Activity 1

Instrumentation
and
Control
Laboratory

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Reglos, Kathleen Jhoren T.

BS Electrical Engineering
201513495
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The above image shows the tolerance

of each measured value of the resistors
@ 10k-ohm. The table also shows if the
resistor turns out to be PASS or FAIL
considering their tolerance percentage.
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The above table shows the variance of

each measured value of resistors @
470-ohm. The table also shows if the
batch of these resistors pass or fail,
considering the variance of each
resistor.
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The above image shows the statistical

values of the given batch of resistor @
10k-ohm. The MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE,
MEAN DEV and STDEV.
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The above image shows the statistical

values of the given batch of resistor @
470-ohm. The MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE,
MEAN DEV and STDEV.
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The above image shows the statistical

values of the resistor measured by
DMM1 and DMM2. The MEAN, MEDIAN,
MODE, MEAN DEV and STDEV.
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I have encountered issues in the activity, some of which are, using the right formula
for mean deviation and for standard deviation. Though I used MS excel, there are 4
stdev formulas that I'm not quite familar to, these are STdev.p, STdev.A, STdev.S, and
STdevPA and STDevp. Also for the mean deviation, "AVEdev(number
1,number2,...numbern) " shortcut key was available but the data to be used should
be the summation of the Absolute value of the difference between measure rated
value that is not included in the given table which I neededto calculate separately. As
for the stdev, I just used the "STDEV" shortcut key formula as it was the simplest
form among those 4. These issues were resolved right after reviewing the formulas
back on our basic statistics course subject. Also, I have to put "ABS" which means
absolute value of a given number in the formula in order to get the correct mean
deviation.

In addition to that, the acquired data given from blackboard course activity window
under the file name "Data Test" are also compared to the calculated values. For the
10k-0hm, there were only 2 out of 10 measured values that I considered as FAIL using
the tolerance test. These are 0-ohm and 7893-ohms. The tolerance test was computed
using the formula, %Tolerance=(measured-rated (which is 10kohm) ) /rated (10kohm)
multiplied to 100%. The condition used was, if the % tolerance is < = ±20% then it will
fall into PASS, otherwise FAIL. Since 0-ohms has a percent tolerance of 100% and 7893
-ohms has percent tolerance of -21.0700% , I considered those two values as FAIL.
Basically, 20% of the measured values in the batch failed but 80% passed.

For the 470-ohm resistor, what I used to test the PASS or FAIL condition was the
VARIANCE. The variance was calculated as Measured - Rated, then compared to the
20% of the rated value, 470-ohm which is ±94. As a result, only 1 FAILED, 370-ohms.
Calculating the Variance, 370 - 470 , the result is 100. Given the condition that IF
variance is <=±94 is PASS, otherwise FAIL, 100 was considered FAIL. Other measured
values PASSED. These values have variances that are all <=±94, these are(-70.0000,
3.0000, 30.0000, 3.0000, 42.0000, 3.0000, 10.0000, 3.0000, 0.0000)
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For procedure 2 where mean, median, mode, mean deviation and standard
deviation were computed. I have analyzed that the 470-ohm lot is better in
terms of mean and standard deviation. In mean deviation, it tells us how far,
on average, all values are from the middle. While in standard deviation, a low
standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the
mean; a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out
over a large range of values. Since 470-ohm lot has a lower standard deviation
which is 43.6175 it is better than the standard deviation of 10k-0hm lot which
is 3212.653. In real life application, in choosing batch of resistors, we may use
this statistical techniques in choosing the best batch of resistors to use. The
lower the standard deviation of their ratings, the more balanced and
consistent they will tend to be when used in circuits, the higher the quality.
Batch of resistors with a higher standard deviation, however, will be more
unpredictable.

For table number 5, considering DMM 1 and DMM 2. DMM 2 is better. Though
it may not have MODE, the value that has a higher frequency in a given set of
values. DMM2 measured values has a closer value of mean to each of the
given values. It also has a low standard deviation that indicates that data
points tend to be very close to the ideal value.
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In conclusion to this first activity, "Measurement errors", measured values
are not meant to be as ideal values. Measurement Error is the difference
between a measured quantity and its true value. Sometimes there will be a
slightest difference from the ideal value and measured value. It includes
random error or naturally occurring errors that are to be expected with any
variables and systematic error caused by a mis-calibrated instrument (DMM
in our activity) that affects all measurements. Also, statistical techniques are
very useful in terms of showing the uncertainty in the measurement. It gives
us the easiest way to determine if the batch of the components that we have
are in good quality or not.

Furthermore, the problem may come from the component itself or errors may
also caused by the measuring equipment used. This equipment should always
be calibrated and tested for its accuracy in order to confirm the reliability of
the results. Lastly, parallax error also comes in consideration specially when
using an Analog multimeter. Parallax error is apparent change in the position
of an object when the person looking at the object changes position or line of
sight. In meter reading, this error occurs when your line of sight is not
perpendicular to the plane of the meter dial.