INDEX

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. CERTIFICATE
3. Aim
4. Introduction
5. Theory
6. Material required
7. Circuit Diagram
8. Procedure
9. Observations
10. Conclusion
11. References

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 Acknowledgement
Kalyani Central Model School (affiliated to CBSE), Kalyani, Nadia, has
conducted the project session 2022-23, on the topic :

__________________________________________________________________

In this project, those who assist and inspired cordially are the honorable Principal
of our school Mr. Sanjay Adhya and the guide teachers Mr. Avishek
Bhattacharya and Mr Anshuman Biswas. So I must acknowledge them and also
the other teachers our school who lead me to make this work with their kind and
sincere efforts.

I also acknowledge the non-teaching stuff of our school who also help me to
complete this work.

I also remember and acknowledge all my school friends who continuously

help and cooperate with me in this project.

Thanking you.

Signature

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ______________________________________________
AISSCE Roll No.______________ session______________, student of Kalyani
Central Model School has prepared the project on the
Topic:_____________________________________________________________
______________________

The student has interacted with us during the project work. The student is very
energetic and obedient.

We wish him/her every success in his/her life.

Signature of the Principal

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 Project Topic:
LDR Darkness sensor circuit

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 AIM:

The project's goal is to illustrate the fundamentals of

electrical conduction while being affected by light.
Several applications are possible by using this simple
principle of LDR such as (a) Fire alarm, (b) Light
intensity meters (c) Automatic on/off of street light (g)
Automatic elevator doors, etc.
In this project, I have demonstrated the variations in
current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR. The main
part of the project is LDR of Light Dependent Resistor.
The project can be used in place of photo -voltaic cell . A
light intensity meter can be designed using this project.

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 Introduction:
A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor(LDR) is a
light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a
photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits Photoconductivity. A
photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector
circuits, and light and dark activated switching circuits.
These resistors use pure semiconductors like silicon or
germanium. When the light falls on the LDR, then the
electrons get excited by the incident photons and move
from the valence band to the conduction band and
therefore the number of charge carriers increases. In other
words, the conductivity goes up.
Distinction needs to be made here between photocells and
LDRs. In a photocell, when it is excited by light.
(photons), electricity is generated. Unlike photocells,
LDRS, do not generate electricity but only change their
conductivity.

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 Theory:
A light dependent resistor works on the
principle of photo. conductivity. Photo
conductivity is an electro-optical phenomenon
in which the material's conductivity cadmium
sulphide track increased when light is absorbed
by the material. Modern light dependent
resistors are made of materials such as lead
sulphide, lead selenide, indium antimonide and
most commonly cadmium sulphide (Cds) and
cadmium selenide.
When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on
the material, the electrons in the valence band of
the semiconductor material are excited to the
conduction band. These photons in the incident
light should have energy greater than the band
gap of the semiconductor material to make the
electrons jump from the valence band to the
conduction band. Hence when light having
enough energy strikes on the device, more and
more electrons are excited to the conduction
band which results in large number of charge
carriers. The result of this process is more and
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more current starts flowing through the device
when the circuit is closed and hence it is said
that the resistance of the device has been
decreased. This is the most common working
principle of LDR. This can be clearly seen from
the graph. The resistance of the LDR falls
rapidly with the increasing intensity of the
incident light. The converse is also true when
light intensity is reduced or cut off.

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A

transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is
commonly used to amplify current. A small
current at its base controls a larger current at
collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly
used for amplification and switching purposes.

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Material required:

1. LDR

2. Resistor -2 (1kilo Ohm and 50k)

3. LED

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4.Transistor (BC 547)

6. Incandescent bulb or Torch

7. Connecting Wires

8. Breadboard.

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9 A .9V Battery

Circuit Diagram

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Procedure

50K ohm resistor one end is connected with

Positive (9V) of battery and other end is
connected in series with LDR and LDR another
point is connected with negative of battery

here in video I have used 2 100Kohm resistor in

parallel because i dont have 50K one. 1K OHM
resistor one end is connected with Positive (9V)
of battery and other end is connected with anode
(positive) of LED Cathode (negative) of LED is
Connected with C (collectr) of BC 547
Transistor Emitter (E) of transistor is connected
with the negative of battery Base (B) is
connected Junction point of the 50K resistor &
LDR it is a simple and powerful concept , which
uses transistor ( BC 547 NPN) as a switch to
switch ON and OFF the LED LIGHT
automatically .
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 Observations
SERIAL NO DISTANCE FROM LDR LED RESPONSE
1 ON
2 OFF

Conclusion:

When the distance between light source and

L.D.R. increases the resistance of L.D.R.
decreases and LED shows on and off state.

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References:
1. NCERT BOOK of class XII
2. Wikipedia
3. www.google.com

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