CERTIFICATE

This is to certiy that Devansh Shukla

a student oi class XII-A has successiully
completed the research on the below
mentoned project under the guidance
oi Nagma Pathan (Physics Teacher)
during the year 2022-23.

Signature oi Physics Teacher

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would
like to thank my physics teacher Nagma Pathan
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success her suggestons and her instructons has
served as the major contributor towards the
completon of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends

who have helped me with their valuable
suggestons and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completon of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my

classmates who have helped me a lot.

Devansh Shukla
INDEX
 CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 AIM OF PROJECT
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
 USES OF TRANSFORMERS
 CONCLUSION
 PRECAUTIONS
 SOURCE OF ERROR
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM OF THE
PROJECT

To investgate the relaton between the

rato oi-
1) Input and output voltage.
2) Number oi turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil oi a
seli made transiormer.
 INTRODUCTION

The transiormer is a device used ior convertng a low alternatng

voltage to a high alternatng voltage or vice-versa.
A Transiormer based on the Principle oi mutual inducton
according to this principle, the amount oi magnetc ux linked with
a coil changing, an e.m.i is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transiormer Is an electrical device which is used ior changing the
A.C. voltages. A transiormer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transiormers are built in an
amazing strength oi sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transiormer size may be so small that it weight only a iew
tens oi grams where as in high Voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundred oi tones.
In a transiormer, the electrical energy transier irom one Circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use oi moving parts.
A transiormer which increases the voltages is called a step-Up
transiormer. A transiormer which decreases the A.C. voltages Is
called a step-down transiormer.
Transiormer is, thereiore, an essental piece oi apparatus both ior
high and low current circuits.
 THEORY
When an altering e.m.i. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternatng current starts ialling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetc ux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transiormer, whole oi the magnetc ux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.i. induced in
each turn oi the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn oi
the primary. Thus ii Ep and Es be the instantaneous values oi the
e.m.i.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. oi turns oi the primary secondary coils oi the
transiormer and

do/dt = rate oi change oi ux in Each turnof the coil at this instant,

we have
Ep=-Np do/dt___________(1)
And
Es=-Ns do/dt____________(2)
Since the above relatons are true at every instant, so by
Dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep=-Ns/Np___________(3)
 As Ep is the instantaneous value oi back e.m.i induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
Due to the diference (E-Ep) in the instantaneous values oi the
applied and back
e.m.i. iurther ii Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip=E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep=lp Rp

Thus back e.m.i= input e.m.i

Hence equaton 3 can be writen as

Es/Ep = Es/E
= output e.m.f/input e.m.f
= Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transiormaton rato.
 IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es <E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
Ii
Ip = value oi primary current at the same instant
And
Is = value oi secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
Ii there are no losses oi power in the transiormer,
then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep lp = Es is
Or
Es/Ep = lp/Is=K
 IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k> 1, so Ip > Is or Is <

Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in

current in the same rato.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down

transiormer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same rato.

Thus a step up transiormer in reality steps down the

current &a step down transiormer steps up the
current.
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency oi a transiormer is definned as the rato oi output
power to the input power.
i.e. n=output power / input power = Es Is / Ep lp
Thus in an ideal transiormer, where there is no power
losses, n=1
But in actual practce, there are many power losses;
thereiore the Efficiency oi transiormer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the iorm oi heat
in the copper coils oi a transiormer. This is due to
joule heatng oi conductng wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the iorm oi heat in
the iron core oi the transiormer. This is due to
iormaton oi eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetc fuu occurs inspite oi best
insulatons. Thereiore, rate oi change oi magnetc
ux linked with each turn oi 1122 is less than the
rate oi change oi magnetc ux linked with each
turn oi P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss oi energy due to
repeated Magnetzaton and demagnetzaton oi
the iron core when A.C. is Fed to it.
5. Magneto striaton i.e. humming noise oi a
transiormer
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1)Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number oi turns oi thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This consttutes primary coil oi the
transiormer.
2) Cover the primary coil with a sheet oi paper and
wound relatvely smaller number oi turns (say 20) oi
thick copper wire on it. This consttutes the secondary
coil. It is a step down Transiormer.
3)Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and Current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectvely.
4)Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1 and s2.
2)Now connect sl and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage And current through primary and secondary coil
oi step up Transiormer.
6)Repeat all steps ior other seli made transiormers by
changing Number oi turns in primary and secondary
coil.
 USES OF TRANSFORMERS

1.In voltage regulator ior T.V., reirigerator,

computer, air conditoner, etc.
2.A step down transiormer is used ior welding
purposes.
3.A step down transiormer is used ior obtaining
large current.
4.A step up transiormer is used ior the
producton oi X-Rays and NEON
advertsement.
2.Transiormers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
6.Transiormers are used in the transmissions oi
a.c. over long Distances.
7.Small transiormers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc
CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage oi the
transiormer across the secondary
coil depends upon the rato
(Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage oi the
transiormer across the secondary
coil depends upon the rato
(Ns/Np)with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss oi power between
input and output coil oi a
transiormer.
PRECAUTIONS
1)Keep saie yourseli irom high Voltage.
2)while taking the readings oi current
and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1)Values of current can be changed due
to heatng eefect.
2)Eddy current can change the
readings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1)NCERT TEXTBOOK CLASS 12

2)NCERT PHYSICS LAB
MANUAL
3) INTERNET
4)www.google.com