NAME : AQSA AKIL KHAN

STANDARD : 12th SCIENCE

ROLL NO :3
SUBJECT : PHYSICS
TOPIC : TRANSFORMER
 This is to certify that project title to study and
investigate the TRANSFORMER has been
successfully completed by Aqsa Akil Khan
studying in class 12th Science in practical
fulfilment of the Physics practical examination
2023-24.

I certify that this project is done by her and with the

guidance of teacher.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge the support and help

that was provided to me by our teacher and friends
for helping me to complete the given project within
the stipulated time.

Firstly, I would like to thank our Principal sir

Mr. Alok Sharma for giving me the golden
opportunity to work on this project and give me the
opportunity to show case our knowledge.

I am also grateful to our Physics sir Mr. Sudhir Datir

for helping me continuously and supporting me
throughout the course of the making of project and
giving me valuable vices and insights for giving
project report of the same.
 INDEX
SR NO CONTENT PAGE
NO
1. CERTIFICATE 2

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

3. OBJECTIVE 5

4. INTRODUCTION 6

5. THEORY 8

6. CONCLUSION 16

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of input
and output voltage.
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-
versa.
A Transformer based on the principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an E.M.F is induced in the
neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is the most
widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As
such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weighs only a few
tones of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it
may weigh hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-
up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.
Material Required
1.Iron

2.Copper wire

3.Voltmeter

4.Ammeter
 Theory
When an alternating E.M.F is supplied to the primary coil,
an alternating current start flowing in it. The alternating
current produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
alternating voltage.
Let,
● Ep and Es are the instantaneous values of the E.M.F
induced in primary and secondary coil.
● Np and Ns are the no. of turns in primary and
secondary coil.
● d /dt=rate of change of flux in each turn.

Therefore,
Ep = - Np (d /dt) .……(1)
Es = - Ns (d /dt) ……(2)

1. If there is no leakage of flux

By dividing Eq (2) by Eq (1), we have

Es/ Ep= Ns/ Np .…… (3)

2. If there is no power loss

Pp = Ps
Ep x Ip = Es x Is
Es / Ep = Ip/ Is ………(4)
 From equations (1) and (2),

This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio.

For an ideal transformer, Input power = Output power
where ip and is are the currents in the primary and
secondary coil respectively. Therefore,

Equation (4) is written in terms of amplitude of

corresponding quantities,
 Step Up Transformer

Current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio. A step-up transformer actually
steps down the current and step-up voltage. In this type of
transformer: -

Ns > Np
Es > Ep
Is < Ip
 Step Down Transformer

Current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio. A step-down transformer actually
steps up the current and step-down voltage. In this type of
transformer: -

Ns < Np
Es < Ep
Is >I p
 Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power. For an ideal
transformer, its value is 1.

Transformers are highly efficient devices having their

efficiency in the range of 96 – 99%. Various energy
losses in a transformer will not allow them to be 100%
efficient.
 Energy Loss
1. Copper loss: -
It is energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils
of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.

2. Iron loss: -
It is the loss in the form of heat in the iron ore of
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy current
in iron core, it is minimized by using laminated core.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux: -
It occurs in spite of best insulation. Rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of secondary coil is
less than rate of change in magnetic flux linked with each
turn of primary coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: -It is loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core.
 WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION

Construction: -
In the simple construction of transformers, there are two
coils of high mutual inductance wound over the same
transformer core. The core is generally laminated and is
made up of a good magnetic material like silicon steel.
Coils are electrically insulated but magnetically linked via
transformer core.

The coil across which alternating voltage is applied is called

primary coil P and the coil from which output power is
drawn out is called secondary coil S. The assembled core
and coils are kept in a container which is filled with suitable
medium for better insulation and cooling purpose.
Working:
If the primary coil is connected to a source of alternating
voltage, an alternating magnetic flux is set up in the
laminated core.
If there is no magnetic flux leakage, then whole of magnetic
flux linked with primary coil is also linked with secondary
coil.
This means that rate at which magnetic flux changes
through each turn is same for both primary and secondary
coils. As a result of flux change, E.M.F is induced in both
primary and secondary coils.
 Conclusion

1. The output voltage of the transformer depends on

the ratio of the number of turns in primary coil to
number of turns in secondary coil.

2. On increase in number of turns of primary coil the

current the output current also increase.

3. There is a loss of power between input and output

coil of a transformer.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

➢Wikipedia.com

➢Google search engine

➢Physics NCERT book for class XII

➢www.youtube.com/c/knowledgecycle