- CHAPTER 06

Electromagnetic

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Induction

SI
Chapter Analysis w.r.t. Lost 3 Yeor's Boord Exoms
The analysis given here gives you an analytical picture of this chapter and will help you to
identify the concepts of the chapter that are to befocussed more from exam point of view.
IT
Number of Questions asked in last 3 years

2015 2016 2017

Delhi All India Delhi All India Delhi All India
H
Very Short Answer (1 mark) lQ 1Q lQ
Short Type I Answer (2 marks)
Short Type II Answer (3 marks) lQ lQ 1Q 1Q
Long Answer (5 marks) lQ 1Q
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Value Based Questions (4 marks)

• In 2015, in Delhi set, one-question of 1 mark based on Self Inductance, one question of
3 marks based on AC Generator and one question of 5 marks based on Mutual
Inductance were asked.
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• In 2016, in Delhi set, only one question of 3 marks and in All India set, only one question of
5 marks based on Mutual Inductance were asked.
• In 2017, one question of 1 marks based on Magnetic Flux and one question of 3 marks
based on Inductance were asked in both sets.
On the basis of above analysis, it can be said that from exam point of view AC Generator,
Magnetic Flux and Inductance are most important concepts of the chapter.
[TOPIC 1] Electromagnetic Induction Laws
1.1Magnetic Flux Faraday's Second Law
The magnetic flux represents total magnetic The induced emf in a closed loop or circuit is directly
lines of force passing normally through a proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
given area placed in a magnetic field. linked with the closed loop or circuit.
Magnetic flux <l>B through an area dS in a i. e. e cc H M => e= - N ~<I>
magnetic field B is defined as, <l>B = JB· dS. ~t ~t
where, B is the magnetic field and dS is the where, N = number of turns in loop.

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area element.
Magnetic flux, <I>= B·S = BScose, 1.3 Lenz's Law
where, S is the area of surface and e is the
According to this law, the direction of induced emf or
angle between the direction of magnetic field
induced current is such that it always opposes the

SI
and normal to the surface.

-o~s'.
cause that produces it. i.e. it opposes the change in
magnetic flux.

Induced Current
• If N is the number of turns and R is the resistance of
'\
a coil, then the magnetic flux linked with its each
dS
turn changes by d<l> in short time interval dt, the
SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber (Wb).
IT induced current flowing through the coil is
CGS unit of magnetic flux is Maxwell (Mx).
1 Wb= 108 Mx=l Tm2
1= l:1 -~(N
R
=
R
L'l<l»
L'lt

Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity and its If induced current is produced in a coil rotated in a
dimensional formula is [ML2T-2 A -I]. uniform magnetic field, then the flux through the
coil <I>= BAcosoot
H
because the coil rotates with an angular velocity 00
and turns through an angle e in time t, e = oot,
1.2 Electromagnetic :. <I>= Bcosoot
Induction Hence, = - d<l> = -!!.-(BAcosoot) => E = BAsinoot
E
dt dt
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The phenomenon to generate induced If coil has N turns, then E = NBAoosinoot

current or induced emf by changing the NBAoo sin oot .
Hence, I = = 10 smoot
magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit is R
known as Electromagnetic Induction (EMI). NBAoo .
where, 10 = -- = Peak: value of mduced current.
R
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Faraday's Law of Fleming's Right Hand Rule

Electromagnetic Induction If the thumb, forefinger and central Motion

finger of right hand are stretched

Faraday's First Law
Whenever the amount of magnetic flux
linked with the closed loop or circuit changes,
an emf induces in the loop or circuit which
lasts so long as change in flux continues.
mutually perpendicular to each
other such that the forefinger
points the direction of magnetic
field, thumb points towards the ~
Induced
direction of motion of conductor, current
then central finger points towards
the direction of induced current in the conductor.
182 o Chapterwise CSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

2. Figure shows a current carrying solenoid

Motional Emf due to moving towards conducting loop. Find the
Translatory Motion direction of the current indU the loop.
Let a conducting rod of length I be moving with
a uniform velocity v perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field B , an induced emf is set up. The
magnitude of the induced emf will be
e = EI, e = Blv
R~O0.. 10120150

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3. The electric current flowing in a wire in the
[In equilibrium PI = Em, IE = IvB, E = vB] direction from B to A decreasing. Find out
If the rod is moving such that it makes an angle the direction of the induced current in the
a with the direction of the magnetic field, then metallic loop kept the wire as shown in the
e = Blv sine. Hence, for the motion parallel to B, figure.
o

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the induced emf is zero.

Motional Emf due to Rotational A -----+--- B All Indio 2014-

Motion 4. Two spherical bobs, one metallic and the

other of glass, of the same size are allowed
The induced emf developed between two ends of
to fall freely from the same height above
conductor of length I rotating about one end
the ground. Which of the two would reach
with angular velocity 0> in a direction
earlier and why? Oelhl2014
perpendicular to magnetic field is given by,
IT
2 5. A flexible wire of irregular shape, abed as
e = Bo> 12 = Bz2rcv = BZ rc, shown in the figure, turns into a circular
2 T shape when placed in a region field which
where, v = frequency (cycle/s) and T = time is directed normal to the plane of the loop
period. away from the reader. Predict the direction
of the induced current in the wire.
H
Foreign 2014
x x x x x x
x
x
O

x
x
x

PREVIOUS YEARS' x x x x x x
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6. In the given figure, a bar magnet is quickly

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS moved towards a conducting loop having a
TOPIC 1 capacitor. Predict the polarity of the plates
A and B of the capacitor.
o 1 Mark Questions All Indio 2014C. 2010C; HOTS

1. A long straight current carrying wire

passes normally through the centre of
circular loop. If the current through the
wire increases, will there be an induced
(s ~m_m-e-
emf in the loop? Justify. !lelhl 2017
CHAPTER 6 : Electromagnetic Induction 183

7. State Lenz's law. A metallic rod held

horizontally along east-west direction, is
o 2 Marks Questions
allowed to fall under gravity. Will there be 14. Predict the polarity ofthe capacitor in
an emf induced at its ends? Justify your the situation described by adjoining as
answer. Deihl 2013 shown in figure. Explain the reason too.
8. On what factors does the magnitude of the
emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic
flux depend? Foreign 2013

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9. State the Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction. Foreign 2009, 2012
10. The closed loop PQRS of wire is moved
HOTS: Delhi 2013C, 2011:Alllndla 2011
into a uniform magnetic field at right

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angles to the plane of the paper as shown 15. A metallic rod of length L is rotated with
in the figure. Predict the direction of the angular frequency ofro with one end
induced current in the loop. Foreign 2012 hinged at the centre and the other end at
x x x x x x x x the circumference of a circular metallic

" " -1" I:

x x x x x x x x
ring of radius L, about an axis passing
through the centre and perpendicular to
the plane of the ring. A constant and
uniform magnetic field B parallel to the
11. Predict the direction of
IT axis is present everywhere. Deduce the
induced current in
I
expression for the emf between the centre
metal rings 1 and 2
and the metallic ring. Deihl 2012
when current I in the
wire is steadily decreasing? Deihl 2012 16. A current is induced in coil C1 due to the
12. A bar magnet is moved in the direction motion of current carrying coil C2•
H
indicated by the arrow between two coils
PQ and CD. Predict the directions of
induced current in each coil.
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(i) Write any two ways by which a large

A A deflection can be obtained in the
All India 2012 galvanometer G.
13. Two loops of different shapes are moved (ii) Suggest an alternative device to
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into a region of uniform magnetic field in demonstrate the induced current in

the directions marked by arrows as shown place of a galvanometer. Deihl 2011
in the figure. What is the direction of the 17. A magnet is quickly moved in the
induced current in each loop? Foreign 2010 direction indicated by an arrow between
x x x x x two coils C1 and C2 as shown in the figure.

a<1-x
x
c

b
x x

x
x

Xd0,-
9
x
C(ffi
dNSQ IOC' Q
e
x x x x x
B
184 o Chopterwise cast Solved Papers PHYSICS

What will be the direction of induced

current in each coil as seen from the
o 3 Marks Questions
magnet? Justify your answer. Foreign 2011 23. A square loop of side 20 em is initially
kept 30 ern away from a region of uniform
18. Two identical loops, one of copper 'and the
magnetic field of 0.1 T as shown in the
other of aluminium are rotated with the
figure. It is then moved towards the right
same angular speed in the same magnetic
with a velocity of 10 cm S-l till it goes out
field. Compare
of the field. Plot a graph showing the

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(i) the induced emf and variation of
(ii) the current produced in the two coils. (i) magnetic flux (<1» through the loop
Justify your answer. All Indio 2010 with time (t).
19. (i) When primary coil P is moved (ii) induced emf (E) in the loop with
towards secondary coil S (as shown time t.

SI
in the figure below), the (iii) induced current in the loop, if it has
galvanometer shows momentary resistance of O.Hl.
deflection. What can be done to have
larger deflection in the galvanometer
I-I-I-I~ B .Ldown
x-x-x-x-x
with the same battery?
~ 10 cms-
1
~-~-~-~-~ 0--
0-0.
S p

D
20cm
+---+
30cm
+--+
I I I I I
x-x-x-x-x
I I I I I
x-x-x-x-x
IT
!--.-80cm~

G V Delhi 2016
(ii) State the related law. Deihl 2010 24. (i) A rod of length l is moved horizontally
20. A coil Q is connected to low voltage bulb B with a uniform velocity v in a
and placed near another coil P as shown direction perpendicular to its length
H
in the figure. Give reasons to explain the through a region in which a uniform
following observations. magnetic field is acting vertically
(i) The bulb Blights. downward. Derive the expression for
the emf induced across the ends of
(ii) Bulb gets dimmer, if the coil Q is
the rod.
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moved towards left.

(ii) How does one understand this
AC source
B motional emf by invoking the Lorentz
.---{'''v}----,
force acting on the free charge
carriers of the conductor? Explain.
All India 2014
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25. Consider the motion of a charged particle

-Q p of mass m and charge q moving with
Delhi 2010
velocity v in a magnetic field B.
21. State the law that gives the polarity of the (i) If v is perpendicular to B, then show
induced emf. All Indio 2009 that its describes a circular path
having angular frequency (0 = qBI m.
22. State Lenz's law. Give one example to
(ii) If the velocity v has a component
illustrate this law. The Lenz's law is a
parallel to the magnetic field B, then
consequence of the principle of
trace the path described by the
conservation of energy. Justify this
particle. Justify your answer.
statement. All India 2009
All India 2014C
CHAPTER 6 : Electromognetic Induction 185

26. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are

moving out of a uniform magnetic field
region with a constant velocity v as shown
in the figure. In which loop do you expect
the induced emf to be constant during the
passage out of the field region? The field
is normal to the loops.
x x x x x x x x
o 5 Marks Questions
29. (i) Describe a simple experiment (or
activity) to show that the polarity of
emf induced in a coil is always such
that it tends to produce a current
which opposes the change of
x x x x magnetic flux that produces it.

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(ii) The current flowing through an

I :: :: l-7
x x
inductor of self-inductance L is
x
v
x x~'
x x x x x continuously increasing. Plot a graph
x x x x x x x x x x x x showing the variation of
All India 2011C (a) magnetic flux versus the current.

27. (i) State Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction.
(ii) A jet plane is travelling towards west
at a speed of 1800 km/h. What is the
voltage difference developed between
the ends of the wing having a span of
25 m, if the earth's magnetic field at
the location has magnitude of
IT
5 x 10-4 T and the dip angle is 30°?
All India 2009
28. Figure shows a rectangular conducting
loop PQRS in which arm RS of length I is
movable. The loop is kept in a uniform
H
magnetic field B directed downward
perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
The arm RS is moved with a uniform
speed v.
xp x x xS x
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SI
(b) induced emf versus dIl dt.
(c) magnetic potential energy stored
versus the current. Delhi 2014
30. A metallic rod of length I and resistance R
is rotated with a frequency v, with one
end hinged at the centre and the other
end at the circumference of a circular
metallic ring of radius I, about an axis
passing through the centre and
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A
constant and uniform magnetic field B
parallel to the axis is present everywhere.
(i) Derive the expression for the induced
emf and the current in the rod.
(ii) Due to the presence of the current in
the rod and of the magnetic field,
find the expression for the magnitude
and direction of the force acting on
x x

this rod.

T: : : : : : :
I v
(iii) Hence, obtain the expression for the
power required to rotate the rod.

1: : : : : : : All India 2014C

31. State Faraday's law of electromagnetic

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xQ x x xR x x x
induction.
Deduce an expression for Figure shows a rectangular conductor
(i) the emf induced across the arm RS PQRS in which the conductor PQ is free
(ii) the external force required to move to move in a uniform magnetic field B
the arm and perpendicular to the plane of the paper.
(iii) the power dissipated as heat. The field extends from x = 0 to x = b and is
All India 2009 zero for z > b. Assume that only the arm
186 o Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

PQ possesses :: :S~:~·;::;:=;:I~;;::=="== 6. As, the magnet moves towards the coil, flux linked with
the coil increases, hence according to the Lenz's law, it
resistance r. .p.
will oppose the change.
When the arm • • •
PQ is pulled ••• " Here, the North pole is approaching the magnet, so
••• -Q-
outward from !-!===~~~~=~~ the induced current in the face of loop viewed from
x = 0 to x = 2b ···R· .
x=o x=b x':2b
left side will flow in such a way that it will behave
like North pole, so South pole developed in loop when
and is then viewed from right hand side of the loop. The flow of
moved backward to x = 0 with constant induced current is clockwise, hence A acquires

R
speed v, obtain the expressions for the positive polarity and B requires negative. (1)

flux and the induced emf.
Sketch the variation of these quantities
with distance 0 ~ x ~ 2b. All India 2010
7. Lenz's law states that the direction of induced emf or
induced current in a circuit is such that it opposes the
cause or the change that produces it. Yes, emf will be
induced in the rod, as there is change in magnetic flux.

SI
o Explanations When a metallic rod held horizontally along
East-West direction, is allowed to fall freely under
gravity, i.e. fall from North to South, the intensity of
1. The flux created by straight magnetic lines of the earth's magnetic field changes
current carrying wire is through it, i.e. the magnetic flux changes and hence
depicted in the figure. the induced emf in it. (1)
As, induced emf (e) oc rate
of change of magnetic B. The magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit due
to magnetic flux depends on the time rate of change
flux (IPB)
of magnetic flux through the circuit.
and IPB = B . A = BAcos e
IT
Here, Bl..A ~ IPB = BAcos 90°= 0 Iq= dIP
So, induced emf = 0 dt (1)

Hence, a change in current of wire will not
create any emf in the loop. (1)
2. The direction of current in the coil is
anti-clockwise.
H
3. According to Lenz's law, the direction of
induced current will oppose the cause of its
production. So, the current in loop will induce
in such a way that it will support the current
flowing in the wire i.e., in the same direction.
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9. On the basis of his experiment, Faraday gave the
following two laws:
First law Whenever magnetic flux linked with a
(1) circuit changes, an emf closed (and hence a current)
is induced in it which lasts, so long as change in tlux
continuous. (112)
Second law The emf induced in loop or closed circuit
is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with the loop

So, the direction of current in the loop will be i.e. e -dIP or e = _ N dIP
oc

clockwise. (1) dt dt
4. The glass bob will reach earlier on ground as where, N = number of turns in the coil and negative
acceleration due to gravity is independent of sign indicates the Lenz's law. (112)
mass of the falling bodies. Being insulator, no 10. Since, magnetic flux increasing when the loop moves
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induced current is developed in it due to the into uniform magnetic field. So, the induced current
earth's magnetic field. (112 + 1/2) should oppose this increase. Thus, flow will be from
QPSRQ. i.e. anti-clockwise. (1)
5. The wire is expanding to from a circle, which
means that force is acting outwards on each 11. Current in the wire is
part of the wire because of the magnetic field steadily decreasing, so the
(acting in the downwards direction). The induced current in rings 1 I
direction of the induced current should be and 2 will flow in such a way
such that it will produce magnetic field in that it opposes the decrease
upward direction (towards the reader). Hence, of current. So, it will flow in same direction. Now,
from the figure. It is clear that the direction of
the force on the wire will be towards inward
induced current in
direction, i.e. induced current is flowing in
anti-clockwise direction in the loop from ebade. (i) ring 1 is clockwise.
(1) (ii) ring 2 is anti-clockwise. (1)
CHAPTER 6 : Electromagnetic Induction
12. According to Lenz's law, induced current always
flows in such a direction that it opposes the
change in magnetic flux responsible for its
production.
From the figure, it is clear that North pole of the
magnet is moving away from coil po, so the
direction of current at end Q will flow in such a
way that it will oppose the away moment of
North pole, so it has to act as South pole. Hence,
the direction of current will be anti-clockwise.
Again, the South pole is approaching towards coil
CD, so end C of the coil will act as South pole (to
oppose the approaching of South pole). Hence,
the direction of current will be clockwise. (1)
13. The induced current always opposes the change
in magnetic flux. Loop abc is entering the
magnetic field, so magnetic flux linked with
loop tends to increase, so current induced in
loop abc is anti-clockwise to produce magnetic
field upward to oppose the increase in flux.
Loop de!9 is leaving the magnetic field; so flux
linked with it tends to decrease, the induced
current will be clockwise to produce magnetic
field downward to oppose the decrease in
IT
magnetic flux. (1)
14. According to figure shown in the question,
induced current is in anti-clockwise, when seen
from left hand side and its direction is in
clockwise when seen from right hand side. Thus,
direction of induced current is in clockwise sense.
H
This implies that plate A of the capacitor is at the
higher potential than plate B, i.e. B is as negative
plate while A is as positive plate. (1)
15. To calculate the induced emf, first we have to find
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the change in flux. Here change in flux occurs due
to change in area because of revolution of the rod.
Then we can calculate the induced emf.
Angular velocity of rod, W = 21t
T
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where, T = time period
:. Charge in flux in one revolution = BA = B (nL2)
According to Faraday's law of EMI, magnitude
of induced emf
e e !~
e B~' ~'e (~) [T e :
e = ~BWL2
2 that produces it.
This is the required expression.
18
16. Large deflection means a high current fOTsh'drt time.
So, to produce large deflection, induced current
should be high and to produce high induced current,
rate of change of flux should be high, i.e. more
change in flux in less time.
(i) Large deflection in the galvanometer can be
obtained when change in magnetic flux is fast.
So, according to the diagram given in question,
(a) by moving quickly, the coil C2 towards
R
C1 or by moving quickly the coil C2 away
from C1.
(b) by switching off and on the key. (1)
(ii) Alternating device in place of galvanometer can
be LED or bulb. (1)
SI
17. As N-pole of the magnet is moving away from the
coil CI' therefore the coil will behave as South-pole
and opposes the motion of the magnet. This implies
the current in the coil is anti-clockwise. (1)
Also in coil C2, it behaves as S-pole in order to repel
the coming magnet. This implies current in the coil
is anti-clockwise. (1)
18. (i) The induced emf in both the loops will be same
as areas of the loop and time periods are same as
they are identical and rotated with same
angular speed. (1)
(ii) The current induces in Cu coil is more than
Al coil as Cu coil has lesser resistance and I oc ~
R
(for the same voltage) (1)
(1)
19. (i) According to the figure, the coil P should be
moved quickly towards or away from the coil S. (1)
(ii) The laws involved here are Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction.
For statement Refer to Ans. 8. (1)
20. The current, responsible for the lighting of the bulb is
of the induced nature, which depends on change of
flux.
(i) Due to varying current in P, the flux linked with
P change and hence Q changes, which in turn
induces the emf in Q and bulb B lights, where P
and Q are coils (1)
(1) (ii) When Q is moved left or it goes away from P, the
lesser flux charge takes place in Q. This leads to
decrease the value of rate of change of magnetic
1 flux and hence, lesser emf and bulb B gets
dimmer. (1)
(1/2) 21. Lenz's law gives the polarity of induced emf. The
induced emf (or current) always opposes the cause
(2)
(112) Refer to Ans. 7 (Lenz's law)
 188 o ehapterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

t 22. Lenz's law The induced emf of induced (ill) Induced current,
current is a circuit which always opposes the 3
I=~= 2xlO- =2xlO-2A
cause that produces it. R 01
v
s N s 2X1(f
I (A)r-.-----'--:-'..+
-z« 10-2

R
(1)

(1)
24. (i) Consider a straight
When North pole of the bar magnet approaches conductor moving
towards the loop, the induced current in coil is with uniform velocity
anti-clockwise (forming North pole of current v and U shaped I V X

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loop) when viewed from magnetic side. The face conductor placed in
of coil being North pole opposes the arrival of perpendicular
North pole of magnet. Hence, opposes the cause magnetic field as
that produces it. (1/2) shown in the figure.
Also, certain amount of work has to be done by Let conductor shifts from ab to a' b' in time dt,
external agency to bring the North pole near the then change in magnetic flux
coil in against of force of repulsion applied by d<1>= B x change in area
induced current loop. The work done by external
= B x (area a' b' ab) = B x (l x v dt) (112)
agency appears in the form of electrical energy.
IT .. d<1>= Bvl
So, Lenz's law is a consequence of the principle
of law of conservation of energy. (112) dt (1)

23. Given, I = 20cm = 0.2 m, .. Induced emf I e I = d<1>= Bvl

dt
B = 0.1 T, v = 10 cms " = 0.1 rns " Thus, the emf induced across the ends of conductor
(i) Magnetic flux through loop = Blx <1> = B·A due to its motion is called motional emf.
= 0.1 x 0.2x 0.2 = 0.004 Wb = 4 X 1O-3Wb (ii) During motion, free e" are shifted at +
H
<1>max (1)
one end due to magnetic force so
t due to polarisation of rod electric
<1> (Wb)
4x1o-J field is produced which applies
electric force on free e" in opposite
e
direction. Thus, induced will be V
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motional. (1/2)
t (s) At equilibrium of Lorentz force,

(ii) Induced emf, E= -d<1> = -Blv Fe + Fm = 0

dt ~ qE + q(v x B) = 0
IEimax = 0.1 x 0.2x 01 = 0.002 Y = zx 1O-3y E=-vx B= Bx V
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(1)
x--x-x-x-x
I I I I I I E I = I Bv sin 90° I
x--x-x-x-x
dv = Bu
C8-t-f-tBJ
x--x-x-x-x
dr
Po = Bvl (1)
r: I I I I I 25. (i) Force acting on the charged particle, moving
x--x-x-x-x
with a velocity v, in a magnetic field B.
2x10-3 F= q(v x B)
-+-
As, v..L B, I Force I = qvB
EM Since F..L v, it acts as a centripetal force and
-2x10-3
makes the particle move in a circular path, in
the plane, perpendicular to the magnetic field.
(112)
CHAPTER 6 : Electromagnetic Induction ~B9

qvB=--
mv On flying the plane towards ,West, .• it
r intersects the vertical component of magnetic
mv field which is given by
r=-
qB V = Be sin 0= 5 X 10-4 sin 30° = 2.5 X 10-4 T (1)
v
Now, 00=- where, V = vertical component of magnetic
r
field
00= qB PD = v (V) 1= 500 X (2.5 X 10-4) x 25
m (1)
= 3.125 V (1)
(ii) y

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28. According to the question,
x x x x
p R R'
I

T x x
I
I
I
X

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I - IL
I
I
V_

z
1
x
Q
x

x
$
x

x
:
I
I

$'
x

x
(1/2) j+-X1---+j
Component of velocity v parallel to magnetic field, I x2------~,1
will make the particle move along the field.
(i) Let, RS moves with speed v rightward and also
IT
Perpendicular component of velocity v. will cause RS is at distances Xl and x2 from PQ at instants
the particle to move along a circular path in the tl at t2, respectively.
plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. Hence, :. At tl, flux linked with loop 1, i.e. PQRS,
the particle will travel the helix path. (1) <ill = B(lxl)
26. Magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional Similarly, at instant t2, flux linked with loop 2
to the rate of area moving out of the field, <il2 = BI(x2)
H
for a constant magnetic field, :. Change in flux, 8<il = <il2 - <ill= BI (x2 - xtl
E= _d<il = _BdA 8<il= BI6x
dt dt (2) 8<il = BI 6x = Blv
For the rectangular coil, the rate of area moving M M
out of the field remains same while it is not so for By Faraday's law, magnitude of induced emf.
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the circular coil. Therefore, the induced emf for V=~I ru

the rectangular coil remains constant. (1)
(ii) If resistance ofloop is R, then I = vBI
R
27. Voltage difference between the ends of the wings
of plane is developed because plane is :. Magnetic force = Ibl sin 90°
intersecting the vertical component of earth's
= (V~/) BI = VB~/2
M

magnetic field due to which change in magnetic

flux takes place,
:. External force must be equal to magnetic
(i) For statement of Faraday's law of force and in opposite directions.
electromagnetic induction vB2/2
:. External force =--
Refer to sol. 9. (1) R (1)
(ii) Here, v = 1800 kmlh = 1800 x 2. (iii) As, P=I2R=(VBI)2 xR=
2 22
v B / xR
18
= 500 m/s (towards West)
R R2
d = 25 m Be = 5 X 10-4 T v2B2/2
.. P=--
Angle of dip, 0 = 30° = ~ rad
R ru
6
190 o Chopterwise CSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

29. (i) Refer to Ans. 17. (2) 31. In this question, first of all, we have to understand
the given limits carefully in which the magnetic flux
(ii) (a) Magnetic flux versus current
exists. Induced emf induces when change in the
flux takes place. In both forward and backward
journey, change in flux takes place.
---~---------~
For statement of Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction Refer to Ans. 9.
According to the figure given (1)

R
t (1)
Case I When PQ moves forward.
(b) Induced emf (i) ForO:5x<b
dI
versus - Magnetic field B exists in the region.
dt e
t
. . Area of loop PQRS = Ix
e e= L d1 . . Magnetic flux linked with loop PQRS,

SI
dt
dl ,
-
.. d
IS positive an e
$ = BA = Blx
dt d[ $ = BL\' ... (i) (b> x~ 0)(1)
is negative
constant.
and
(1)
at- [ii) For, 2b~x~b
(c) Magnetic potential energy stored versus B=O
current :. Flux linked with loop PQRS is uniform and
given by
$' = Bib ... (il)
IT
u x=b (112)

Forward journey
Thus, for b > x ~ 0 flux, $ = Blx ~ $ oc x
For 2b ~ x ~ b
1
Flux, $=Bbl (constant)
! L 12 ~
H
U= U oc [2
2 (1) Backward journey
30. (i) In the one revolution For b:5x:52b,
change of area, dA = 7t/2 $ = constant = Bbl (1)

:. Change of magnetic flux For 0:5 x:5 b,

O

d$ = B . dA = BdA cos 0° = B7t/2 $ = Blx (decreasing)

Period of revolution T Graphical representation
B7t12
(a) Induced emf (e) = -- = B7t12v Forward Return
T
journey journey
(b) Induced current in the rod,
M

I =!... = 7tvB12 $=Bbl

R R
(ii) Force acting on the rod,
(2)
1
<P
2/3
F = IlB= 7tvB
R
The external force required to rotate the rod x- (1/2)
opposes the Lorentz force acting on the
rod/external force acts in the direction opposite Case II For b>x~O, B=O
to the Lorentz force. (2)
As, $= Blx
(iii) Power required to rotate the rod.
7tvB2/3V ~ d$ = Bl dx = Bvl [: v = ~]
P=Fv=--- dt dt
R (1)
CHAPTER 6 : Electromagnetic Induction 191

Induced emf, e= _ = - vBI

d<l> Variation of induced emf
dt
Forward Return
For 2b ~ x ~ b, journey I journey
As, <1>' = d<l>'
Bbl =) - = 0 =) e =0 + Bvl ---------001----- I
dt I
I
I
Forward journey
For b > x ~ 0 =) e = - vBI
For 2b ~ x ~ b =) e = 0
emfl r---,----+:~2~b~b~--~O---
Backward journey I x-

R
I
For b > x ~ 0 =) e = vBI I
I

For 2b~ x~ b, e = 0 -Bvl I

I
I
I
(1)

SI
[TOPIC 2] Eddy Currents, Self and
Mutual Induction
2.1 Eddy Currents 2.2 Inductance
The current induced in bulk piece of conductor Flux linkage of a closely wound coil is directly
IT
when magnetic flux linked with the conductor proportional to the current [i.e. q>B oc ]
changes is known as eddy currents. The For a closed wound coil of N-turns, the same
magnitude of eddy current is given by magnetic flux is linked with all turns. The flux q>B
. Induced emf e through the coil changes, each turn contributes to
I = ---------
Resistance R the induced emf. Therefore, flux linked with the
coil (flux linkage) is equal to Nq>B'
H
Direction of eddy currents can be given by Lenz's
law or by Fleming's right hand rule. Then, total flux, Nq>B oc [.

o Eddy current causes undesirable heating and The constant of proportionality in this relation is
wastage of power in transformer. The heat called inductance.
produced by eddy currents may even damage
O

the insulation of coils. Self-Induction

o Eddy current can be minimised by taking
laminated core which consists of thin metallic
sheets insulated from each other by varnish and
placed normal to the direction of magnetic field.
M
The phenomenon of production of induced emf in
a coil, when a current passes through it,
undergoes a change.

... Total flux linked with coil, Nq> oc [

Applications of Eddy Currents Nq> = Ll

where, q> = flux linked with each turn and
Inspite of the undesirable effects, eddy currents are L = coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance.
used in many ways. Some of them are given below:
(i) Speedometer (ii) Induction meter Also, induced emf, e = _ dq> = _ L d[
dt dt
(iii) Induction furnace
SI unit of self-induction is Henry (H),
(iv) Electromagnetic shielding
whereL =_E_
(v) Electromagnetic damping d[ I dt
(vi) Energy meter
1 Henry (H) = 1 V-si A or 1 Tm21A or ohm-so
(vii)Induction motor
192 o Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

Self-Inductance of a Long Solenoid • Magnetic energy stored in an inductor

Self-induction of a long solenoid is one whose

u=!.. LJ2
2
length is very large as compared to its area of
where, I is the current in the inductor.
cross-section. The magnetic field B at any point
inside such a solenoid is practically constant and

given by L
J.l.N2A
= --- 2.3 AC Generator
I

R
A generator is an electrical machine that produces
where, N = number of turns,
electrical energy from mechanical work, just the
A = area of solenoid, and 1 = length of solenoid.
opposite of what a motor does. In a generator, the
shaft is rotated by some mechanical means, such
2.2 Mutual Induction as an engine or a turbine starts working and an

SI
emf is induced in the coil.
The phenomenon of generation of induced emf in
secondary coil when current linked with primary Principle
coil changes is known as mutual induction.
An AC generator is based on the phenomenon of
N2<P2= MIl
electromagnetic induction, which states that when
where, N 2<P 2 = flux linked with secondary coil
a coil is rotated in uniform magnetic field magnetic
II = current in primary coil flux linked with a conductor (or coil) changes, an
-MdI emf is induced in the coil.
According to Faraday's Law, e2 =
IT I
dt Insulated copper Axis motion
SI unit of mutual inductance is Henry (H). wire wound over ( : \
soft iron core =<; 8 Y c
[Where B2 = J.l.on2I2' BI = J.l.onlII Armature ,-- ,-----..-----i -
,, ,,
<PI = B2ANI = J.l.on2I2· AN I' , ,Strong
Field + t
<P2 = BIAN 2 = J.l.onlIj magnet S i----1r+---+-....--+!--! N Field
H
. AN 2]
: I: magnet
1 Henry (H) = 1 v-s, A or 1Tm2 / A. ,, ':
: l...-_~,
__-
__ -'_!
Mutual inductance (M) of closely wound ,4"----" , 0
solenoids, M = J.l. oN j N 2A , ,,
O

1 81
where, N j and N 2 = number of turns in primary Brush
and secondary solenoids, A = area of solenoid and 82 Slip ring
1 = length of solenoid Output
(Alternative
Some Important Points Related to
M

~----N~RMM~---~ em~
Inductance AC generator

• Two inductors are in parallel combination, then

equivalent inductance is given by Theory and Working
1 1 1 As, the armature of coil is rotated is uniform
-=-+-
L Lj L2 magnetic field, angle e between the field and the
normal to the coil changes continuously. Therefore,
where, Lj, L2 = coefficient of self-inductances
magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and an
of both coils.
emf is induced in the coil. According to Fleming's
Two inductors are in series combination right hand rule, current induced in AB from A to B
L = Lj + L2 and it is from C to D in CD. In the external circuit,
current flows from B2 to Bj.
CHAPTER 6 : Electromognetic Induction 193

If e is the emf induced in the coil, then 6. A light metal disc on the top of an
e= -Ndej> ~ e= NBArosinrot electromagnet is thrown up as the current is
dt switched on. Why? Give reason. All Indio 2013
[By Faraday's flux rule
7. How does the mutual inductance of a pair
e= - dej> = -~(NBAcost) of coils change, when
dt dt
(i) distance between the coils is
= NBArosinrot) increased and
where, N = number of turns in the coil,
(ii) number of turns in the coils is

R
B = strength of magnetic field,
increased? All Indio 2013
A = area of each turn of the coil,
to = angular velocity of rotation of the coil 8. How can the self-inductance of a given
e NBAro. coil having N number of turns, area of
and I =- =
--smrot, cross-section A and length I be increased?
R R

SI
Foreign 2009; Delhi 2012
where R = resistance of the coil.
By Faraday's flux rule 9. A plot of magnetic flux <\l A
(ej> ) versus current (1) is
e= - dej> =
-~[NBAcosrot] shown in the figure for
dt dt
two inductors A and B. B
= NBArosinrot Which of the two has
larger value of self
-inductance? Delhi 2010 ""'-------1
IT
PREVIOUS YEARS' 10. Define mutual inductance.
unit. Foreign 2009
Give its 81

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 11. Mention any two useful applications of

eddy currents. Delhi 2009C
TOPIC 2
o 2 Marks Questions
H
o 1 Mark Questions 12. What are eddy currents? Write their two
1. What is the direction of induced currents applications. All Indio 2012
in metal rings 1 and 2, when current 1 in
13. Define mutual inductance between two
O

the wire is increasing steadily? long coaxial solenoids. Find out the
0 1 expression for the mutual inductance of
inner solenoid of length I having the
radius r1 and the number of turns n1 per
All Indio 2017
unit length due to the second outer
M

2. Define the term self-inductance of a coil.
Write its 81 unit. Delhi 2015; All Indio 2010
3. A metallic piece gets hot when surrounded
by a coil carrying high frequency
alternating current. Why? Delhi 2D14C
4. Why is the core of a transformer
laminated? Delhi 2D13C
5. The motion of copper plate is damped,
when it is allowed to oscillate between the
two poles of a magnet. What is the cause
this damping? All Indio 2013
solenoid of same length and n2 number of
turns per unit length. Delhi 2012
14. Current in a circuit falls steadily from
2.0 A to 0.0 A in 10 ms. If an average' emf
of 200 V is induced, then calculate the
self-inductance of the circuit. Foreign 2011
15. Two concentric circular coils, one of small
radius r and the other of large radius R,
such that R» r, are placed coaxially with
centres coinciding. Obtain the mutual
inductance of the arrangement.
All Indio 2009C. 2010C. 2011C
194
16. Two concentric circular coils G and C2,
radius r1 and r2 (r1 «r2) respectively are
kept coaxially. If current is passed
through C2, then find an expression for
mutual inductance between the two coils.
All India 2011C. 2009; Foreign 2011
17. A source of emf e is used to establish a
current 1 through a coil of
self-inductance L. Show that the work
done by the source of build up the
current 1 is..! L12.
2 Delhi 2010C
o 3 Marks Questions
SI
, {
'18. (i) Define the term 'self-inductance'
and write its SI unit.
(ii) Obtain the expression for the mutual
inductance of two long co-axial
solenoids 81 and 82 wound one over
the other, each of length L and radii
IT
r1 and r2 and n1 and n2 number of
turns per unit length, when a current
1 is set up in the outer solenoid 82•
Delhi 2017
19. Define mutual inductance between a pair
of coils. Derive an expression for the
H
mutual inductance of two long coaxial
solenoids of same length wound one over
.the other. All India 2017
20. (i) Define mutual inductance.
O
(ii) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual
inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in
one coil changes from 0 to 20 A in
0.5 s, what is the change of flux
linkage with the other coil? Delhi. 2016
M
21. (i) Define self-inductance. Write its SI
unit.
(ii) A long solenoid with 15 turns per ern
has a small loop of area 2.0 em 2
placed inside the solenoid normal to
its axis. If the current carries by the
solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 to
4.0 in O.ls, then what is the induced
emf in the loop while the current is
changing? Foreign 2015
o Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS
22. Draw a schematic sketch of an AC
generator describing its basic elements.
State briefly its working principle. Show a
plot of variation of
(i) magnetic flux and
(ii) alternating emf versus time generated
by a loop of wire rotating in a
magnetic field. Delhi 2015
R
23. Define the term self-inductance of a
solenoid. Obtain the expression for the
magnetic energy stored in an inductor of
self-inductance L to build up a current 1
through it. All India 2014
24. The current flowing in the two coils of
self-inductance ~ = 16 mH and L2 = 12 mR
are increasing at the same rate. If the
power supplied to the two coils are equal,
then find the ratio of
(i) induced voltages
(ii) the currents and
(iii) the energies stored in the coil at a
given instant. Foreign 2014
25. Starting from the expression for the energy
W = ..! L12, stored in a solenoid of
2
self-inductance L to build up the current 1,
obtain the expression for the magnetic
energy in terms of the magnetic field B,
area A and length 1of the solenoid having
n number of turns per unit length. Hence,
show that the energy density is given by
B2/21lo· Delhi 2013C
26. (i) Define self-inductance. Write its SI units.
(ii) Derive an expression for
self-inductance of a long solenoid of
length I, cross-sectional area A having
N number of turns. Deihl 2009
27. Define the coefficient of mutual induction.
A long solenoid of length 1 and radius r1 is
enclosed coaxially within another long
solenoid of length 1 and radius r2 (r2 > r1 and
I» r2). Deduce the expression for the
mutual inductance of this pair of solenoids.
Delhi 2009; All India 2008
CHAPTER 6 : Electromagnetic Induction
28. Deduce an expression for the mutual
inductance of two long coaxial solenoids
but having different radii and different
number of turns. All Indio 2009
o 5 Marks Questions
29. (i) Explain the meaning of the term
R
mutual inductance. Consider two
concentric circular coils, one of the
radius r1 and the other of radius
r2(r1 < r2) placed coaxially with centres
coinciding with each other. Obtain the
SI
expression for the mutual inductance
of the arrangement.
(ii) A rectangular coil of area A, having
number of turns N is rotated at f
revolutions per second in a uniform
magnetic field B, the field being
perpendicular to the coil.
Prove that the maximum emf induced
IT
in the coil is 21tfNBA. All Indio 2016
30. (i) Define mutual inductance and write
its SI units.
(ii) Derive an expression for the mutual
inductance of two long coaxial
solenoids of same length wound one
H
over the other.
(iii) In an experiment, two coils C; and C2
are placed close to each other. Find
out the expression for the emf induced
in the coil C; due to a change in the
O
current through the coil C2•
All Indio 2015
31. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of AC
generator and state its working
M
principle.
(ii) How is magnetic flux linked with the
armature coil changed in a generator?
(iii) Derive the expression for maximum
value of the induced emf and state the
rule that gives the direction of the
induced emf.
(iv) Show the variation of the emf
generated versus time as the armature
is rotated with respect to the direction
of the magnetic fields. Delhi 2014C
195
32. (i) State the principle on which AC
generator works. Draw a labelled
diagram and explain its working.
(ii) A conducting rod held horizontally
along East- West direction is
dropped from rest from a certain
height near the Earth's surface.
Why should there be an induced emf
across the ends of the rod?
Draw a plot showing the
instantaneous variation of emf as a
function of time from the instant it
begins to fall. Foreign 2012
33. State the working of AC generator with
the help of a labelled diagram. The coil of
an AC generator having N turns, each of
area A, is rotated with a constant
angular velocity 0). Deduce the
expression for the alternating emf
generated in the coil. What is the source
of energy generation in this device?
Delhi 2010
a Explanations
1. r:y
Induced current
~ is clockwise
-----'--1_--/ (increasing)
0--lnduced current is
anti-clockwise (1)
2. Self-inductance of a coil is equal to the total
magnetic flux linked with the coil, when unit
current passes through it.
Also, self-inductance of a coil, is equal to the emf
induced in coil, when rate of change of current in
coil is 1 A/s.
SI unit of self-inductance is 1 Henry (H)
1 H= 1 V-s/A (1)
NOTE Anyone definition is sufficient.
3. It becomes hot due to the eddy current produced
inh. rn
4. The core of a transformer is laminated because
of preventing eddy current being produced in
the core. (1)
196 o ehopterwise eSSE Solved Popers PHYSICS

5. As, the copper plates oscillate in the magnetic field As E= _ dcp = -M. dI
between the two poles of the magnet, there is a dt dt
continuous change of magnetic flux linked with Accor dimg to tee
h d fini
minon -dI = I
the pendulum. Due to this eddy currents are set dt
up in copper plate which try to oppose the motion then E=-M (1)
of the plate (according to plate the Lenz's law)
and finally bring it to rest. (1) NOTE Anyone definition is sufficient.

6. When the current begins to grow through the 11. (i) Magnetic brake.

R
electromagnet, the magnetic flux through the disc (ii) Magnetic furnace. (112 x 2 = 1)
begins to increase. This sets up eddy current in the 12. Eddy current Eddy currents are the currents
disc in the same direction as that of the induced in the bulk pieces of conductors when
electromagnetic current. (1/2)
the amount of magnetic flux linked with the
Thus, if the upper surface of electromagnetic conductor changes. (112)

SI
acquires N-polarity, the lower surface of the disc Eddy currents can be minimised by taking
also acquires N-polarity. As, same magnetic poles laminated core, consists of thin metallic sheet
repel each other, the light metallic disc is thrown insulated from each other by varnish instead of a
up. (1/2)
single solid mass. The plane of the sheets should
7. (i) As cp = MI, with the increase in the distance be kept perpendicular to the direction of the
between the coils the magnetic flux linked with currents. The insulation provides high resistance
the secondary coil decreases and hence, the hence, eddy current gets minimised.
mutual inductance of the two coils will Applications (1)
decreases with the increase of separation (i) Electromagnetic damping
IT
between them. (1/2) (ii) Induction furnace. (112)
(ii) Mutual inductance of two coils can be found
out by M = ~o n1 n2 A/, i.e. 13. Due to change in the current in the one coil flux
M oc n1 n2, so, with the increase in number of linked with the other coil is changing, we will
calculate mutual inductance on this basis.
turns mutual inductance increases. (112)
8. The self-inductance can be increased by the help The phenomenon of generation of induced emf
H
of electric fields. It does not depend on the current in a long solenoid due to a change of current in
through circuit but depends upon the permeability another neighbouring coaxial solenoid is known
of material from which the core is made up off. (1) as mutual induction. (1)
I The mutual induction for the pair of the solenoids
9. I Self-inductance of the inductor, L = cp II. is
O

The slope of I -cp graph gives self-inductance of the (1)

coil.
14. III =-2A
Inductor A have got greater slope than inductor B,
=:} M=10x10-3s =:}V=200V
therefore self-inductance of A is greater than
self-inductance of B. (1)
L =7
M

10. The mutual inductance of two inductors is .: Induced emf, e = - L III

numerically equal to magnetic flux linked with M (1)
one inductor when unit current flows through
another conductor. (1)
200 = - L (10 ::0 3 )
Or
The mutual inductance of two inductors is equal to
200 = L x 2 X 102
emf induced in one coil, when rate of change of
current in other coil is unity. :. Self-induction, L = I H (1)
SI unit of mutual inductance = Henry (H)
15. Let a current I2 flows through the outer circular
1H= I V-s/A
coil of radius R. The magnetic field at the centre
because M = ldt of the coil is
dI
CHAPTER 6 : Electromagnetic Induction 197

17. Here, we will use the concept of work

energy-theorem, i.e. here work against the emf
induced will be stored in the form of magnetic
energy.
The source of emf e establishes current in coil in
opposition of induced emf (Lenz's rule) and hence
does the work for the same. This work done by
source stores in the form of magnetic energy in
the coil.

R
(1)
Let, I current flows through the coil of
As r« R, hence field B2 may be considered to be self-inductance L at any instant t when rate of
constant over the entire cross-sectional area of . co il IS-.
ch ange 0f current ill i dI
inner coil of radius r. Hence, magnetic flux linked dt
with the smaller coil will be

SI
:. Induced emf, E = - L dI
~ = B2AI = Ilo 12. 1tr2 dt (1)
2R :. Work done in establishing the current in small
As, by definition ~ = M12 12 time interval dt is given by
Now mutual inductance, .\
dW = Pdt = - Eidt = - ( - L ~~) Idt
M12 = ~ = Ilo 1tr2
12 R dW=LIdI
But suppose M12 = M21 =M . . Total work done in increasing the current from

I
zero to I.
1trl
IT
f: f:
II
M=_r_o __
2 2
R (1) :. W = LI dI = L Idl = L [I: = ~ L (1 - 0 )

16. In case of two concentric coils when current flows

through one coil, the emf is induced in the other W = ~ LI2
coil. 2
This work is stored as the energy in the
H
Let current 12 passes through the coil C2. inductor. (1)

Magnetic field at centre due to current loop C2 18. (i) Self-inductance of a coil is defined as the
property due to which it opposes the change of
B _Ilo N2I2
2-
2r2
current flowing through it.
Self-inductance L can be expressed as follows
where, N2 = number of turns in coil C2• (112)
O

$= Li
.. Total magnetic flux linked with coil CI
Here, $ is magnetic flux linked with the coil
$1 = NI B2 Al (1/2) and i is the current flowing through it.
SI unit of self-inductance is Henry. (1)
$1 = NI (IlO N2I2 ) (1tr/)
2r2 (ii) Magnetic field B formed along the axis of outer
solenoid.
M

B = llonJ.
Flux linked with inner solenoid SI per turn.
= B· A = 1tr12B
2
= 1tr1 x Ilo n2 I (1)

Flux linked with whole of inner solenoid

having total number of turns nl L.
$ = 1tr/ x IlOn2 I x nl L
=:} MI2 = Ilo NI NJ 2 1tr12 Now, $= MI
2 r2 (M is mutual inductance)
2
2 So, MI = Ilo 1t rl nl n2L I
M = 1l01tN1 N2 rl
2
2 r2 M = Il 0 1trl nl n2 L (1)
(1)
198 o ehopterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

19. Mutual Inductance When two coils (or
solenoids) are mutually coupled, then change in
current of first coil causes a change in flux of
second coil and as a result an emf is induced in
second coil. This process is called mutual induction.
Mutual inductance is the number of flux linkages
of second coil per unit current in first coil.
21. Self-Inductance When the current in a coil is
changed, a back emf is induced in the same coil.
This phenomenon is called self-inductance. If Lis
self-inductance of coil, then
N<P oc I ~ N<P = LI ~ L = N<P
I
(1)
The SI unit of self-inductance is Henry (H). (W.)
(ii) Mutual inductance of solenoid coil system
M = I!ONIN2A2

R
I
Here, NI = 15,N2 = I, I = l cm = 10-2m,
A = 2.0cm2 = 20XI0-4m2
£2
:. M = 41tX10-7 xl5xl x 2. OxIO-4

SI
M -M - M - (N2(1>a)1I
- 12- 21---- 10-2
(lh
Its SI unit is Henry (H). =1207tXI0-9H
For 2 long solenoids assuming perfect coupling, Induced emf in the loop
As, flux linked with nnd solenoid oc current in £2 = M MI (numerically) = 1201t xlO-9 (4- 2)
1st solenoid. (1) ~t 01
.. N 2<PBl oc II = 120x 3.14xIO-9 x 2 = 7.5x IO-6V= 7.5 !lV.
01 (Wo)
N2<PBl = a constant = M
IT 22. Labelled diagram of AC generator is shown
II .
=mutual inductance of nnd coil w.r.t 1st. below. (1)

So, we have Principle AC generator works on the principle of

electromagnetic induction. Whenever amount of
- N2BIA2 - n2/2 (l!ontIdA2 --l-l n n
M -- M 21----- A 22
I
o l 2 magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an emf
II II is induced in the coil.
Here, II = 12 = I
H
It lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux
Also, A2 = Al = A (they are wound over same core). through the coil continues. (1)
Hence, 'M=l!onln2AI (Henry) (1) Axis
20. (i) The phenomenon according to which an Motion /
Armature ~ Field magnet
opposing emf is produced in a coil as a result
B /
O

of change in current or magnetic flux linked

with a neighbouring coil is called mutual
induction. Dllhl 2D16
M

(1%)

(ii) Emf induced in the secondary coil is given by

-Mdl
e=--
dt
d<p= -MdI
dt dt LoadR
~ d<p= -MdI Working When a dosed armature coil rotates in a
or, d<p = -1.5x 20 = -30Wb uniform magnetic field with its axis perpendicular
to the magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked
CHAPTER 6 : Electromagnetic Induction 199

with the loop changes and emf induces in the coil. magnetic field (B) at any point inside such a
Let initially angle between area vector of coil and solenoid is practically constant and is given by
magnetic field B is 0°. Thereafter, AB comes
B=lloNI ... (i)
downward and CD upward then by Fleming's right
I
hand rule induced current flows from B to A.
where, 110 = absolute magnetic permeability of
During the next half revolution, when CD comes
free space, N = total number of turns in the
downward and AB upward then current flows
solenoid and I = length of the solenoid.
from C to D. During the first half rotation, current
flows through BAS2 B2RBI DC and during next half :. Magnetic flux through each turn of the solenoid.

R
rotation along CD BI RB2S2AB. Hence, $ = B x area of the each turn
1 '" - Ndq, '" NBArosinrot, where 10 '" NBAro
dt $ = (110 ~ I) A
. 10, "
1 '" -smrot '" 10 smox where. A = area of each turn of the solenoid.
R m Total magnetic flux linked with the solenoid

SI
(i) Variation of magnetic flux with time = flux through each turn x total number of turns
N
N$=llo-IAxN ... (ii)
I
If L is coefficient of self-inductance of the solenoid,
then (e.g. soft iron)
.. N$ = LI ... (iii)
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
$ = BNA cos rot N 110 N2A
IT L!=1l0-1AxN or L=---
(ii) Variation of alternating emf with time , I (1)

e If core is of any other magnetic material 11 is

placed, then (e.g. soft iron)
1l=llollr
L = 11011 rN2A
H
I
The magnitude of emf is given by
e = BNAro cas rot (1)
I e I or e = L d1
23. Self-Inductance Self-inductance is the property dt
of a coil by virtue of which, the coil opposes any Multiplying (I) to both sides. we get
O

change in the strength of current flowing through et dt = LI dI ... (iv)

it by inducing an emf in itself.
But I = dq or Idt = dq
The induced emf is also called back emf. When dt
the current in a coil is switched on, the Also, work done (dW) = voltage (e) x charge (dq)
self-induction opposes the growth of the current
or dW = e x dq = eldt
and when the current is switched off. the
M

self-induction opposes the decay of the current. Substituting these values in Eq. (iv), we get
So, self-induction is also called the inertia of
dW = LldI ... (v)
electricity. Total work done in increasing the current from
zero to 10, we have

c:L
(1)
By integrating both sides of Eq. (v), we get

f IV
002
dW = f 10 Lid! ~ W = ~ LI~
This work done in increasing the current flowing
R (1) through the inductor is stored as the potential
energy (U) in the magnetic field of inductor
Self-Inductance of Long Solenoid A long
solenoid is one whose length is very large as 1 2
U=-LloC,
compared to its area of cross-section. The 2
 . ',,\

200 o ehopterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

24. Given, If I current flows through the coils, then

magnetic field is given by B = 110ni
L2 = 12 rnH
:. Magnetic flux linked with each turn
(i) Induced voltage is given by $ = BA = 110nIA
dI :. Total magnetic flux linked with solenoid
Induced V = L- (V = Induced voltage)
dt N$ = 1J10nIA)N
VocL Bu N$= LI
Vi=~ (as dI is same) where, L is coefficient of self-induction.

R
V2 L2 dt lJ1on1ZA) N = LI
Vi = 16 = ~ L = 110nAN
... (i)
V2 12 3 (1)
=110(~)AN
(ii) Power (P) = 1 V 2
L = 110AN
II = V2

SI
Now, (as P is the same) I
12 Vi
This is the required expression. (2)
~=~ ... (ii) 27. Refer to Ans. 10. (1)
12 4 (1)
Refer to Ans. 13 (2)
(iii) Energy stored is given by coil 1 and coil 2
1 2 28. Let coaxial solenoid P is wound over an another
EI = -LIII ... (ill)
2 solenoid.
1 r?
E,=-L1:"2 ... (iv) P 11 .L
- 2
.L
IT '2
On dividing Eqs. (ill) and (iv), we get '1

LIII2 = -16 x -9 [f rom E q. ( 11

IT
-EI = --2 .. )]
E2 LJ2 .12 16
12
EI =~ .••
s (1)
E2 4 (1)
H
Let I = length of both solenoid
25. Energy stored in the magnetic field, rl and r2 = radii of P and S
2 2 2
W=!.LI2=!.110 N A.~ A2 = 1tri [area of secondary coil, S]
2 2 L 11~ N2 Magnetic induction in solenoid, P
2 BI = 110nlil (1)
O

r =~(AL)2
where, n = NI = number of turn per unit length.
2110 I
2
fl': L = 110 N A ,B = 110 NL] :. Total flux linked with solenoid S
4>z = BI A2 N2
. L L (2)
We know that, energy density,
$2 = BI (1tri) N2 = 1J10nl II) 1tri N2
M

U
B
= Energy = »: [:.B = AL] $2 = (110 ~I .11) 1triN2
Volume 2110
$ _ 110 1t II NI N 2 ri ... (i)
Hence proved. (1) 2 - I

26. (i) Refer to Ans. 2. (1) But $2 = MIl

(ii) Let the radius and length of air cored solenoid where, M = coefficient of mutual induction
are r and I, respectively such that r« I and 2
~ MIl = 110 1t NI N2 r2 II
having n turns per unit length. I
N 2
n=- ... (i) M=l1o1tNI N2r2
I
I (1)
N = total number of turns
This is the required expression for coefficient of
mutual induction.
CHAPTER 6 : Electromagnetic Induction 201

29. (i) Whenever the current passing ~ <1>21= M2jII

through a coil or circuit (where, M21 = coefficient of mutual induction
changes, the magnetic flux (1 of the two solenoids)
linked with a neighbouring coil When current is passed through solenoid SI'
or circuit will also change. an emf is induced in the solenoid S2'
Hence. an emf will be induced (2
Magnetic field produced inside solenoid SI on
in the neighbouring coil or
passing the current through it is given by
circuit. This phenomenon is
called 'mutual induction'. Bj =~onIII

R
According to question. let the current in big
coil of radius r2 be II' so, magnetic field at
point 0 due to this coil will be ~oII .
2r2
Magnetic field produced inside solenoid (SI) on
passing the current through it.
BI =~onJI
Magnetic flux linked with each turn of
solenoid S2 will be equal to BI times the area

SI
Change in magnetic flux in the coil of radius
rl is of cross-section.
~ S2 = BIA
Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the
solenoid (S2)
Mutual inductance,
<1>21= BIA x n21
M = ~ = ~oII'Ttr/ = ~o'Ttr/
=~onl~ x A x n21
II 2r2 xII 2r2
<1>21= ~onl n2A~ I
This is the required expression. (3)
IT Here. we can write,
(ii) According to question, if the coil rotates with
M21 = ~onl n2AI ... (i)
an angular velocity of ro and N turns through
an angle 9 in time t, thus 9 = rot In the same manner. the mutual inductance
.. <I>= BAcos9 = BAcosrot
between the two solenoids, when the current
is passed through solenoid S2' then the emf is
As the coil rotates, the magnetic flux linked
induced in the solenoid SI and it is given by
with it changes. An induced emf is set up in
H
the coil which is given by M12 = ~onln2AI ... (ii)

e = -d<l> = -d (BA cosror) M12 = M21 = M

dt dt On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= BArosinrot M=~Onln2AI
For N number of turns, e = NBArosinrot Again Eq. (i) can be written as,
O

For maximum value of emf rot must be equals

to 90°. M = ~o( ~I )( ~2 )'TtrI2 x I

So. maximum emf induced is = NBAro

M = ~oNIN2A
i.e. e = NBA2'Ttf [":ro = 2'Ttfl (2) I (2)
M

30. (i) Refer the Ans. 10. (1) (ill) Suppose that a current I is flowing through
(ii) the coil C2 at any instant. Flux linked with the
coil CI is given by
<I>
oc I ~ <I>= MI ... (i)
where, M is the coefficient of mutual
induction.
(1) If e is the induced emf produced in the coil CI,
Let, nl = number of turns per unit length of SI' then
n2 = number of turns per unit length of S2' d<l> d
e = - = - -(Ml)
II = current passed through solenoid SI and dt dt
<1>21= flux linked with S2 due to current =_MdI
flowing through SI dt (1)
<1>21oc II
202 o Chopterwise.CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

31. For principle and working of AC generator, Refer 32. (i) Refer to answer Ans. 22. (3)
to Ans. 22. (2) (ii) As the earth's magnetic field lines are cut by
(iv) Thus, the direction of flow of current in the falling rod, the change in magnetic flux
resistance R get changed alternatively after takes place. This change in flux induces an
every half cycle. emf across the ends of the rod.
Thus, AC is produced in coil. (1) Since, the rod is falling under gravity.
Let at any instant total magnetic flux linked with v = gt (.: u = 0)
the armature coil is given G. Induced emf,
(where, e = wt is the angle made by area vector of

R
E=Blv ~E=Blgt
coil with magnetic field.)
Eoc(
Ijl = NBAcose = NBAcoswt
dljl = -NBAw sinwt ~ _ dljl = NBAw sinox
dt dt

SI
By Faraday's law of EM!, e = -dljl
dt
(2)
Induced emf in coil is given by,
e = NBAwsinwt ~ e = eo sin wt 33. Refer to Ans. 22. (4)
where, eo = NBAw = peak value of induced emf (1) Direction of induced emf can be determined using
Induced: Fleming's right hand rule given below: If we
I

emf: stretch the thumb and the first two Fingers of our
0: right hand in mutually perpendicular directions
and if the forefinger points in the direction of the
IT
magnetic field, thumb in the direction of motion of
the conductor; then the central finger points in the
direction of current induced in the conductor. (1)
o T/4 T/2 3T/4
Normal
-. Coil
The mechanical energy spent in rotating the coil in
magnetic field appears in the form of electrical &¥---G
H
energy. (1)

Value Based Questions (From Complete Chapter)

o 4 Marks Questions
O

Ans. The working of dynamo is based on the principle

1. Ram is a student of class X in a village
school. His uncle gifted him a bicycle with a
dynamo fitted in it. He was very excited to
get it. While cycling during night, he could
M
of Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction.
When a coil is rotated in a magnetic field,
magnetic flux linked to it changes continuously
giving rise to an alternating emf.
(i) Working When the armature coil is rotated in

light the bulb and see the objects on the road.
However, he did not know how this device
works? He asked this question to his teacher.
The teacher considered it an opportunity to
explain the working to the whole class.
Answer the following questions:
(i) State the principle and working of a
dynamo.
(ii) Write two values each displayed by
Ram and his school teacher.
All India 2016
the strong magnetic field, the magnetic flux
linked with the coil changes and the current is
induced in the coil. Considering the armature
to be in vertical position and as it rotates in
anti-clockwise direction, the side AB moves
upward and CD downward, so that the
direction of induced current is shown in figure.
In the circuit, the current flows along B1RLB2•
The direction of current remains unchanged
during the first half turn of armature. During
the second half revolution, the armature coil
AB moves downward and CD upward, so the
direction of current is reversed and in external
CHAPTER 6 : Electromagnetic Induction
circuit it flows along B2RLB1• Thus, the
direction of induced emf and current
changes in the external circuit after each
half revolution.
(ii) Ram is intelligent and a good learner. He
has awareness of Science and technologies.
His school teacher shows the value of
presence of mind, knowledge of subject,
concern for his students, etc.
Armaturecoil
~0
s elder brother surprised of this activity.
IT
H
2. Raj is in XII standard. His Physics
teacher uemonstrated an experirnen' '"')
explain Faraday's laws of
electromagnetic induction. Raj
interrupted his lecture and asked "Is
O
there any possibility of induced emf due
to the earth's magnetism"? The teacher
was stunned for a moment and gave this
question for group discussion. Finally
the students came out with correct
M
answer.
(i) Write the values that you learnt
from this incident.
(ii) What can be reason for Raj's
question?
203
Ans. (i) Team spirit, curiosity in quistiveness, students
have tendency to ask thought providing. (1)
(ii) When the wire in N-S direction is dropped freely,
(2) none of the components of the earth's magnetic
field is intercepted. So, no induced emf is
produced. When the wire is dropped freely in
East-West direction, horizontal component of
R
the earth's magnetic field is intercepted. So, emf
(2) is induced in the coil. (3)
3. Aaushi wanted to perform an experiment of
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
SI
She told her father to bring some of the
instrument such as a torch bulb, a coil and
a bar magnet. She connected the bulb with
the two terminals of the coil. And to check
for induced emf, she moved the bar magnet
back and forth near to the coil. The bulb
started to glow. All his mother, father and
(i) What are the values displayed by
Aaushi?
(ii) Give the Farday's law of
electromagnetic induction?
(iii) Write the equation to calculate induced
emf of a coil of N number of turns?
Ans. (i) Aaushi is an intelligent girl. She is innovative
and has good command over Physics. She
applied her knowledge of electromagnetic
induction.
(ii) The two laws of Faraday are as given below:
(a) An emf is induced, when magnetic flux
linked with the coil changes.
(b) The induced emf is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux.
(iii) For N number of turns in a coil induced emf is
given by
e = -N d$ (d$ = rate of change of magnetic flUX)
dt dt
The negative sign indicates the direction of
induced emf is such that it opposes the change
in magnetic flux.