Medan Elektromagnetik

Fisika Teknik Mesin II

Diki Ismail Permana, M.T
1
Teknik Mesin Itenas
Today’s agendum:

Induced emf.
You must understand how changing magnetic flux can induce an emf, and be able to
determine the direction of the induced emf.

Faraday’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Faraday’s “Law” to calculate the emf induced in a circuit.

Lenz’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Lenz’s “Law” to determine the direction induced current, and
therefore induced emf.

Generators (part 1).

You must understand how generators work, and use Faraday’s “Law” to calculate
numerical values of parameters associated with generators.

2
 Induced emf and Faraday’s “Law”

Magnetic Induction

We have found that an electric current can give rise to a

magnetic field…

I wonder if a magnetic field can somehow give rise to an

electric current…

3
It is observed experimentally that changes in magnetic flux
induce an emf in a conductor.

An electric current is induced if there is a closed circuit (e.g.,

loop of wire) in the changing magnetic flux.
I

A constant magnetic flux does not induce an emf—it takes a

changing magnetic flux.
4
Passing the coil through the
magnet would induce an emf in
the coil.
They need to calibrate
their meter!

5
Note that “change” may or may not not require observable (to
you) motion.
 A magnet may move through a loop of wire,
wire or a
loop of wire may be moved through a magnetic field
(as suggested in the previous slide). These involve
observable motion.

N S
I
v region of
move magnet toward coil magnetic field
this part of the loop is
closest to your eyes change area of loop
inside magnetic field

N S

rotate coil in
magnetic field 6
 changing I
induced I

changing B

 A changing current in a loop of wire gives rise to a

changing magnetic field (predicted by Ampere’s
“Law”) which can induce a current in another
nearby loop of wire.

In this case, nothing observable (to your eye) is moving,

although, of course microscopically, electrons are in motion.

Induced emf is produced by a changing magnetic flux.

7
Today’s agendum:

Induced emf.
You must understand how changing magnetic flux can induce an emf, and be able to
determine the direction of the induced emf.

Faraday’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Faraday’s “Law” to calculate the emf induced in a circuit.

Lenz’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Lenz’s “Law” to determine the direction induced current, and
therefore induced emf.

Generators (part 1).

You must understand how generators work, and use Faraday’s “Law” to calculate
numerical values of parameters associated with generators.

8
We can quantify the induced emf described qualitatively in the
last few slides by using magnetic flux.

Experimentally, if the flux through N loops of wire changes by

dB in a time dt, the induced emf is

dB Faraday’s “Law” of

ε = -N . Magnetic Induction
dt

Faraday’s “Law” of Induction is one of the fundamental laws of

electricity and magnetism.

I wonder why the – sign…

Your text, pages 997-998, shows how to determine the direction of the induced emf. Argh! Lenz’s Law,
coming soon, is much easier. 9
 dB Faraday’s “Law” of
ε = -N Magnetic Induction
dt
where the magnetic flux is
 
 B   B  dA.

This is another version of Faraday’s “Law”:

  d B We’ll use this version
 E  d s   dt in a later lecture.
 
In a future lecture, we’ll work with
 E  ds
Web page with pictures of a whole bunch of applications: 10
http://sol.sci.uop.edu/~jfalward/electromagneticinduction/electromagneticinduction.html
Example: move a magnet towards a coil of wire.

N=5 turns A=0.002 m2

dB N S
= 0.4 T/s I
dt v
 
dB d B  dA +
ε = -N = -N -
dt dt
d  BA 
ε = -N (what assumption did I make here?)
dt
dB
ε = -NA
dt
 T
ε = - 5  0.002 m   0.4  = -0.004 V
2

 s 11
Ways to induce an emf:

 change B

 
Homework hint:  B   d B   B  dA   B(t) dA if B varies but loop  B.

 change the area of the loop in the field

12
Ways to induce an emf (continued):
 change the orientation of the loop in the field

=90 =45 =0

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Example: a uniform (but time-varying) magnetic field passes through a
circular coil whose normal is parallel to the magnetic field. The coil’s area is
10-2 m2 and it has a resistance of 1 m. B varies with time as shown in the
graph. Plot the current in the coil as a function of time.

dB d  BA  dB
ε=- =- =- A
dt dt dt

ε A dB .01 T
ε = IR  I = = -
R R dt

For 0 < t < 3: =1 s

dB B .01
= =  I=-
A dB
=-
 .01 .01
= - .0333 A
dt t 3 R dt  .001 3
dB
For 3 < t < 5: =0 I=0
dt 14
Example: a uniform (but time-varying) magnetic field passes through a
circular coil whose normal is parallel to the magnetic field. The coil’s area is
10-2 m2 and it has a resistance of 1 m. B varies with time as shown in the
graph. Plot the current in the coil as a function of time.

For 5 < t < 11:

I(t)
dB B -.01
= =
dt t 6 .01 T

 I=-
A dB
=-
 .01 -.01
R dt  .001 6
= + .0167 A =1 s

-.0333 A

15
Today’s agendum:

Induced emf.
You must understand how changing magnetic flux can induce an emf, and be able to
determine the direction of the induced emf.

Faraday’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Faraday’s “Law” to calculate the emf induced in a circuit.

Lenz’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Lenz’s “Law” to determine the direction induced current, and
therefore induced emf.

Generators (part 1).

You must understand how generators work, and use Faraday’s “Law” to calculate
numerical values of parameters associated with generators.

16
Experimentally…
Lenz’s law—An induced emf always gives rise to a current
whose magnetic field opposes the change in flux.*

N S
I
v

+ -
If Lenz’s law were not true—if there were a + sign in
Faraday’s law—then a changing magnetic field would produce
a current, which would further increase the magnetic field,
further increasing the current, making the magnetic field still
bigger…

*Think of the current resulting from the induced emf as “trying” to maintain the status quo—
to prevent change. 17
…violating conservation of energy and ripping apart the very
fabric of the universe…

18
 Practice with Lenz’s Law.
In which direction is the current induced in the coil for each
situation shown?

(counterclockwise) (no current)

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(counterclockwise) (clockwise)

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 Rotating the coil about the vertical
diameter by pulling the left side toward the
reader and pushing the right side away
from the reader in a magnetic field that
points from right to left in the plane of the
page.
(counterclockwise)

dB
Remember ε = - N ?
dt
Now that you are experts on the application of Lenz’s “Law”,
remember this:
You can use Faraday’s “Law” to calculate the magnitude of the emf (or
whatever the problem wants. Then use Lenz’s “Law” to figure out the
direction of the induced current (or the direction of whatever the problem
wants). 21
Today’s agendum:

Induced emf.
You must understand how changing magnetic flux can induce an emf, and be able to
determine the direction of the induced emf.

Faraday’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Faraday’s “Law” to calculate the emf induced in a circuit.

Lenz’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Lenz’s “Law” to determine the direction induced current, and
therefore induced emf.

Generators.
You must understand how generators work, and use Faraday’s “Law” to calculate
numerical values of parameters associated with generators.

22
 Motional emf: an overview

An emf is induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field.

Your text introduces four ways of producing motional emf. We
will cover the first two in this lecture.
1. Flux change through a conducting loop produces an emf:
rotating loop.
dB
B =- start with this
A dt

ε = NBA  sin  t 
NBA
side view I= sin  t  derive these
R
P = INBA sin  t 
23
2. Flux change through a conducting loop produces an emf:
expanding loop.

dB
=-
B
v dt start with these
       
FM = I  B
     
      ℓ
     
      ε = B v
dA
x=vdt ε B v
I = = derive these
R R
 
P = FP  v = IBv
24
Next time we will look at two more examples of motional emf…

3. Conductor moving in a magnetic field experiences an emf:

magnetic force on charged particles.

start with these

B v
–
 
       
      F = q E + v B
      ℓ  = E (Mr. Ed)
     
   +  
derive this

ε = Bv

You could also solve this using Faraday’s” Law” by constructing a “virtual” circuit using “virtual” conductors. 25
4. Flux change through a conducting loop produces an emf:
moving loop.
start with this
         
          dB
=-
          dt
         
         
         
         
         
         
derive these
         
ε = Bv
B v
I = P = IBv
R 26
Generators and Motors: a basic introduction

Take a loop of wire in a magnetic field

S N
and rotate it with an angular speed .

 
B = B  A = BA cos   
B
A
Choose 0=0. Then

 =  0  t = t .

side view B = BA cos  t 

dB
ε = -
dt

Generators are an application of motional emf. 27

 B If there are N loops in the coil
A
 dB
ε = -N
dt

side view d  BA cos  t  

ε = -N
dt

ε = NBA  sin  t 
The NBA equation!

|| is maximum when  = t = 90° or 270°; i.e., when B is

zero. The rate at which the magnetic flux is changing is then
maximum. On the other hand,  is zero when the magnetic flux
is maximum. 28
emf, current and power from a generator

ε = NBA  sin  t 

εNBA
I= = sin  t 
R R

P = εI = INBA sin  t 

29
Example: the armature of a 60 Hz ac generator rotates in a
0.15 T magnetic field. If the area of the coil is 2x10-2 m2, how
many loops must the coil contain if the peak output is to be
max = 170 V?

ε = N B A ω sin  ωt 

εmax = N B A ω
εmax
N =
BAω

N =
 170 V 
 0.15 T   2×10-2 m2   2 ×60 s -1 

N = 150 (turns)
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