An investigatory project of Physics for partial

fulfilment of term & conditions laid.

By: AISSCE 2022/23

Submitted By:-
BISWAJEET SRICHANDAN
Class: - XII, A
Roll No: - ________________

Under the estimated guidance of

MR. PRATIK MANDAL

Dept. Of Physics
 I would like to sincerely and profusely thanks to
my Physics Teacher MR. PRATIK MANDAL
Who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project which also helped me in doing
a lot of research. I came to know about many
things. And also I would like to thank him for
giving useful suggestion and relevant ideas that
facilitate for an easy and early completion of the
project.

At last I would like to thank God and my parents

for their blessing.
 This is to certify that Biswajeet srichandan of the
class XII Roll no _____________has completed his
CBSE Physics Investigatory Project on the topic
“LDR”. The project has not been copied from
anywhere and has been done under the guidance of
Physics Teacher.

I would also express my special thanks to the

members of School Physics Dept. for supporting me.

Signature of Guide Signature of Head of the Institution

Teacher (With Seal)

Signature of the External Examiner (With No.)

 I do hereby declare that the project

“LDR”
Submitted to
MR. PRATIK MANDAL

is a record of an original work done by me

gaining the knowledge to the project from
certain sources .

Signature of the student

 INDEX
1. AIM OF THE PROJECT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF
COMPONENTS

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. WORKING

6. CONCLUSION

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 1. AIM OF THE PROJECT

(a) Darksensor using L.D.R, led, battery,

transistor and a few resistors.

(b) Light
sensor using L.D.R, led, battery,
transistor and a few resistors.
 2. INTRODUCTION

In the society, sometimes street lights glow in

day time due to any reason. In mines area
people face many difficulties due to absence
of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly
areas, people face many problems due to
damaged street lights. For solve above these
problems, we create a device in which the
lights glow in night and in day time, they off
automatically and don't glow. Due to use of
it, we can solve above problems and can also
save electricity and men's power.
3. BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

1.TRANSISTOR: When a thin slice of p-type is

sandwiched between two blocks of n-type,
then n-p-n transistor is formed. It consists of
emitter, base, and collector. In the project,
common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is
used.

2.CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has

generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D
of different colours corresponding to the
value of resistance. In project, we use
 carbon resistance of two 100 kilo-ohms, 470
ohms and 330 ohms.

3.LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance

which is used to complete the circuit.
4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a
semiconductor light source. When a light-
emitting diode is forward-biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with
electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. In this
project, we use led of white colour.

5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism

shape with rounded edges and a polarized
snap connector at the top. In project, we
use 9-Volt battery.
6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually
cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal.
These are used to connect components.
4. Circuit Diagram
(a) Dark Sensor

(b)Light Sensor
5. WORKING
(a) Dark Sensor

Let 9V-DC is flowed in the circuit. When

light falls on LDR then the resistance of
LDR will decrease and approximate equal
to 10 ohms. 9V DC comes from 330 ohms
resistance and passes through an LED to
the collector end of the BC-547 transistor.
Also 9V DC comes through a 100 kilo-ohms
resistance to one end of LDR and to the
base of the transistor. When DC voltage
comes through the base of transistor, the
current starts to flow through the emitter
of transistor and completes the circuit to
the negative end of the DC voltage.
Another end of the 100 kilo- ohms resistor
is connected to the emitter. When light
falls on the LDR, the resistance offered by
the LDR is very high (nearly millions). The
current will not flow through the LDR and
the circuit won’t be shunted. Therefore the
circuit is complete through the 100 kilo-
ohms resistor and the led will glow. When
no light falls on the LDR, the LDR offers
very low resistance (nearly 10 ohms) and
the circuit is shunted and therefore the led
doesn’t glow. The LDR is also connected to
minimise the current flow to the battery.

 USES -

• It can be used in street lights.

• It can be used in mines areas.
• It can be used in hilly areas.
• It can be used in frontier areas.
• It can be used in houses.
• It can be used in jail lights.
• By using laser, it can be used for safety
purposes.
(b)Light Sensor

Let 9V-DC is flowed in the circuit. When

light falls on LDR then the resistance of
LDR will decrease and approximate
equal to 10 ohms. 9V DC comes from
470 ohms resistance and passes
through an LED to the collector end of
the BC-547 transistor. Also 9V DC
comes though one end of LDR and the
other end through 100 kilo-ohms and
to the base of the transistor. When DC
voltage comes through the base of
transistor, current starts to flow
through the emitter of transistor and
completes the circuit to the negative
end of the DC voltage. Another end of
the LDR is connected to the emitter.
When light falls on the LDR, the
resistance offered by the LDR is very
high (nearly millions). Therefore the
circuit is not complete and the led will
not glow. When no light falls on the
LDR, the LDR offers very low resistance
(nearly 10 ohms) and therefore the led
glows. The 100 kilo-ohms is connected
to minimize the current flow to the
battery.

 USES

• Byusing laser, it can be used for safety

purposes.
• It can be used to find the intensity
of sunlight falling on the LDR.
• It can be used in mines areas for
current indicator using
another light.
• It can be used in hilly areas.
• It can be used in houses.
• Byusing buzzer, it can be used for
security purposes in jails.

6. CONCLUSION

1. The LDR resistance decreases with

increase in intensity of light and
hence there is an increase anthem
flow of current.
2. There is an increase in the current
as the distance from the source
decreases.
3. The intensity decreases as the
distance from the source
increases.
 7.BIBLIOGRAPHY

 NCERT physics class XII

 Art of Electronics by paul worowitz

 www.wikipedia.com/

 www.electronics2000.co.uk/
links/education-hobby/