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A DIPOLE ANTENNA
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Lecture #
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Y
& Dr Sanjeev Kumar Mishra
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A Procedure to Determine the Far Field Radiation
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Characteristics of any antenna
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1. Specify electric (J) or magnetic (M) current densities.
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N 2. Determine the vector potential (A) or (F) respectively.
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3. Find E and H radiated fields.
T 4. Find Radiated power density (W rad) and radiation intensity (U)
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5. Determine radiated power (Prad)
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O 6. Determine Directivity (D)
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7. Find normalised power amplitude pattern. [P(θ, ϕ)= U(θ, ϕ)/ Umax]
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& 8. Determine maximum effective area.
D
9. Determine radiation and input resistance.
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A
N Magnetic Vector Potential (A)
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E The magnetic vector potential A is a vector field defined by the
N equations:
N B   A
A
The vector potential is defined to be consistent with Ampere's Law and
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can be expressed in terms of either current i or current density j (the
H
E sources of magnetic field). It can be expressed as
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4
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N Spatial and Time varying current
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A
N Wire Monopole Antenna
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E • Wire antennas, linear or curved, are some of the oldest, simplest,
N cheapest, and in many cases the most versatile for many
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A applications.
• Types: 
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• Infinitesimal dipole l
H 50
E  
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• Small dipole l 
• Half wave dipole50 10
R

Y l
& 2
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E Pattern: Omni-directional radiation
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A 
N Infinitesimal Dipole Antenna [ l  ]
T 50
E The wire is very small (l << ), is very thin (a << ).
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The spatial variation of the current is assumed to
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
A be constant and given by:
I ( z ' )  az I 0
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H Where I0 is constant
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A
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E The magnetic vector potential can be written as:
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 e  jkr
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A
A( x, y, z )  
4 C
I ( x' , y ' , z ' )
r
dl'

T Where (x,y,z) represent the observation point, (x’,y’,z’) represent the

H coordinates of source, r is distance from any point on source to the
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O observation point , and C is along the length of the source.
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For an infinitesimal dipole, the magnetic vector potential
I
 2l
G I 0  jkr
  I l
N  A( x, y, z )  az e  dz'  az 0 e  jkr
4r 
4r
l
2
A
N
T
E  Ar   sin  cos sin  sin  cos   Ax 
N   
N  A   cos cos cos sin   sin    Ay 
A  A    sin  cos 0   Az 
 
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H For an infinitesimal dipole, Ax=Ay=0 : I 0l  jkr
E Then, Ar  Az cos  e cos
O 4r
R I l
A   Az sin    0 e  jkr sin 
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4r
&
D A  0
E B  H A    A
S
1
I  HA   A
G 
1 
 Ar 
N  H  a  ( rA ) 
r  r  
A
N
T I 0l  jkr
E Then, Ar  Az cos  e cos
N 4r
N I 0l  jkr
A A   Az sin    e sin 
4r
T A  0
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A
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E Then,
N Hr  0
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A H  0
kI0l sin   1   jkr
T H  j 1  jkr  e   H  J  jE
H 4r  
E 1
The E field can be found with J=0, then E  H
O j
R Then,
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I 0l cos  1   jkr
&
Er   1  jkr  e
D 2r 2  
E
S kI0l sin   1 1   jkr
I E  j 1   2
e
G 4r  jkr kr  
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E  0
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N Power density
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E The reactance of an infinitesimal dipole is capacitive. Because It is
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clear from equation that the radial electric energy must be larger
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A than the radial magnetic energy.
The input impedance of an open-circuited transmission line a
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H distance l/2 from its open end is given by Zin = −jZc cot (βl/2), where
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Zc is its characteristic impedance, it will always be negative
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R (capacitive) for l < < λ.
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A
N Radiated power and Radiation resistance
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E 2

Prad    3 
I 0l 1 2
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i.e.  I 0 Rr
N  2
A
2 Prad
T  Rr  2
H 2 I0
E
2 2
l 2  l 
 Rr       120  3  
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2
R
 
3
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& 2
D l
 Rr  80   2


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  / 50 
2 2
2 1 
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G  Rr / inf initesimal  80  2
  80    0.316
N     50 
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N Input resistance
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E The power at the input terminals is equated
N to the power at the current maximum. Thus
N 2 2
I in I0
A Rin  Rr
2 2
T 2
 I0 
H  Rin    Rr
E  I in 
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Where, Rin = radiation resistance at input terminals
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Rr = radiation resistance at current maximum
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I0 = current maximum
&
Iin = current at input terminals.
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E kl
For a dipole of length l, I in  I 0 sin( )
S 2
I Rr
G Then, Rin 
2kl
N sin ( )
2
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N Directivity
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I Effective Aperture area
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 2   2  3   32 
N Aeff    D0         0.1192
 4   4  2   8 
A Procedure to Determine the Far Field Radiation
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T
Characteristics of an antenna
E
1. Specify electric (J) or magnetic (M) current densities.
N
N 2. Determine the vector potential (A) components.
A
3. Find E and H radiated fields.
T 4. Find Radiated power density (W rad) and radiation intensity (U)
H
5. Determine radiated power (Prad)
E
O 6. Determine Directivity
R
7. Find normalised power amplitude pattern. [P(θ, ϕ)= U(θ, ϕ)/ Umax]
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& 8. Determine radiation and input resistance.
D
9. Determine maximum effective area.
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I  
G l 
N 50 10
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E
Hr  0
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N H  0
A
kI0l sin   1   jkr
H  j 1  jkr  e
T 4r  
H
E
O
R I 0l cos  1   jkr
Y Er   1  jkr  e
& 2r 2  
D
kI0l sin   1 1   jkr
E
E  j 1   2
e
S 4r  jkr kr  
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G E  0
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N Near-Field (kr << 1) Region
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D The E-field components Er and Eθ are in time-phase but they are in time-
E phase quadrature with the H-field component Hφ; therefore there is no
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I time-average power flow associated with them.
G This is demonstrated by forming the time-average power density as
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A
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N Intermediate-Field (kr > 1) Region
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D The E-field is given by
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N Far-Field (kr >> 1) Region
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E Er will be smaller than Eθ because Er is inversely proportional to r2 where
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N Eθ is inversely proportional to r2.
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The E- and H-field components are perpendicular to each other,
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N transverse to the radial direction of propagation, and the r variations
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are separable from those of θ and φ.
T The shape of the pattern is not a function of the radial distance r, and
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the fields form a Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) wave whose
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O wave impedance is equal to the intrinsic impedance of the medium.
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& This relationship is applicable in the far-field region of all antennas of finite
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E dimensions
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E Question: Find the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole whose
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N overall length is l = λ/50.
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Solution: Rr= 0.316 ohms.
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H The reflection efficiency (er ) and hence the overall efficiency (e0) will be
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very small.
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R Since the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole is about 0.3 ohms,
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it will present a very large mismatch when connected to practical
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D transmission lines, many of which have characteristic impedances of 50
E
or 75 ohms.
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A
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E The reactance of an infinitesimal dipole is capacitive.
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N This can be illustrated by considering the dipole as a flared open-
A circuited transmission line.

T Since the input impedance of an open-circuited transmission line a

H distance l/2 from its open end is given by
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O Zin = −jZc cot (βl/2),
R where Zc is its characteristic impedance, it will always be negative
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& (capacitive) for l << λ.
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 Small Dipole (0.02  l  0.1 )
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D The current distribution of a small dipole can
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be represented as
S
  2 l
I a I
 z 0 (1  z ' ),0  z ' 
G I ( x' , y ' , z ' )    l 2
2 l
N a I (1  z ' ),  z '  0

z 0
l 2
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N Finite Length Dipole
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D The current distribution of a thin dipole (ideally zero diameter) can be
E represented as
S   1 l
I a
 z 0I sin[ k (  z ' )], 0  z ' 
   2 2
G I ( x ' 0, y ' 0, z ' )   1 l
N az I 0 sin[k (  z ' )],  z '  0
 2 2
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N Reference
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E
N 1. C A Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd Edition, Wiley, 2005.
N 2. G Kumar and K P Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antenna, Arctech
A
Publication, 2003.
T 3. R K Shevgaonkar, Electromagnetic Waves, 2006
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