SPARK SR. SEC.

SCHOOL
VELLORE – 632 055.

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

PHYSICS (042)
A Project Report On
SELF INDUCTION, MUTUAL INDUCTION AND THEIR
APPLICATIONS
Submitted by
CHAITANYA.K
RESHMA.M
TARUNIKA
Class: XII
 SPARK SR. SEC. SCHOOL,
VELLORE – 632 055.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Cadet CHAITANYA.K , CBSE Roll No:____________ has successfully

completed the project Work entitled SELF INDUCTION, MUTUAL INDUCTION AND THEIR

APPLICATION in the subject PHYSCIS (042) laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose

of Practical Examination in Class XII to be held in Spark Sr. Sec. School, Vellore–55. On

______________.

PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINAR EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

 SPARK SR. SEC. SCHOOL,
VELLORE – 632 055.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Cadet RESHMA.M , CBSE Roll No:____________ has successfully

completed the project Work entitled SELF INDUCTION, MUTUAL INDUCTION AND THEIR

APPLICATION in the subject PHYSCIS (042) laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose

of Practical Examination in Class XII to be held in Spark Sr. Sec. School, Vellore–55. On

______________.

PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINAR EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

 SPARK SR. SEC. SCHOOL,
VELLORE – 632 055.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Cadet TARUNIKA , CBSE Roll No:____________ has successfully

completed the project Work entitled SELF INDUCTION, MUTUAL INDUCTION AND THEIR

APPLICATION in the subject PHYSCIS (042) laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose

of Practical Examination in Class XII to be held in Spark Sr. Sec. School, Vellore–55. On

______________.

PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINAR EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

 TABLE OF CONTENTS [ T O C ]

DESCRIPTION
SER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
01

INTRODUCTION
02

SELF INDUCTION
03

MUTUAL INDUCTION
04

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTION

05

06 APPLICATIONS OF SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTION

CONCLUSION
07
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this
project. I express deep sense of gratitude to almighty God for giving me strength for
the successful completion of the project.
I express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents for constant encouragement while
carrying out this project. I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the individuals
who contributed in bringing this project up to this level, who continues to look after me
despite my flaws,
I express my deep sense of gratitude to the luminary The Principal, Munovara
Kouser, Vellore who has been continuously motivating and extending their helping
hand to us.
I express my sincere thanks to the academician The Vice Principal, Hemalatha
,Vellore, for constant encouragement and the guidance provided during this project.
I shall fail in my duty if I didn’t thank Mr. James Irudiyanathan , Master In-charge, A
guide, Mentor all the above a friend, who critically reviewed my project and helped in
solving each and every problem, occurred during implementation of the project
The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who are
contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. I am grateful for
their constant support and help.
 INTRODUCTION

What is Inductance?

Inductance is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a

change in the electric current flowing through it. L is used to
represent the inductance, and Henry is the SI unit of inductance. 1
Henry is defined as the amount of inductance required to produce
an emf of 1 volt in a conductor when the current change in the
conductor is at the rate of 1 Ampere per second.
An electric current flowing through a conductor creates a magnetic
field around it. The strength of the field depends upon the
magnitude of the current. The generated magnetic field follows any
changes in the current, and from Faraday’s law of induction, we
know that changing the magnetic field induces an electromotive
force in the conductor. Considering this principle, inductance is
defined as the ratio of the induced voltage to the rate of change of
current causing it. The electronic component designed to add
inductance to a circuit is an inductor.
Factors Affecting Inductance:

Following factors affect the inductance in a circuit:

 Number of Wire Turns in the Coil
Inductance is greater when the number of turns of wire in the
coil is greater. More coils of wires indicate a greater amount of
magnetic field force for a given amount of coil current.
 Coil Area
Inductance is proportional to the coil area. Greater the coil
 area, the greater the inductance. Greater coil area presents
less opposition to the formation of magnetic field flux for a
given amount of field force
 Core Material
The greater the magnetic permeability of the core to which the
coil is wrapped around, the greater the inductance.
 Coil Length
The longer the coil’s length, the lesser the inductance. The
shorter the coil’s length, the greater the inductance.

Types of Inductance:

Inductance is classified into two types as:

 Self Inductance
 Mutual Inductance
 SELF INDUCTION

What is Self Inductance?

When there is a change in the current or magnetic flux of the coil,

an electromotive force is induced. This phenomenon is termed Self
Inductance. When the current starts flowing through the coil at any
instant, it is found that, that the magnetic flux becomes directly
proportional to the current passing through the circuit. The relation
is given as:
ϕ=L × I
Where L is termed as the self-inductance of the coil or the
coefficient of self-inductance, the self-inductance depends on the
cross-sectional area, the permeability of the material, and the
number of turns in the coil.
The rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil is given as,
e=–dϕ/dt=–d(LI)dt
e=-L(dI/dt)
Self-inductance of a Solenoid:

Let us take a solenoid having N turns with a length l and a cross-

section area A and let current I flow through it. There will be a
magnetic field at any given point in the solenoid, so let us represent
it by B. The magnetic flux per turn will then be equal to the product
of B and the area of each turn.

We know that for a solenoid,

B=μ0NIlB=μ0NIl

μ0 is the permeability of free space.

So, the magnetic flux per turn will be given by the product of B and
the area of each turn which will be, μ0NIA/l.

Φ= μ0N^2I/l
Φ=LI

Hence, after substituting,

L=μN^2A/l------------------------- [SELF INDUCTION OF SOLENOID]
EXPERIMENTAL DIAGRAM
 MUTUAL INDUCTION

What is Mutual Inductance?

Consider two coils: P – coil 1(Primary coil) and S – coil

2(Secondary coil). A battery and a key are connected to the P-coil,
whereas a galvanometer is connected across the S-coil. When
there is a change in the current or magnetic flux linked with the two
coils, an opposing electromotive force is produced across each coil,
and this phenomenon is termed Mutual Inductance.
This phenomenon is given by the relation:
ϕ=MI
Where M is termed as the mutual inductance of the two coils or the
coefficient of the mutual inductance of the two coils.
The rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil is given as,

e= -dϕ/dt = -d(M I)/dt

e=-M (dI/dt)

Mutual Inductance of a Coaxial Solenoid:

Consider two coaxial solenoids of which the outer solenoid S2 has

radius r2 and N2 turns whereas the inner solenoid S1 has radius
r1 and N1 turns. Both the solenoids are of equal length.
When there is a current I2 in the solenoid S2, the magnetic induction
due to I2 is given by,
B2=μ0n2I2=μ0N2l2/L.
The corresponding flux linkage with solenoid S 1 is,
N1ϕ12=N1B2.A1

N1ϕ12=N1μ0N2I2/L.πr1^2….(11)
Also,
N1ϕ12=M12I2….(12)
On comparing (11) and (12),
M12=μ0N1N2πr1^2l
Similarly, when a current I1 is set up through S1, then the magnetic
flux linked in S2 is given by,
N2ϕ21=M21I1….(13)
Note that the magnetic flux due to current I1 in S1 is assumed to be
confined only inside the solenoid S1. Also the solenoids are very
long compared to their radii, the flux linkage in S2 is
N2ϕ21=N2(B1.A1)
→ (Area confined within S1.)

N2ϕ21=N2μ0N1l.I1.πr12….(14)
From (13) and (14),
M21=μ0N1N2/l*(πr12)=M12=M

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SELF AND MUTUAL

INDUCTANCE:

Self inductance Mutual inductance

In self inductance, the change in the In mutual inductance out of the two
strength of current in the coil is coils one coil opposes change in
opposed by the coil itself by inducing the strength of the current flowing
an e.m.f. in the other coil.

The induced current developed in

The induced current opposes the the neighboring coil opposes the
growth of current in the coil when the growth of current in the coil when
main current in the coil increases. the main current in the coil
ireasnces.

The induced current opposes the
decay of current in the coil when the
main current in the coil decreases.
The induced current developed in
the neighboring coil opposes the
decay of the current in the coil
when the main current in the coil
decreases.

APPLICATIONS OF SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE:

The examples of self and mutual inductance are plenty, with

applications found in transformers, electric generators, motors, and
airport metal detectors.
1. TRANSFORMERS:
A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of
electric energy. The transmission current is AC. It is commonly
used to increase or decrease the supply voltage without a
change in the frequency of AC between circuits. The
transformer works on basic principles of electromagnetic
induction and mutual induction.

WORKING PRINCIPAL OF TRANSFORMER:

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.
There are usually two coils primary coil and secondary coil on the
transformer core. The core laminations are joined in the form of
strips. The two coils have high mutual inductance. When an
alternating current pass through the primary coil it creates a varying
magnetic flux. As per faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
this change in magnetic flux induces an emf (electromotive force) in
the secondary coil which is linked to the core having a primary coil.
This is mutual induction.
Overall, a transformer carries the below operations:
1. Transfer of electrical energy from circuit to another
2. Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction

Ideal Transformer
The ideal transformer has no losses. There is no magnetic leakage
flux, ohmic resistance in its windings and no iron loss in the core.

EMF Equation of Transformer

N1 – number of turns in primary.
N2 – number of turns in secondary.
Φm – maximum flux in weber (Wb).
T – time period. Time is taken for 1 cycle.
The flux formed is a sinusoidal wave. It rises to a maximum value
Φm and decreases to negative maximum Φm. So, flux reaches a
maximum in one-quarter of a cycle. The time taken is equal to T/4.
Average rate of change of flux = Φm/(T/4) = 4fΦm
Where f = frequency
T = 1/f
Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
Form factor = rms value / average value
Rms value = 1.11 (4fΦm) = 4.44 fΦm [form factor of sine wave is
1.11]
RMS value of emf induced in winding = RMS value of emf per
turn x no of turns
Primary Winding
Rms value of induced emf = E1 = 4.44 fΦm * N1
Secondary winding:
Rms value of induced emf = E2 = 4.44 fΦm * N2

This is the emf equation of the transformer.

For an ideal transformer at no load condition,
E1 = supply voltage on the primary winding.
E2 = terminal voltage (theoretical or calculated) on the secondary
winding.

Voltage Transformation Ratio

K is called the voltage transformation ratio, which is a constant.

Case1: if N2 > N1, K>1 it is called a step-up transformer.
Case 2: if N2< N1, K<1 it is called a step-down transformer

2. AC GENERATOR:

AC generators work on the principle of Faraday’s law of

electromagnetic induction. When the armature rotates between
the magnet’s poles upon an axis perpendicular to the magnetic
field, the flux linkage of the armature changes continuously.
Due to this, an emf is induced in the armature. As a result, an
electric current flows through the galvanometer and the slip
rings and brushes.

Principle of Electric Generator

The operation of an electric generator is based on the
electromagnetic induction idea. The phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction refers to the generation of electric
current in a circuit by varying the magnetic flux connected to the
circuit.
The total number of magnetic field lines passing through a
particular region is known as magnetic flux. Moving a coil relative
to a magnet alters the magnetic flux associated with the coil,
resulting in emf in the coil.
Faraday established two laws that govern electromagnetic
induction. These are their names:
1. When the amount of magnetic flux linked to a circuit changes, an
emf is formed. The induced emf persists for as long as the
magnetic flux varies.
2. In a circuit, the amplitude of induced emf is exactly proportional
to the rate of change of magnetic flux coupled with the circuit.
There are several approaches for creating emf in a coil, including:
 Because of a coil’s and a magnet’s relative velocity.
 As a result of the relative motion of a coil and a current-carrying

wire
 By changing the current in a conductor close to the coil.

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule may be used to identify the direction of

the induced current produced in the coil: “Stretch the thumb, first
finger, and centre finger of your right hand such that they are
perpendicular to each other. The first finger points in the direction
of the magnetic field, the thumb in the direction of conductor
velocity, and the middle finger in the direction of induced current.”

The coil of the electric generator is spun in a magnetic field to

generate induced current. The resultant induced current fluctuates
in amplitude and direction at a rate of thousands of times per
second. Alternating current is the name given to this sort of energy
(AC).
Direct current DC is used when the current produced by the
electric generator does not change in direction or quantity.
Depending on the type of current produced by the electric
generator, we have a variety of generators.
Construction of AC Generator

Construction of AC Generator

The roles of each of these AC generator components are listed

below.
1. Field- The field is made up of conductor coils that receive
electricity from the source and generate magnetic flux. The
armature is cut by the magnetic flux in the field, which produces
a voltage. This voltage is the AC generator’s output voltage.
2. Armature- The portion of an AC generator that produces
voltage is known as the armature. This component largely
comprises of wire coils large enough to handle the generator’s
full-load current.
3. Prime Mover- The prime mover is the component that drives the
AC generator. A diesel engine, a steam turbine, or a motor might
all be used as the prime mover.
4. Rotor- The rotor is the rotating component of the generator. The
rotor is driven by the generator’s prime mover.
5. Stator- An AC generator’s stator is the stationary component.
To reduce eddy current losses, the stator core is made up of a
lamination of steel alloys or magnetic iron.
6. Slip Rings- Slip rings are electrical connectors that transport
electricity from and to an AC generator’s rotor. They are
primarily used to transfer electricity from a fixed device to a
revolving one.

Working of an AC Generator

The flux linkage of the armature varies continually as it revolves

between the poles of the magnet on an axis perpendicular to the
magnetic field. An electric current travels through the
galvanometer, slip rings and brushes as a consequence. The
galvanometer changes its value from positive to negative. This
implies that the galvanometer is receiving an alternating current.
Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule can be used to determine the direction
of the induced current.
Direct Current Generator (DC Generator): The current produced
by this form of electric generator does not alter direction or
amplitude. As a result, the frequency of DC is always zero.

Advantages of AC Generators over DC Generators

 Through transformers, AC generators may be simply stepped up

and down.
 Because of the step-up functionality, the transmission link size in
AC Generators is less.
 The losses in AC generators are lower than in DC machines.
 An AC generator is much smaller than a DC generator.

CONCLUSION:
Hence, I would conclude that the principle of self and mutual
induction is used in many appliances and various sectors especially
electronics.