MOUNT LITERA ZEE SCHOOL

BHAGABATIPUR, BHUBANESWAR

PHYSICS
SESSION: 2023-2024

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“To study the variation in current flowing in a circuit

containing LDR because variation in (a)The power of
incandescent lamp used to illuminate the LDR
(keeping all the lamp at a fixed distance)
(b)The distance of incandescent lamp (of fixed
power)to illuminate the LDR”

SUBMITTED BY: Under the Guidance of

NAME- Pranab Subrat Kumar Rout

CLASS – XII (SCIENCE) PGT (Physics)

ROLL NO:
MOUNT LITERA ZEE SCHOOL, BHUBANESWAR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sourav Suman Bhola, student of class XII
(Science) has successfully prepared the report on the project entitled
“To study the variation in current flowing in a circuit containing
LDR because variation in
(a)The power of incandescent lamp used to illuminate the LDR
(keeping all the lamp at a fixed distance)
(b)The distance of incandescent lamp (of fixed power)to
illuminate the LDR” under the guidance of Subrat Kumar Rout(PGT
, Physics).

This report is the result of her efforts and endeavours.

The report is found worthy of acceptance as final project report for
the subject Physics of class XII (science).

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

Principal’s Signature
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled, “ To study the
variation in current flowing in a circuit containing LDR because
variation in

(a)The power of incandescent lamp used to illuminate the LDR

(keeping all the lamp at a fixed distance)

(b)The distance of incandescent lamp (of fixed power)to illuminate

the LDR” submitted to Department of Physics, Mount Litera Zee
School, Bhubaneswar is prepared by me.

Sourav Suman Bhola

Class – XII (Science)

Roll No.-
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my project guide
Subrat Kumar Rout,for guiding me immensely through the course of the
project. He always evinced keen interest in my project. His constructive advice
and constant motivation have been responsible for the successful completion of
this project.

My sincere thank goes to Dr. Sudhansu Kumar Sahu (Principal) and Miss Mitali
Rani Chakrabarty (Vice-Principal) for his co-ordination in extending every
possible support for the completion of this project.

I must thank my classmates for their timely help and support for completion of
this project.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank all those who had helped directly or
indirectly towards the completion of this project.

Sourav Suman Bhola

Class – XII (Science)

Roll No.-
 INDEX

SL NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

Apparatus 2
01.
Theory 3
02.

Procedure 8
03.

Conclusion 10
04.
Source of errors 10
05.

Bibliography 11
06.
 APPARATUS
1)LDR(Light dependent resistor)
2)Connecting wires
3)Bulb holder
4)Bulbs of different power rating
5)Meter scale
6)Multimeter
7)Battery
 THEORY

1) LDR and its characteristics

When light is incident on it, a photon is absorbed

and thereby it excites an electron from valence
band into conduction band. Due to such new
electrons coming up in conduction band area, the
electrical resistance of the device decreases. Thus
the LDR or photoconductive transducer has the
resistance which is the inverse function of
radiation intensity.
𝒉.𝒄
𝝀𝟎 = 𝒆.𝑬
𝝎

𝝀𝟎 = threshold wavelength, in meters

𝒆 = charge on one electron, in Coulombs
𝑬𝒘 = work function of the metal used in Ev
Here we must note that any radiation with
wavelength greater than the value obtained in
above equation can not produce any change in the
resistance of this device.
The gap energy of Cadmium Sulphide is 2.42eV
and for Cadmium Selenide it is1.74eV. Due to such
large energy gaps, both the materials have
extremely high resistivity at room temperature.
Such large energy gaps,both the materials have
extremely high resistivity at room temperature.
2.) Characteristics of photoconductive cells
Now when the device is kept in darkness, its
resistance is called as dark resistance. This
resistance is typically of the order of 1013 ohms.
When light falls on it, its resistance decreases up
to several kilo ohms or even hundreds of ohms,
depending on the intensity of light, falling on it.
The spectral response characteristics of two
commercial cells were compared in our laboratory.
And we found that there is almost no response to
the radiation of a wavelength which was shorter
than 300nm. It was very interesting to note that the
Cadmium Sulphide cell has a peak response nearer
or within the green color of the spectrum within a
range of 520nm.
Thus it can be used nearer to the infra-red region
up to 750nm. It was found that the maximum
response of Cadmium Sulphoselenide is in the
yellow-orange range at 615nm and also it can be
used in the infra-red region up to about 970nm.
3.) Sensitivity
The sensitivity of a photo detector is the
relationship between the light falling on the device
and the resulting output signal. In the case of a
photocell, one is dealing with the relationship
between the incident light and the corresponding
resistance of the cell.
4.) Spectral Response;
Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a
photoconductive cell is dependent on the
wavelength (color) of the incident light. Each
photoconductor material type has its own unique
spectral response curve or plot of the relative
response of the photocell versus wavelength of
light.
 Procedure
1)Draw a diagram showing the scheme of the
connections as shown in the figure.
2)Make the connections as given in the diagram
Arrange the incandescent lamp and LDR so that
they are in same straight line,and make sure that
both are stable.
3)To find the resistance ,set the multimeter to ohm
section and select suitable range and measure the
resistance of LDR with a bulb on.
4)In multimeter select the switch to microampere to
get current.
5)Switch on the bulb and take different readings
with different powersources played at same
distance.
6)Now repeat these steps again with different
power sources at different distances and repeat the
observations.
Conclusion
• The LDR resistance decreases with increase in
intensity of light and hence there is an increase
in the flow of current.
• There is an increase in the current as the
distance from the source decreases.
• The intensity decreases as the distance from
the source increases
SOURCES OF ERROR
• The LDR may not be perpendicular to the
sources
• Connections may be fault
• Experiment should be conducted in a dark
room
• Measurements should be taken accurately
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

For the successful completion of my project,

I took help from the NCERT Book of class 12th and
researched via internet, links are provided below 👇🏻
NCERT Class-12 Physics
https://www.technologystudent.com/elec1/ldr1
Physics Lab Manual Class-12

https://en.wikipedia.org

https://www.google.co.in

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