SELF DESIGNED TRANSFORMER

An investigation project submitted towards partial fulfilment of credit for the

AISSCE Physics practical evaluation

Submitted by
PADHMASREE.P
XII-A
Reg.No:

Under the guidance of

Dr.G.RAVI
PGT-PHYSICS, AM-VL

ACHARIYA SIKSHA MANDIR

PUDUCHERRY – 605 110
2023-2024
 CERTIFICATE

This is t certify that PADHMASREE.P student of XII-A, ASM-VL, Puducherry has completed the project
titled“SELF DESIGNED TRANSFORMER” during the academic year 2023-2024 towards the partial
fulfilment credit for the AISSCE Physics evaluation and submitted satisfactory report as compiled in the
following pages under my supervision.

INTERNAL EXMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to almighty god.

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to our beloved Principal Mr. Mohammed Farook Ji, for
his encouragement and for all the facilities that he provided for this project work. I sincerely appreciate this
magnanimity by taking me to into his fold for which I shall remain to him.

I extend my hearty thanks Dr.G.Ravi, PGT Physics, who guided me to the successful completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for their invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic attitude and immense motivation, which has sustained my
efforts at all stages of this project work.

It is my utmost pleasure to express deep sense of gratitude towards my parents, who directed me to complete
this project successfully.

PADHMASREE.P
 DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this project work has been originally carried under the guidance and supervision of
Dr.G.Ravi (PGT Physics, ASM-VL).

SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

 SELF DESIGNED TRANSFORMER
Abstract
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformer are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformers size may be small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-
up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between:

1. Output and input voltage.

2. Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary of a self designed transformer.

THEORY

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the voltage in the primary produces a changing magnetic
flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to the
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and

Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at the instant,

We have,

Ep = -Np dфь/dt ---------- (1)

Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------- (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es/Ep = -Ns / Np ----------- (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E - Ep) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f. / input e.m.f. = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K< 1, hence Ns < Np

If

Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power

Or

Ep Ip = Es Is

Or

Es / Ep = IP / Is = K

In a step up transformer

As K > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary current is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down transformer steps
up the current.
EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power i.e.

η = Output power / Input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice,
there are many powers; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

MATEIALS REQUIRED

 Iron rod
 Copper wire
 Voltmeter
 Ammeter
WORKING

A transformer based on the principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f. is induced in the neighboring
coil that is if a varying current is a set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighboring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which
induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.

The transformers consist of two coils. They are insulated with each other by insulates
material and wound on a common core. For operation at low frequency, we may have soft
iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate
them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the
output circuit is called secondary.

PROCEDURE

Demonstrating the principle of transformer by winding primary and secondary coil on a steel
rod.

1. Take a soft iron rod of cm and cm diameter. Wrap thick paper on it.
2. Wind a coil P of enameled copper wire 200 turns.
3. Wind another coil S of thick enameled copper wire with 400 turns.
4. Both coils are wound over same length of the rod, so that almost the entire flux
produced by current in one is linked to the other.
5. Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter. Connect an identical voltmeter across P
also.
 6. Switch on the current in P and note voltage across the two coils.
7. Find the ratio Vp to Vs.

OBSERVATIONS

1. We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the two coils is equal to the ratio of
number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S. i.e.,

VP/ Vs = Ns / Ns ----------- (1)

2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is called primary and coil S (in which AC
is induced) is called the secondary.
3. Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P, the power in the primary is transferred
into the secondary through mutual induction.
4. It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate choice of the turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we
can obtain a higher voltage or lower voltage in S compared to that in P.

ENERGY LOSSES

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. COPPER LOSS:

It is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to
joule heating of conducting wires.

2. IRON LOSS:

It is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is due to
formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. LEAKAGE OF MAGNETIC FLUX

It occurs in spite of best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
P1P2.

4. HYSTERETIC LOSS:

It is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.
 5. MAGNETO STRIATION:

It is the humming noise of a transformer.

APPLICATION

 A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations.

 In voltage regulator T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step up transformer used for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-rays and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc.

CONCLUSION

 The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
 The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
 There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.