PHYSICS

(Code-042)
PROJECT FILE
TOPIC: MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Name: Sadaan Baksh

Class: XII A
Submitted to: Mr Daksh Pandey

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 PHYSICS
PROJECT
This Photo by Unknown Author FILE
Certificate
This is to certify that Sadaan Baksh of class XII A has completed Physics
(Code-042) project file under my supervision and guidance as per the latest
curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education (2022-2023).

___________________________ ___________________________
Examiner’s Signature Principal’s Signature

_________________ _________________

Teacher In-charge Institution Rubber Stamp

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 Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this practical file successfully, many people have best

owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am

utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with this practical file.

Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete practical with success.

Then I would like to thank my Director Principal Dr. Priyanka Mehta and

Physics teacher Mr Daksh Pandey, whose valuable guidance has been the ones

that helped me prepare this file and make it a success. Their suggestions and

instructions have served as the major contributor towards the completion of the

file. Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with

their valuable suggestions and guidance has been very helpful in various phases.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a

lot.

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 INDEX
S.no Contents Pg.no Signature

1) Certificate 2

2) Acknowledgement 3

3) Introduction 5

4) Theory 6-7

5) History 8

6) Procedure 9

7) Observation 10

8) Applications of mutual inductance 11

9) Conclusion 12

10) Bibliography 13

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AIM:
To study the phenomenon of MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

INTRODUCTION:
Mutual inductance is an important phenomenon in electrical engineering that occurs
when two or more coils of wire are placed near each other and an electrical current
flowing through one of the coils produces a magnetic field that influences the current
flowing in the other coil(s). This phenomenon has a variety of applications, including
in transformers, oscillators, and resonant circuits. In this project, we will investigate
the properties and characteristics of mutual inductance, including how it is affected by
factors such as the number of turns in each coil, the size and shape of the coils, and the
distance between them. We will also explore the practical applications of mutual
inductance and how it is used in real-world devices. Overall, this project will provide
a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of mutual inductance and its role
in electrical and electronic systems.

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THEORY:
Mutual inductance is a phenomenon that occurs when two or more coils of wire are
placed near each other, and an electrical current flowing through one of the coils
produces a magnetic field that influences the current flowing in the other coil(s). This
phenomenon is important in a variety of electrical and electronic devices, such as
transformers, oscillators, and resonant circuits.

The mutual inductance between two coils can be represented by the symbol "M," and
is measured in henries (H). The value of M depends on the number of turns in each
coil, the size and shape of the coils, and the distance between them.

When a current is flowing through one coil (called the "primary coil"), it produces a
magnetic field around the coil. If a second coil (called the "secondary coil") is placed
within this field, the magnetic field will induce an electromotive force (EMF) in the
second coil. This EMF will cause a current to flow in the secondary coil, even if the
primary coil is not connected to a power source.

The magnitude of the mutual inductance between two coils is determined by the
amount of EMF induced in the secondary coil, and the magnitude of the current
flowing in the primary coil. The mutual inductance of a pair of coils can be increased
by increasing the number of turns in each coil, bringing the coils closer together, or by
increasing the size of the coils.

One application of mutual inductance is in transformers, which are used to increase or

decrease the voltage of an AC electrical signal. A transformer consists of two or more
coils of wire, with the primary coil connected to the AC power source, and the
secondary coil connected to the load. The mutual inductance between the primary and
secondary coils allows the transformer to transfer electrical energy from the primary
coil to the secondary coil, with the voltage being transformed in the process.

Another application of mutual inductance is in oscillators, which are used to generate

electrical signals at a specific frequency. An oscillator circuit typically includes an
amplifier and a resonant circuit, which is made up of an inductor (a coil of wire) and a
capacitor. The mutual inductance between the inductor and the capacitor causes the
circuit to oscillate at a specific frequency, which is determined by the values of the
inductance and capacitance.

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In summary, mutual inductance is the phenomenon that occurs when two or more
coils of wire are placed near each other, and an electrical current flowing through one
of the coils produces a magnetic field that influences the current flowing in the other
coil(s). This phenomenon has a variety of applications, including in transformers,
oscillators, and resonant circuits.

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HISTORY
Mutual inductance is the phenomenon in which the change in current in one coil of
wire produces a voltage in a second coil of wire. This property was first discovered by
Michael Faraday in the early 19th century, and it has since become an important
concept in electrical engineering.
Faraday's discovery of mutual inductance was an important step in the development of
the electromagnetic field theory, which explains the relationship between electricity
and magnetism. Faraday's experiments demonstrated that a changing magnetic field
can induce an electrical current in a nearby conductor. This discovery was later
refined by James Clerk Maxwell, who developed the equations that describe the
electromagnetic field and its interactions with charged particles.
The concept of mutual inductance is closely related to that of self-inductance, which
refers to the voltage induced in a single coil of wire due to a change in the current
flowing through it. Both self-inductance and mutual inductance are described by
Faraday's law of induction, which states that the voltage induced in a conductor is
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic field through the conductor.
The mutual inductance between two coils can be calculated using the formula M = k *
sqrt(L1 * L2), where M is the mutual inductance, k is a constant that depends on the
geometry of the coils, L1 is the self-inductance of the first coil, and L2 is the self-
inductance of the second coil.
In practical applications, mutual inductance is often used to couple two electrical
circuits together. For example, a transformer is a device that uses mutual inductance to
transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another. Transformers are used
extensively in power transmission and distribution systems, as well as in electronic
devices such as radios and televisions.
Another application of mutual inductance is in the construction of electric motors and
generators. In an electric motor, mutual inductance is used to create a rotating
magnetic field, which drives the rotation of the motor's shaft. In an electric generator,
the reverse process occurs, with the rotation of the shaft inducing a voltage in the
generator's coils.
Overall, mutual inductance is a fundamental principle in the field of electrical
engineering, and it has numerous practical applications in a variety of technologies.

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COMPONENT USED:

Step down Transformer 12V de 1, Ferrite Rods with enamelled 2 coil windings (1000
turns each), Light Emitting Diode 1, Main Cord wires, spares etc

PROCEDURE:

1. The two coils are placed near each other, with a small gap between them.
2. The primary coil is connected to a step-down transformer, which is connected
to an AC power source:
3. Measure the current flowing in the primary coil using a multimeter.
4. Observe the effect of the primary coil's current on the secondary coil by
measuring the voltage across the secondary coil using a multimeter.
5. Vary the current in the primary coil by adjusting the AC power source, and
observe the corresponding changes in the voltage across the secondary coil.

WORKING:

When the primary coil is connected to the step-down transformer, an electrical current
flows through it, producing a magnetic field around the coil. This magnetic field will
induce an electromotive force (EMF) in the secondary coil, even if the secondary coil
is not connected to a power source. The magnitude of the EMF induced in the
secondary coil is proportional to the current flowing in the primary coil and the mutual
inductance between the two coils.

As the current in the primary coil is increased or decreased, the magnetic field around
the primary coil will also change, leading to corresponding changes in the EMF
induced in the secondary coil. These changes can be observed by measuring the
voltage across the secondary coil using a multimeter. The LED connected to the
secondary coil also lights up as the current in the primary coil is increased.

By performing this experiment, one can observe the phenomenon of mutual

inductance and understand how the mutual inductance between two coils is affected
by the current flowing in one of the coils. This model can be used to study the
properties and characteristics of mutual inductance and to explore its applications in
electrical and electronic devices.

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OBSERVATION:

S. No. Value of current in Value of current in

primary coil (A) secondary coil (A)
1. 1 0.6
2. 1.5 0.9
3. 2 1.3
4. 2.5 1.6
5. 3 1.9

In this given model of Mutual Induction, several observations can be made.

1. When the primary coil is connected to an AC power source and an electrical

current flows through it, a magnetic field is produced around the primary coil.
2. The magnetic field produced by the primary coil will induce an electromotive
force (EMF) in the secondary coil and the LED lights up, even if the secondary
coil is not connected to a power source.
3. The magnitude of the EMF induced in the secondary coil is proportional to the
current flowing in the primary coil and the mutual inductance between the two
coils.
4. As the current in the primary coil is increased or decreased, the magnetic field
around the primary coil will also change, leading to corresponding changes in
the EMF induced in the secondary coil.
5. These changes can be observed by measuring the voltage across the secondary
coil using a multimeter.

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APPLICATIONS OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
One of the most common applications of mutual inductance is in the construction of
transformers. A transformer is a device that uses mutual inductance to transfer
electrical energy from one circuit to another. Transformers are used extensively in
power transmission and distribution systems, as well as in electronic devices such as
radios and televisions.
In a transformer, the primary coil is connected to the source of electrical power, and
the secondary coil is connected to the load. When an alternating current flows through
the primary coil, it creates a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the
secondary coil. The ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of
turns in the secondary coil determines the transformation ratio of the transformer, and
this ratio is used to step up or step down the voltage of the electrical power.
Another application of mutual inductance is in the construction of electric motors and
generators. In an electric motor, mutual inductance is used to create a rotating
magnetic field, which drives the rotation of the motor's shaft. The primary coil is
connected to a source of alternating current, and the secondary coil is connected to the
rotor. When the current flows through the primary coil, it creates a changing magnetic
field that induces a voltage in the secondary coil. This voltage drives the current in the
secondary coil, which creates its own magnetic field. The interaction between the
magnetic fields of the primary and secondary coils causes the rotor to rotate.
In an electric generator, the reverse process occurs, with the rotation of the shaft
inducing a voltage in the generator's coils. The generator's primary coil is connected to
the rotor, and the secondary coil is connected to the load. When the rotor rotates, it
creates a changing magnetic field in the primary coil, which in turn induces a voltage
in the secondary coil. This voltage drives the current in the load, providing electrical
power.
Mutual inductance is also used in the construction of inductive proximity sensors.
These sensors are used to detect the presence or absence of metallic objects in a given
area. The sensor consists of a primary coil that is connected to a source of alternating
current, and a secondary coil that is placed in close proximity to the primary coil.
When a metallic object is brought near the secondary coil, it creates a changing
magnetic field in the primary coil, which in turn induces a voltage in the secondary
coil. This voltage is used to trigger an output signal, indicating the presence of the
metallic object.

Overall, mutual inductance is a fundamental principle in the field of electrical

engineering, and it has numerous practical applications in a variety of technologies.

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CONCLUSIONS:

In conclusion, the project on mutual inductance has provided a comprehensive

understanding of this important phenomenon in electrical engineering. Through a
series of experiments and observations, we have learned that mutual inductance is
affected by factors such as the number of turns in each coil, the size and shape of the
coils, and the distance between them. We have also explored the practical applications
of mutual inductance, including its use in transformers, oscillators, and resonant
circuits.

The results of this project have important implications for the design and operation of
electrical and electronic devices that rely on mutual inductance. By understanding the
properties and characteristics of mutual inductance, engineers and technicians can
more effectively design and troubleshoot these devices, ensuring their proper and
efficient functioning.

Overall, this project has contributed to our knowledge and understanding of mutual
inductance and its role in the field of electrical engineering.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
• "Mutual Inductance," Wikipedia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_inductance
• "Inductors and Inductance," Hyperphysics,
• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/induc.html
• "Electromagnetic Induction," Khan Academy,
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electromagnetic-waves-and-
electromagnetic-spectrum/electromagnetic-induction/a/electromagnetic-
induction
• NCERT Physics Textbook

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