ANTENA DIPOLE

ANTENA DIPOLE

ANTENA DIPOLE

Antena dipole dalam beberapa aspek mirip

dengan saluran transmisi yang open circuit.

Antena yang termasuk tertua, paling

sederhana, paling murah dan banyak
aplikasinya.
 The Ideal Dipole (1)
(Hertz electric dipole, infinitesimal dipole and doublet)

1. Write the expression of the current z


 (r ' ) P
R
J  I ( x' ) ( y' ) zˆ  Iz ( x' ) ( y' ) ( z' ) zˆ r
z
y
I
2. Construct vector potential A
 
x
 j r  r '
 e  jR  e e  jr
A   J (r ' ) dv'  zˆI  z (r ' )   dv'  Iz zˆ
v
4R v
4 r  r ' 4r

  e  jr
r r' so A  Iz zˆ
4r
 The Ideal Dipole (2)
(Hertz electric dipole, infinitesimal dipole and doublet)

1 1
3. Find H field: H  A    ( Az zˆ) z
  P
Iz 1 e  jr
R
H j (1  ) sin ˆ z
r
4 jr r
y
1 I
4. Find E field: E H
j x
Iz  1 1  e  j r
E j 1   2
sin ˆ
4  j r (  r )  r
Iz  1 1  e  j r
   j 2  cos rˆ
2  r r  r
 The Ideal Dipole – Radiation Field
1
Radiation is characterized by the field components decaying as “ “
r
Iz e  jr z
E j sin ˆ
Radiation field of 4 r Pattern 
H
 jr
an ideal dipole: Iz e E
H j sin ˆ
4 r
y
1. E & H fields are in phase
x

2. E & H fields are transverse to the direction of
propagation (no radial component)
Important
Observations: 3.The ratio of E / H    

4.The angular dependence defines radiation
pattern
5. E, H and r are orthogonal to each other
 Propagation of an Electric Field Line and
its Detachment (Radiation) from the Dipole

t 0
3
t T
8
1
t T
8
1
1 t T
t T 2
4
 Directivity of an Ideal Dipole
For ideal dipole, the
normalized pattern : F ( ,  )  sin 
 2
4
 A    sin   sin dd  2
2
Beam solid angle :
0 0
3
8
A 
3

Directivity :
4 3
D  Dideal 
A dipole 2

3
in dB : DdB  10 log  1.75 dB
2
 Macam-macam antena Dipole
Ada beberapa macam antena dipole yaitu :
• Half wave Dipole
• Short Dipole Antenna
• Antena Biconical
• Cylindrical Antenna
• Bow Tie Antenna
• Folded Dipole Antena
• Antena Monopole
• Antena Loop
 Finite Length Dipole (1)
1 1
A m m dipole along
 A
Current Density : J ( r ' )  I ( z' ) ( x' ) ( y' ) zˆ Z axis
m2

A good approximation  l  dipole length

for the current : I ( z ' )  I m sin  (  z ' )
 2 
Note : • Current goes to zero at the ends z’
• For different length dipoles, current for l   / 2
distribution takes various distributions l/2
Im
For far field computation :
l/2
e  jr  jr 'rˆ e  jr l / 2  for l  
  I ( z ' )e
jr ' rˆ
A J (r ' )e dv'   dz '
4r V 4r l / 2
 Finite Length Dipole (2)
Among various length dipoles, half-wavelength (  / 2 ) dipoles
are the most popular ones. This is because of their “good”
input impedance. ˆ sin  cos x  sin  sin y
ˆ
z ' zˆ
 cos zˆ

Recall for ẑ oriented linear current (r  r '  z' cos  )
ˆ
e  jr

jz 'cos
E-field: E  jA  j sin Az  j sin  I ( z ' ) e dz '
4r
For l  
2 f un
0  We need evaluate
f un I m  sin(  z ' )e jz 'cos dz '
 / 4 2 this integral !!
/4 
 Im  sin(  z ' )e jz 'cos dz '
0 2
 Finite Length Dipole (3)
Integral ecx
 sin(a  bx)e dx  b2  c 2 c sin(a  bx)  b cos(a  bx)
cx
Identity :

Then after some Im 

f un  2 cos( cos  )
manipulation :  sin 
2
2
radiation pattern


cos( cos  )
 jkr
2I m e
Finally : E  j sin  2
 4r sin 2  pattern factor

 element pattern
cos( cos  )
Pattern : F ( )  sin  2
sin 2 
/4 Each differential
 current element
Note: at   ; F ( / 2)  1 /4 radiates sin 
2
Dipole ½ Gelombang

Half-wave
Dipole
a. Current
distribution
b. Radiation
pattern
 Dipole ½ Gelombang (samb)
Distribusi arus pada antena dipole 1/2 gelombang yang
tipis dapat didekati dengan gelombang berdiri sinus
dengan arus.
Dipole ½ Gelombang (samb)
E field Lines of a Half-Wave Dipole

t 0 1
t T
8
E field Lines of a Half-Wave Dipole

1 3
t T t T
4 8
 Short Dipole Antenna
Antena dipole pendek digunakan pada frekuensi
rendah ketika  besar. Konduktor linear pendek
sering disebut dipole pendek.

d +q

L << 
L >> d
I
-q

Saluran Transmisi rangkaian ekivalen

Short Dipole Antenna (samb)
Short Dipole Antenna (samb)
Beberapa karakteristik Dipole
Antenna
  / 2 Dipole vs. Ideal & Short Dipoles

Note: For an antenna of length L, that carriers an axial

uniform current
2a
L
Rohmic  Rs Surface resistance
2a L

Rs  ; ω  2πf frequency
2
Biconical Antenna
Antena ini banyak
digunakan untuk antena
mobil.

Berdasarkan Schelkunoff:
E = C+ e -jk0 r + C- e jk0 r
r sin  r sin 

H = C+ Y0 e -jk0 r - C-YO e jk0 r

r sin  r sin 

Zc = 120 ln cot 0/2

Cylindrical Antenna

Perbandingan Biconical
Antenna dengan
Cylindrical Antenna:
Mudah difabrikasi
dibandingkan biconical
antenna
Bandwidth biconical lebih
lebar (wide-angle)
 Bow Tie Antenna

Simple antenna to cover the UHF TV Channels (freq 450 – 900 MHz)
 Folded Dipole Antena

Antena ini banyak digunakan sebagai antena TV

Daya pancarnya : Pr = 4x36,56 lo2

Resistansi Radiasi : Ra = 4x73,13 = 292,5 
Folded Dipole Antena (samb)

a. The Folded dipole antenna

b. Even Excitation
c. Odd Excitation
 Antena Monopole (Grounded Dipole)
Antena monopole merupakan setengah dari
antena dipole yang berada di atas permukaan
bumi
Banyak digunakan untuk :
* siaran komersial pada AM-band (500-1500 KHz)
* pelayanan komunikasi land mobile
Antena monopole terdiri dari 1/2 antena dipole
yang diletakkan di atas bumi (biasanya di
menara)dengan menggunakan 1/4 panjang
gelombang(quarter wave antenna).
Resistansi radiasi ideal = 36,56 
Antena Monopole(samb)
Antena Monopole(samb)

A monopole antenna with

four radial –arm ground
screen

Ground Screen digunakan

untuk menghindari power
loss karena konduktivitas
pentanahan yang buruk
Antennas above a Perfect Ground Plane
Image Theory & Monopole
• In many practical situations, antennas are mounted on ground
planes
Antenna Antenna
Ground Ground
plane plane

• In practice, ground planes are metallic finite size and may not be
planar
• A useful approximation that allows the application of image theory is
to assume that the ground plane is “infinite” in extend and perfectly
conducting (P.E.C)
Antenna

P.E.C Infinite ground plane

Antennas above a Perfect Ground Plane
Image Theory & Monopole
•Image theory allows one to monopole
create equivalent known antenna
problem

P.E.C
Equivalent
dipole
Infinite ground plane
• In the upper hemisphere, monopole creates exactly the same
electromagnetic fields as the dipole
4 4 Directivity of a
Dmono    2 Ddipole monopole is twice
Ideal  A,mono 1
 A,dipole of dipole
monopole 2
1 2 h 2
Rr ,mono  Rr ,dipole  40 ( ) Length of monopole
2 
 Antena Loop

Antena Loop ini terdiri dari berbagai konfigurasi

namun karena konstruksi dan kesederhanaan dalam
analisis, loop berbentuk lingkaran paling populer dan
menarik perhatian untuk ditelaah.

Disini diasumsi loop antena

ekivalen dengan dipole pendek
dalam menganalisa daerah E
dan H -nya.
Pada antena loop, medan yang
ada E dan H
E = 0 dan Er = 0
H = 0 dan Hr = 0
Antena Loop (samb)
 Small Loop Antennas
• Small loop
antennas :

Perimeter   , uniform time varying current

It turns out that the radiation fields of small loops are

independent of the shape of the loop and depend only on
the area of the loop

current along the loop

Vector potential :
e  jr  e  j r 

 
jr ' rˆ jr ' rˆ
A Je dv'   Ie dc'
4r V ' 4r C along the loop

Note : It appears to be easier to construct A for the square loop

 Small Loop Antennas
Square Loop
R1
Small square loop can be thought of as z
combination of “4” ideal dipoles. #4 r
#3
A small  xˆA1  yˆA2  xˆA3  yˆA4 #1 y
square
Il  e  jR e  jR
1 3
 I #2
Ax     x
or 4  R1 Far field
R3 
approximation:
Il  e  jR2
e  jR4  l
R1  r  sin  sin 
Ay     2
4  R2 R4  l
R3  r  sin  sin 
for phase 2
for amplitude term: term : l
R2  r  sin  cos 
2
R1  R2  R3  R4  R l
R4  r  sin  cos 
2
 Small Loop Antennas
Square Loop
Ile  jr  j (l / 2) sin sin
Then : Ax 
4r
e  e j (l / 2) sin sin 
2πl
1 j for small βl  (l   )
Recall : sin   (e  e  j ) λ
2j
Ile  jr  l  l
Ax  2 j sin sin  sin   sin  cos 
Finally : 4r  2 
2
 jr
Ile  l 
Ay  2 j
4r
sin sin  cos  
 2  ˆ
 jr
 Ie
or : A  A ˆ
x  A ˆ
y  j l 2
sin  ( sin xˆ  cos yˆ )
4r
x y

 j r
E & H fields : E   jA   Ie
E   2 S sin ˆ
4r
Note : S  l (area of loop)
2
 j r
1  Ie
 2   2 H  rˆ  E    S 2
sin ˆ
 4r
 Small Loop Vs. Ideal Dipole
z z Ideal magnetic z
Loop
dipole along z
area S
Im axis
I
I y z y z y
Define Ideal dipole
x small loop in x-y x I m z  jIS x along z axis
plane
e  j r e  j r
E   jI m z sin ˆ E   jIz sin ˆ
4r 4r
e  j r e  j r
H  j  I m z sin ˆ H  j  Iz sin ˆ
4r 4r
HP  90o HP  90o
8 8
A  A 
3 3
3
3
D  or 1.75dB D  or 1.75dB
2 2
 z 
2
2
S  Rr  80   ohm
2
Rr  80 2  2  ohm
    