Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Al-Ayen University
Technical college of engineering
Medical device technology engineering

Medical Physics Lab.

Exp. No. 1: The Pendulum

Group Name: The Engineers No. 1

Students Names: 1- Ali Qassim Hashim, 2- Furqan Ali Abbas,
3- Fatima Ali Musa, 4- Ali Razak Kazem, 5- Ali Razak Naim,
6- Noor Rawa Karim, 7- Karrar Jamil Ali, 8- Muntazer Saad Younes
Department: Medical device technology engineering
Stage: 1st
Supervision by: Dr. Marwa Ali, Zainab Nasser
Date of Experiment: 9/2/2022 Report delivery date: 16/2/2022

2022-2021

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The purpose of the experiment:

The goal of this experiment was to determine the effect of mass and length on the
period of oscillation of a simple pendulum. Using a photogate to measure the period,
we varied the pendulum mass for a fixed length, and varied the pendulum length for
a fixed mass. The results of this experiment are in close agreement with theory: mass
had no measurable effect on the period of our pendulum, while the data for period
vs. length is well-described by a power-law relationship close to the theoretical
square-root dependence.

What is Called Simple Pendulum?

A simple pendulum is a mechanical system of mass attached to a long
massless inextensible string that performs oscillatory motion.
Pendulums were used to keep a track of time in ancient days. The
pendulum is also used for identifying the beats.

It is interesting to note that the time period of the pendulum remains

constant even if the amplitude is changed but if the acceleration due to
gravity changes the time period of the simple pendulum also changes.

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This property is also used to determine or verify acceleration due to
gravity. The time period also depends on the length of the string to which
the Bob of the simple pendulum is attached .

SHM
SHM or simple harmonic motion is the type of periodic motion in which
the magnitude of restoring force on the body performing SHM is
directly proportional to the displacement from the mean position but the
direction of force is opposite to the directi on of displacement.
For SHM,

The value of ‘n’=1

Thus the acceleration of the particle is given by ,

Where,
m is the mass of the particle.

Let:

As, K/m is a positive constant.

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ω is known as angular frequency of the SHM .
The time period of the Simple harmonic motion is given by ,

Calculation of Time Period

It is interesting to note that the oscillation off a simple pendulum can
only be considered to be a simple harmonic motion when the oscillation
is small or the amplitude of oscillation is very small as compared two
lengths of the string then by using small angle approximation the
motion of a simple pendulum is considered a simple harmonic mo tion.
When the bob is displaced by some angle then the pendulum starts the
periodic motion and for small value of angle of displacement the
periodic motion is simple harmonic motion with the angular
displacement of the bob.

Here g is acceleration due to gravity.

For small oscillation, θ will be small,
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Here x is the very small linear displacement of the bob corresponding to
the displaced angle.

Thus, the angular frequency is given by,

The time period of the pendulum is given by ,

Thus from the expression for time period of simple pendulum, we can
infer that the time period does not depend on the mass of the Bob at
neither varies with the change in the small amplitude of the oscillation
it only depends on the length of the string an d acceleration due to this
property it was widely used to keep a track of fixed interval of time
does it helped the musicians to be on beats

Effect of Gravity
As the time period of simple pendulum is given by,

The time period of simple pendulum is inversely proportional do the

square root of acceleration due to gravity at that point .
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Therefore, if the acceleration due to gravity increases the time period of
the simple pendulum will decrease whereas if the acceleration due to
gravity decreases the time. All the simple pendulum increases .

Calculation of Gravity
Acceleration due to gravity can be measured with the help of a simple
experiment,
The period T for a simple pendulum does not depend on the mass or the
initial angular displacement, but depends only on the length L of the
string and the value of the acceleration due to gravity. Acceleration due
to gravity is given by,

One cam measure the length of the string and o bserve the time period
and the using this formula we can find the acceleration due to gravit y

References:

https://www.embibe.com/exams/simple-pendulum/

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