ I sin  k   z '     z' 
 z o   2  0
 2
(see Fig. 4.8)

 Current distribution for
linear wire antenna
Fig. 4.8 Current distribution along

the length of a linear wire antenna
 It can be shown that the vector potential integral
o e  jkR
/2
A(x, y,z)  a z
ˆ  I  z'  d z'
4  /2
R
 has an analytical (closed form) solution.
 Here, however, we follow a standard approach used to calculate the
far field for an arbitrary wire antenna.
 It is based on the solution for the field of the infinitesimal dipole.
 The finite-length is subdivided into an infinite number of infinitesimal
dipoles of length dz'.
 For an infinitesimal dipole of length dz‘ positioned along z-axis at z',
the electric and the magnetic field components at far-field is given
as:
 Radiated fields at P(x, y, z) or P(r, θ, ϕ) of finite dipole
 For infinitesimal dipole at z’ of length  z’
 '  jkR
I (z ) e
d E  j  k e sin  d z '
4 R
Since source is only along the z
axis (𝑥 ′ = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 0)
In far field region

1 1
≅ , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
ቮ 𝑅 𝑟
𝑅 ≅ 𝑟 − 𝑧 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, for phase factor
 Radiated fields at P(x, y, z) or P(r, θ, ϕ) of finite dipole
 For infinitesimal dipole at z’ of length  z’
 ( let R 
In far field region
phase term r  z ' cos)
 '  jkr
I (z ) e
d E  j  k e sin  e jkz cos d z '
'
4 r
 Total Radiated E fields

/2
E   d E
 / 2
 k e  jkr /2

jkz ' cos 
E  j sin  '
Ie (z ) e d z' [4-58a]
4 r  / 2
 The first factor
 k e  jkr
EF    j sin 
4 r
is called the element factor.
 The element factor in this case is the far field produced by an
infinitesimal dipole of unit current element.
 The element factor is the same for any current element, provided the
angle θ is always associated with the current axis.
 The second factor
AF   
/2

' jkz ' cos
Ie ( z ) e d z'
 /2
is the space factor (or pattern factor, array factor).

 This factor is dependent on the amplitude and phase distribution of
the current at the antenna (the source distribution in space)
 Total field=(Element Factor)×(Space Factor)
 The far field of the finite-length dipole for sinusoidal current
distribution is obtained as
 k  k 
 cos  cos    cos  
E  EF   AF    j
 I o e  jkr
  2   2  [4-62]
2 r  sin  
E  
H 

Power Density: 
2
k  k 
 cos  cos    cos  
 2
   2 
Re[ E  H ] 
1 1 2 I 2 [4-63]
Wr avg  E  o

2 2 8 2 r 2  sin  
 
 Radiation Intensity
2
  k   k  
 cos cos   cos 
 Io2
    2 
2
U  r Wavg
2

8 2  sin  
 
 3-dB l ≪ λ  3-dB beamwidth = 900
BEAMWIDTH
l = λ/4  3-dB beamwidth = 870
l = λ /2 90° 87°
3-dB BEAMWIDTH
3-dB beamwidth =780 78°
64°
l = 3λ /4 48°
3-dB beamwidth=640


l=λ
3-dB beamwidth=47.80 .25 0.5 0.75 1
 3-dB BEAMWIDTH
 If allow 𝓁 > 𝜆 new lobes begin to appear
Fig. 4.7(b) 2-D amplitude pattern for a thin dipole

l = 1.25  and sinusoidal current distribution
 3-dB BEAMWIDTH
 Elevation plane
amplitude patterns for a
thin dipole with
sinusoidal current
distribution
Fig. 4.6
 Radiated power
 
Prad   Wavg  ds 4.66
s
Results of integration give terms involving Ci & Si

[4-68]
sin and cos integrals

(tabulated functions like trig. functions, but not as common)
Can find Rr and Do in terms of Ci and Si [4-70] [4-75]
Do, Rr, Rin plotted in fig. 4.9

 Radiation resistance, input resistance and directivity of a thin
dipole with sinusoidal current distribution.
Fig. 4.9
 Input Resistance:
 (note that Rr uses Imax in its derivation) z’
𝜆
 𝓁 ≥
2
V
Z in 
I at input Ie (z’)
terminals
for I in  Io
I o  I max
So, even for lossless antenna ( RL = 0 )
2
I 
Rr  Rin  Rin   o  Rr 
Rr
 k  [4-77a]
 I in  sin 2  
2
 Not true in practical case, current not exactly sinusoidal at the feed point (due to
non-zero radius of wire and finite feed gap at terminals)
 Numerous ways to account for more exact current distribution, result in currents
that are both in and out of phase, and in Rin+jXin (subject of extensive research,
numerical and analytical)
Note: when   n ; I in  0 and Rin  
Input Resistance
(CONT)
Input Resistance (cont)
Note: when   n ; I in  0 and Rin  
Not true in practical case, current not

exactly sinusoidal at the feed point
(due to non-zero radius of wire and
finite feed gap at terminals)
Numerous ways to account

for more exact current distribution,
result in currents that are both in
and out of phase, and in Rin + j Xin
(subject of extensive research,
numerical and analytical)
49
 Input Resistance (Empirical formula for Rin):
k  
let G for dipole of length  G
2 
( max Rin  200 

   ) ( max Rin  12 
   )
 
Rin  20G 2 0   
4
0  G 
4
Rin  24.7 G 2.5    

    G  ( max Rin  76 
   )
4 2 4 2
Rin  11.14 G 4.17 

   0.64 

 G  2
2 2
[4-107] [4-110]
HALF WAVE DIPOLE (l = /2)
   
 Io e  jkr  cos 2 cos  
E  j    
2 r  sin   [4-84]
 
   
 jkr  cos 2 cos  
  
Io e
H  j 
2 r  sin   [4-85]
 
sin 2 
1
0.9
2
   
 cos 2 cos 
0.8
 Io 2 
Wavg      [4-86]
0.7
Normalized Power
8 2 r 2  sin   0.6
 
0.5
0.4
sin 3 
  0.3
cos2  cos 
 Io 2
 2  d

0.2
Prad  [4-88]
4 0 sin  0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
 (deg)
 Radiated power due to half-wave dipole
 I2
P  o C (2  ) where C (2  )  2.435 [4-89]
rad 8 in in
U max
Do  4   1.64 [4-91] Slightly more
Prad directive than
inf. dipole with
Do = 1.5
 Radiated power due to half-wave dipole
P 
Rr  2 rad  C (2  )  73 
I2 4 in
o
Rin  Rr since I max  I in  if lossless 
X in  42.5    Z in  73  j 42.5    [4-93]

MONOPOLE(l = /4)
G k 1
for 4
wavelength monopole
Rin (monopole) 

1
2
Rin (dipole)
Z in 
1
73  j 42.5 [4-106]
2
Zin  36.5  j 21.2 
same current; 1
voltage  1
impedance
2 2
U max
Do  4   2 1.64  3.28
Prad
2
55
Monopole antenna
 
Ground
plane
Mirroring principle creates image Radition pattern of vertical monopole above

of monopole, transforming it into ground of (A) perfect and (B) average
a dipole conductivity
Folded Dipole Antenna
 The folded dipole is a very popular wire antenna, for a number of
reasons:
 Impedance properties (easy to match, as we will see);
 Ease of construction;
 Structural rigidity;
 Wider bandwidth than λ=2 dipole
 In general, the dimension d<<L, d<<λ.
 How do we analyze this antenna?

 On the one hand it looks like a shorted
transmission line;
 On the other, it looks like two parallel dipoles?
 Which is it?
 The currents on the folded dipole can be decomposed into
transmission line currents and antenna currents by superposition.
 In fact, we can analyze each mode separately and analyze the
following structures:
x→ virtual short-circuits
o→ open circuits
 Transmission Line Mode :The transmission line currents do not
radiate since we have two closely-spaced and equal currents
travelling in opposite directions.
 Therefore, they cancel in the far field. This is the same phenomenon
we have in a transmission line (two oppositely-directed currents).
V /2 V /2
It  
Zt jZ 0 tan  L/2
Z L  jZ 0 tan  L/2
Zt  Z 0  jZ 0 tan  L/2
Z 0  jZ L tan  L/2
 Antenna Mode:Since the points c and d are at the same potential,
we can connect them together as well as the two line currents.
 There is no crossover current between the two halves of the folded
dipole;
 We can think of open circuits being located at point “o".
 The input impedance of a dipole is Zd.

 Then
V /2
Ia 
Zd
 Impedance Characteristics:
 The total current leaving the voltage source feeding the
folded dipole If = It+Ia /2
V V 4Zt Z d
Zf   
It  I a / 2 V / 2

V / 2 2Z d  Zt
Zt 2Z d
 A common folded dipole as L = λ/2.

 In this case,
 Zt = ∞(open circuit) → no transmission line currents
 Zd = input impedance of a λ/2 dipole (70 Ω)
 The input impedance to the folded dipole is then
4Zt Z d 4Z d
Z f  lim   4 Z d  280 Ω
Zt  2 Z  Z 2Z d / Zt  1
d t
 This is very close to the characteristic impedance

of a commonly used transmission line called
“twin lead", which has Z0 = 300 Ω, yielding a
good impedance match.
 We know that a folded dipole has two closely
spaced equal currents, If, flowing along the
conductors, while a standard dipole has a current
Id flowing on a single conductor.
 The input impedance to the folded dipole
is then
𝐼𝑑
 𝐼𝑓 =
2
1 2 1
 𝑊𝑓 = 𝑍𝑓 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑍𝑓 𝐼𝑑 2
2 8
1 2
 𝑊𝑑 = 𝑍𝑑 𝐼𝑑
2
 If we compare a folded dipole and regular
dipole radiating the same power
 𝑊𝑓 = 𝑊𝑑  𝑍𝑓 = 4𝑍𝑑
 Radiation Characteristics:
𝜆
Usually choose 𝓁 slightly less than so that 𝑋𝑖𝑛 → 0 & Z𝑖𝑛 is totally real
 2


2
 Radiation Characteristics:
 The common folded dipole has the same radiation pattern
as a standard λ/2 dipole,
 Since the two “arms” of the folded dipole carry identical,
half-wave sinusoidal current distributions.
 The currents are so close that we can treat them as a
single λ/2 length of wire.
 Hence, the directivity of the folded dipole is identical to
that of the half-wave dipole.
 Resistance and Reactance Variations:
(pure real for length slightly less than  )
2
G,B
0.5 1.0  
DIPOLE SUMMARY
(Resonant  XA=0; f = 100 MHz; s = 5.7 x 107 S/m; Zc = 50; b = 3x10-4l)
l=/50 l=/10 l=/2 l=
Rhf 0.0279 0.2792 0.698 1.3962

RL 0.0279 0.1396 0.349 0.6981
Rr 0.3158 1.9739 73 199
Rin 0.3158 1.9739 73 
ecd 0.9188 0.9339 0.9952 0.9965
(-0.368 dB) (-0.296 dB) (-0.021 dB) (-0.015 dB)
D0 1.5 1.5 1.6409 2.411
(1.761 dB) (1.761 dB) (2.151 dB) (3.822 dB)
G0 1.3782 1.4009 1.6331 2.4026
(1.393 dB) (1.464 dB) (2.13 dB) (3.807 dB)
G -0.9863 -0.9189 0.18929 1
er 0.0271 0.1556 0.9642 0
(-15.67 dB) (-8.08 dB) (-0.158 dB) (- Db)
G0abs 0.0374 (-14.27 dB) 0.2181 (-6.613 dB) 1.5746 (1.972 dB) 0 (- dB)
66

Radiation From Infinitesimal (Hertizian) Dipole: Doece, Svnit

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Radiation From Infinitesimal (Hertizian) Dipole: Doece, Svnit

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Unit 3 :Radiation from Wires and

Part 1: Radiation from

 Wire antennas are some of the oldest, simplest, cheapest

 One is the source region (consists of current and charges)

 A dipole whose length is much smaller compared to the

 To realize a uniform current distribution along the wire,

I( z ' )  aˆ z I o (constant current=I0)

Fig. 4.1(a) Geometrical arrangement

 o  ' ' ' e  jkR

 Ie=I0 constant current

 Ie=I0 constant current

 Z and A are vector quantity and has direction

𝐴𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐴𝑥

 Using Vector Potential A , calculate H & E fields

 Using Maxwell’s Eqns to calculate E fields

Fig. 4.1(b) Geometrical arrangement

 So the equations show the electric & magnetic field of

 The different terms in the field vector represent different

 Using H, Er, E, calculate the complex Poynting vector

 Find total outward flux through a closed sphere

 Find total outward flux through a closed sphere

 Imaginary part of P = reactive power in the radial

 Note: this  0 as kr  , so it is essentially not

 Near Field approximations [ kr  1 ]

 Near Field approximations [ kr  1 ]

 1   (note E and H are 90° out of phase)

 Intermediate Fields [ kr > 1 ]

• Er a 1/r • E a 1/r • H a 1/r

Intermediate r = /2 (Radian Distance)

Fig. 4.2 Radiated field terms magnitude

 Far Field [ kr >>1 ]

 Far Field [ kr > >1 ]

Similar to plane wave, but propagation in aˆ r direction

 Directivity (use Far Field approx.) Far Field [ kr > >1 ]

 Directivity (use Far Field approx.) Far Field [ kr > >1 ]

 Now the vector potential

An infinitesimal dipole with constant current distribution and we integrated a

 For physical small dipole triangular current distribution

Do  1.5 same as constant

Phase and Magnitude considerations

In calculating phase assume

Must choose r far enough

Phase and Magnitude considerations

(see Fig. 4.8)

Fig. 4.8 Current distribution along

In far field region

 Total Radiated E fields

is the space factor (or pattern factor, array factor).

Fig. 4.7(b) 2-D amplitude pattern for a thin dipole

Results of integration give terms involving Ci & Si

sin and cos integrals

Can find Rr and Do in terms of Ci and Si [4-70] [4-75]

Do, Rr, Rin plotted in fig. 4.9

Note: when   n ; I in  0 and Rin  

Input Resistance (cont)

Note: when   n ; I in  0 and Rin  

Not true in practical case, current not

Numerous ways to account

( max Rin  200 

Rin  24.7 G 2.5    

Rin  11.14 G 4.17 

Rin  Rr since I max  I in  if lossless 

X in  42.5    Z in  73  j 42.5    [4-93]