NAME OF THE SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
To Investigate The Relation Between The Ratio Of:

 Output & Input Voltage

 No. Of Turns In The Secondary Coil & Primary
Coil Of A Self Designed Transformer

Name:-
Class :- XII – A(Science)
Roll. No. :-
Session:- 2020-21
S.No. Content Page No.
1. Certificate 03
2 Acknowledgments 04
3 Objective 05
4 Introduction 06
5 Theory 08
6 Procedure 11
7 Observations 12
8 Result 12
9 Precautions 13
10 Source of Error 13
11 Bibliography 14
12 End of Project 15

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 Certificate
This is to certify that this
“Chemistry Investigatory Project on
the topic “To Investigate The Relation
Between The Ratio Of: >Output & Input Voltage, >
No. Of Turns In The Secondary Coil & Primary Coil
Of A Self Designed Transformer” has been
successfully completed by ………………
of class XII under the guidance of
………………………. in particular
fulfillment of the curriculum of
Central Board of Secondary Education
{CBSE} leading to the award of
annual examination of the year
2020-21.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
3
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessing and the heart
pledged support , this time I am utilizing to thanks all the
people who have been concerned with physics project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this

project with success . Then I would like to thank my
principal ………………. and physics teacher …………
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project .

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of this
project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates

who have helped me a lot .

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OBJECTIVE :
To investigate the relation between the ratio
of : 1.Output and Input Voltage
2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and
the primary coil of a self designed
transformer .

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INTRODUCTION :
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the
Principle of mutual induction according to this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is

used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes.

In electronic, measurement and control

circuits, transformer size may be so small
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that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it
may weight hundred of tones. In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is
called a stepup transformer. A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.

THEORY :
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When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced
in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep
and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f. ’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of
the primary secondary coils of the transformer
and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in
each turn off the coil at this instant,

we have,
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

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 and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2
coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the
primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp

Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

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Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or

transformation ratio.

PROCEDURE :
 Take a laminated iron core and wind a
small number [say about 2000 ] of turns

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 of thick insulated copper wire uniformly
on it leaving two free ends P1 P2 .
 Wind a large numbers of turns [say 100]
of thin insulated copper wire on the
opposite arm of the core leaving two free
end S1 & S2.
 Connect the primary coil to a variable
a.c. supply source and secondary to a.c.
volt meter of suitable range .
 Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the
primary to measure the input voltage .

OBSERVATIONS :
 No. of turns in primary , NP = 2000
 No. of turns in secondary , NS = 100

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S. No. Input Output
ES/EP
Voltage EP Voltage ES
[volt] [volt]
1. 12 V 240 V 1/20
2. 240 V 12 V 20

RESULT:
Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental
error .

PRECAUTIONS :
 Keep yourself safe from voltage .

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 While taking the readings of the current
and voltage of the a.c. should remain
constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR :
 Values of current can be changed due to
heating effect .
 Eddy current can changed the readings.

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NCERT Class 12th chemistry Book

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