Ldr circuit

NAME – SOUMYADEEP
CHAKRABORTY
CLASS – XII
SECTION – SCIENCE (E)
ROLL NO. –02
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
• Certificate of efforts………………… 01
• Acknowledgement……………………02
• Objective……………………………...03
• Introduction…………………………...04
• Principle & theory…………………….05
• LDR model…………………………...10
• Conclusion ……………………………11
• Bibliography…………………………...12
This is to certify that SOUMYADEEP
CHAKRABORTY of class XII (SCIENCE-E)
has done this project on “LDR CIRCUIT”.
It was completed under my guidance and
supervision.
This project can be considered a part of
fulfillment of A.I.S.S.C.E. 2019-20.

____________ ____________
MR.ABDUL MOID MRS.SWATI RUDRA

(PHYSICS TEACHER) (PRINCIPAL)

______________________
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
I’d like to express my greatest gratitude to the
people who have helped and supported me
throughout my project. I’m grateful to MR.
ABDUL MOID for his continuous support for
the project, from the initial advice to
encouragement of this day.
I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided
support and interest, who inspired me and
encouraged me to go my own way, without
which I wouldn’t be able to complete this
project. At last but not the least I want to thanks
my friends who appreciated me for my work,
motivated me and finally to each and every
person who made this possible.
 The objective of this project is to study
about “LDR CIRCUIT” and to design an
appropriate circuit of LIGHT
DEPENDENCE RESISITANCE (LDR)
CIRCUIT. Various applications are
possible by employing this simple
principle such as automatic switching of
street light, intruder’s alarm, morning
wake up alarm, light intensity meters etc.

Many difficulties are faced in village and

mine areas due to absence of light in
night. To solve these problems, a device
is created which glows at night and in
day time they off automatically and don’t
glow. By the use of this we can save
electricity and also men’s power.
A photo resistor or light dependent
resistor (LDR) is a light-controlled
variable resistor. The resistance of a
photo resistor decreases with increasing
incident light intensity.

AIM:
To create a light dependence resistance
(LDR) circuit.

APPARATUS:
1.9v battery
2. Transistor(147)
3. LED
4. LDR(light dependent resistor)
5. 1k resistor
6. 100 ohm resistors

THEORY:
A light dependent resistor works on the
principle of photo conductivity. Photo
conductivity is an electro-optical
phenomenon in which the material’s
conductivity is increased when the light
is absorbed by the material.
If LDR placed in darkness, the resistance
of the LDR increases and when light falls

on it, the resistance of the LDR decreases

and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the
presence of light and darkness, changes
its resistance.
When light is incident on it, a photon is
absorbed and thereby it excites an
electron from valence band into
conduction band area. The electrical
resistance of the device decreases. Thus
the LDR or photo-conductive transducer
has the resistance which is the inverse
function of radiation
intensity.

Brief description of
components.
Transistor: A transistor is a three-
terminal device. The terminals represent
emitter(E) , base(B) and collector(c). It is
a device that regulates current or voltage
flow and acts as a switch or gate for
electronic signals.
Resistor: A resistor is a two terminal
device. It conducts when either forward
biased or reverse biased. A device having
resistance to the passage of an electric
current.
LDR: A photo resistor or LDR (light
dependent resistance) is a light controlled
variable resistor. The resistance of a photo-
resistor decreases with increasing incident
light intensity.
LED: A LED (light emitting diode) is also a
two-terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when
reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting.
BATTERY: A battery is a device
consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections provided to
power electrical devices.
OBSERVATION and result

• The LDR resistance decreases with

increase in intensity of light and hence
there is an increase in the flow of
current.
• There is an increase in the current as the
distance from the source decreases.
• The intensity decreases as the distance
from the source increases.
• The error lies within experimental limits.

Source of error
 • The LDR may not be perpendicular
to the source.
• Connections may be faulty.
• The experiment should be conducted
in a dark room.

LDR MODEL
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the LDR
based electronic switch can be
successfully deployed for the following
applications.
• Intruder detection/ burglar’s
alarm for home uses.
• Anti-theft alarm for banks and
office.
• Can be applied to the street
lights.
• www.google.com
• http://en.wikipedia.org/
• www.electrical4u.com
• physics book (class 12)