PHYSICS Investigatory PROJECT

SESSION 2023-24

NAME: Attaulla Khan

CLASS: XII-Science
AISSCE ROLL NO.:
TOPIC: Transformers
 Bonafide Certificate
This is to certify that this investigatory
project of computer science has been
submitted by

NAME : Attaulla Khan

AISSCE ROLL NO :

INSTITUTION : D.A.V. Public School, Kansbahal

PROJECT TITLE : Transformers

He has successfully completed this PHYSICS project

under our guidance in the academic session of 2023-
24. Their dedication and expertise shine through,
demonstrating a strong commitment to mastering
the subject. He has exhibited remarkable skills and
initiative, showcasing their determination and
pursuit of excellence in this project.

____________________ ____________________
Internal Examiner External Examiner

____________________
Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the names of those
persons who helped to make it possible. I take this
opportunity to express my gratitude and respect to
all those who helped me in the completion of this
project.

It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my

gratitude to our principal Mrs. Reena Mohapatra for
her encouragement that has made this project
successful.

I also express my gratitude to Sir HARIHAR

MOHAPATRA and Sir A.K. Nayak for his constant
help, valuable suggestions and guidance at each and
every stage, without which this project would not
have come forth.

I would also like to thank my friends and family for

supporting me during this course of this project.

Last, but not least, I would like to thank CBSE for

giving us the opportunity to undertake this project.

NAME: Attaulla Khan

CLASS: XII-Science
AISSCE ROLL NO. :

_____________________
Signature
 DECLARATION
This is to certify that
I, Attaulla Khan ,
Of class XII-Science of DAV public school,
Kansbahal have submitted this
PHYSICS project on

TRANSFORMERS
as an evidence of my hard work during the
academic session 2023-24 in the PHYSICS
laboratory of the school under the efficient
guidance of Mr. Harihar Mahapatra and Mr. A.K.
Nayak.

I hereby declare that all sources of information

and data are fully acknowledged in this project.

NAME: Attaulla Khan

CLASS: XII-Science
AISSCE ROLL NO. :

_____________________
Signature
 Table of CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Apparatus Required
4. Principle
5. Construction
6. Working
7. Efficiency
8. Energy Loss
9. Observations
10. Uses
11. Precautions
12. Bibliography
1. INTRODUCTION
A transformer is one of the most common devices found
in electrical system that links the circuits which are
operating at different voltages. These are commonly
used in applications where there is a need of AC
voltage conversion from one voltage level to another.
It is possible either to decrease or increase the voltage
and currents by the use of transformer in AC circuits
based on the requirements of the electrical equipment
or device or load. Various applications use wide variety
of transformers including power, instrumentation and
pulse transformers. In a broad, transformers are
categorized into two types, namely, electronic
transformers and power transformers. Electronic
transformers operating voltages are very low and
are rated at low power levels. These are used in
consumer electronic equipment like televisions, personal
computers, CD/DVD players, and other devices.
The term power transformer is referred to the
transformers with high power and voltage ratings.
These are extensively used in power generation,
transmission, distribution and utility systems to increase
or decrease the voltage levels. However, the operation
involved in these two types of transformers is same.
A Transformer is and electrical device which is used for
changing the AC voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurements and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weight only a
few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
2. Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil pipe, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then
the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep, and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the number of turns of
the primary, secondary coils of the transformer and

dΦ/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff

The coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dΦ / dt --------------------- (1) and

Es = -Ns dΦ / dt ----------------------- (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant,

so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep= -Ns / Np ---------------------- (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f

induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous
current in primary coil is due to the difference (E-Ep)
in the instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,p1p2 coil, then
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by
Ip = E-Ep/Rp
E-E p= Ip Rp
When the resistance of therefore the primary is
small, Rp. Ip can be neglected so
E-Ep = 0 or Ep= E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es/Ep = Es/E = output e.m.f/input e.m.f = Ns/Np = K

, Where k is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio.

3. APPRATUs required
Iron Rod Copper Wire
Voltmeter Ammeter

4. Principle
A transformer is based on the principle of mutual
induction, i.e., whenever the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changes, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil
5. construction
A transformer consists of primary and
secondary coils insulated from each other,
wound on a soft iron core. To minimize eddy
current a laminated iron core issued. The AC
input is applied across the primary coil. The
continuously varying current in the primary coil
produces a varying magnetic flux in the
primary coil, which in turn produces a varying
magnetic flux in the secondary. Hence, an
induced e.m.f is produced across the secondary.
Let Ep and Es be the induced e.m.f in the primary
and secondary coils and Np and Ns is the
number of turns in the primary and secondary
coils respectively. Since same flux links with the
primary and secondary, the e.m.f induced per
turn of the two coils must be the same
6. Working
The transformer consists of two separate windings
placed over the laminated silicon steel core.
The winding to which AC supply is connected is
called primary winding and to which load is
connected is called secondary winding as shown in
the fig. below. It works on the alternating current
only because an alternating flux is required for
mutual induction between the two windings.

When the AC supply is given to the primary winding

with a voltage of v1, an alternating flux Φ sets up in
the core of the transformer, which links with the
secondary winding and as a result of it, an e.m.f is
induced in it called Mutually induced e.m.f. The
direction of this induced e.m.f is opposite to the
applied voltage v1, this is because of Lenz’s law.
Physically, there is no electrical connection between
the two windings, but they are magnetically
connected. Therefore, the electrical power is
transferred from the primary circuit to the secondary
circuit through mutual inductance. The induced e.m.f
in the primary and secondary coil depends upon the
rate of change of flux linkage i.e., (N dΦ/dt).

dΦ/dt is the change of flux and is same for both the

primary and secondary coils. The induced e.m.f in the
primary winding is directly proportional to the
number of turns of primary coil. Similarly, induced
e.m.f in the secondary coil directly proportional to
the number of turns in the secondary coil

TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY: -
The transformer works on AC supply, and it cannot
work on DC supply. If the rated dc voltage is applied
across the primary coil, a constant magnitude flux
will set up in the core of the transformer and hence
there will be no self-induced e.m.f generation, and as
for the linkage of flux with the secondary coil there
must be alternating flux not a constant flux.
According to OHM’s Law: -
PRIMARY CURRENT = DC APPLIED VOLTAGE /
RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY COIL
The resistance of the primary coil is very low, and
the primary current is high. So, this current is much
higher than the rated full loaded primary coil
current. Hence, as a result, the amount of heat
produced will be greater and therefore eddy current
loss will be more. Because of this, the insulations of
the primary coil will get burnt, and the transformer
will be damaged.

Turn ratio: -
It is defined as the ratio of no of turns in the primary
coil to that of the secondary coil. Turn ratio = N1/N2

If N2>N1, the transformer is called step up

transformer.
If N2<N1, the transformer is called step down
transformer.

7. efficiency
The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the
ratio of useful output power to the input power. The
input and output power are measured in the same
unit. Its unit is either in Watts (W) or KW.

Transformer efficiency is denoted by η.

8. Energy loss
Energy losses in a transformer
Even though transformers are very efficient
machines, they do result in small energy losses due
to four main causes:
The resistance of windings –
The low resistance copper cable used for the
windings remains resistant and thus leads to heat
loss. In order to minimize this loss thick wires with
considerably low resistance are used.
Leakage of flux –
If the core design is not good then the flux produced
by the primary coil may not all be connected to the
secondary coil. This can be reduced by considering
the core of shell type.
Eddy currents loss –
The varying magnetic field not only induces
secondary coil currents but also iron core currents
themselves. In the iron core, these currents flow in
small circles and are termed as eddy currents. The
eddy current loss can be minimized by considering
the laminated core.
Hysteresis –
This is because of the repeated iron core
magnetization and demagnetization induced by the
alternating input current. By using alloys such as
silicon steel, this can be reduced

9. Uses
Power Transformers:
These kinds of transformers are used for high
voltage power transfer applications (more than 33
KV). They are usually bigger in size and can occupy
larger space.
Distribution Transformers:
These types of transformers are used to distribute
the generated power to distant locations. It is used
for distributing electricity at low voltage that is less
than 33 KV in industry or 220-440 V for household
purposes.

Measurement Transformers:
This kind of uses of transformer helps in measuring
voltage, current, and power, etc. According to the
place of use, transformers are classified into:

Indoor Transformers:
These are covered with roofs and shelters just like
the industry types.

Outdoor Transformers:
These are mainly kept outside and are used as distribution
type transformers.

10. Precautions
 Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
 While taking the readings of current and voltage
the AC should remain constant.
 Eddy Current can change the readings.
 Value of current can be changed due to heating
effect.
11. Bibliography
 To develop this project many
references were used:
 Physics NCERT book (Class XII)
 ChatGPT – Open AI technology
 Google
 Wikipedia
 Physics LAB manual(Class XII)