Arunodaya Public School

Thane-Mumbai
A Project Report on

TOPIC : Transformer

For
AISSCE Examination
[As a part of the PHYSICS Course (Code: 042 )]

SUBMITTED BY
Name: PURVA PAWAR Roll No: 15

Under the Guidance of:

Name of the Teacher
________________MR. PRITAM DHOTRE _________________
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project / Dissertation entitled

TRANSFORMER is a bonafide work done by PURVA

PAWAR of class ___12_____ Session 2022-23 in partial

fulfillment of CBSE’s AISSCE Examination 2023 and has

been carried out under my direct supervision and

guidance.

Roll No. :

_______________ _________________
Teacher in charge External examiner

_______________
Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have

been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere
gratitude to all of them.
I am highly indebted to Mr.Pritam Dhotre for their guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information
regarding the project & also for their support in completing the
project.
I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to
Mrs. Nikita Kothari, Principal Ma’am for giving me such attention
and time.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow mates, friends and
parents in developing the project and people who have willingly
helped me out with their abilities.
 INDEX

1. Introduction

2. Objective

3. Materials Required

4. Diagram

5. Theory

6. Produce

7. Observations

8. Result

9. Conclusion

10.Precautions

11.Sources of Error

12.Biblography
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on
the Principle of mutual induction according to this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with
a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is
used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weight
only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage
power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. In
a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. A transformer
which increases the voltages is called a stepup
transformer. A transformer which decreases the
A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

OBJECTIVE :

To investigate the relation between the ratio of :

1.Output and Input Voltage
2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and the
primary coil of a self designed transformer .
MATERIALS REQUIRED :

 an iron rod
 copper wires of different gauge
 two ac voltmeters
 two ac ammeters
DIAGRAM :
THEORY :

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the

primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary.
In a goodtransformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced
in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep
and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in
each turn off the coil at this instant,

we have,
Ep = -Np dф/dt - (1)

and
Es = -Ns dф/dt - (2)
 Since the above relations are true at every
instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np - (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2
coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the
primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp
Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or

transformation ratio.
PROCEDURE :
 Take a laminated iron core and wind a small
number [say about 2000 ] of turns of thick
insulated copper wire uniformly on it leaving
two free ends P1 P2 .
 Wind a large numbers of turns [say 100] of
thin insulated copper wire on the opposite arm
of the core leaving two free end S1 & S2.
 Connect the primary coil to a variable a.c.
supply source and secondary to a.c. volt meter
of suitable range .
 Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the primary
to measure the input voltage .
 OBSERVATIONS :

 No. of turns in primary , NP = 2000

 No. of turns in secondary , NS = 100

S. No. Input Voltage Output Voltage ES/EP

EP [volt] ES [volt]

1. 12 V 240 V 1/20
2. 240 V 12 V 20

RESULT:
Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error .
 Conclusion
1. The output voltafe of the transformer

across the secondary coil depends upon he ratio

(Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across

the secondary coil depends upon the ratio

(Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input & output

coil of a transformer
PRECAUTIONS :
 Keep yourself safe from voltage .
 While taking the readings of the current and
voltage of the a.c. should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR :

 Values of current can be changed due to

heating effect .
 Eddy current can changed the readings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In order to work on this project titled –
TRANSFORMER the following books and literature
sites are refered by me during the various phases of
development of the project.

(1) Help from teachers

(2) Information from Library

(3) Help from intermet

Other than the above-mentioned books, the

suggestions and supervision of my teacher and my
class experience also helped me to develop this
project.