ACTIVITY 1:

Types of Communication Signals

Principles of Communications (Lab)

Monday / 18:30 – 21:30

Submitted by:
Oreiro, Christer V. / BS Electrical Engineering

Submitted to:
Engr. Raymond R. Raguindin

February 8, 2021

“I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited.
Imagination encircles the world.” – Albert Einstein
CONSOLE SCREENSHOTS

DC and AC Voltage reading having a DC Voltage source on the circuit.

Obtained graph on the first circuit given.

“I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.” – Albert Einstein
 DC and AC Voltage after replacing the source with a function generator with an output at
5Vpeak/50Hz sine.

Obtained graph on the sine output.

“I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.” – Albert Einstein
 DC and AC Voltage after replacing the source with a function generator with an output at
5Vpeak/50Hz sawtooth.

Obtained graph on the sawtooth output.

“I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.” – Albert Einstein
 DC and AC Voltage after replacing the source with a function generator with an output at
5Vpeak/50Hz square.

Obtained graph on the square output.

“I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.” – Albert Einstein
PROCEDURAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERSzca2aq
1. Is there a difference between
the DC and AC readings of
the multimeter for the DC
source?
2. Is there a difference between
the DC and AC readings of
the multimeter for the sine
input? Why do you think this
is the case?
3. Is the AC voltage reading
equal to 5V? What is the
relationship between the two
values?
4. Is there a difference between
the DC and AC readings of
the multimeter for the
sawtooth input? Why do you
think this is the case?
5. Is the AC voltage reading
equal to 5V? What is the
relationship between the two
values? Show the
mathematical proof.
6. Is there a difference between
the DC and AC readings of
the multimeter for the square
wave input? Why do you
think this is the case?
7. Is the AC voltage reading
equal to 5V? What is the
relationship between the two
values? Show the
mathematical proof.
SIGNAL
5VDC
5V PEAK – 50Hz – sine
“I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.” – Albert Einstein
Yes, there is a difference between the DC and AC readings
of the multimeter. The DC Voltage reading shows 5V
while the AC Voltage reading shows 0V.
Yes, because as we all know the Ac electric charge
changes its direction periodically. While DC current only
flows in one direction.
No. It is equal to 7.069V
Yes. Because average value can be found by taking
the average of one
positive half cycle. Average voltage equation for a full wave
rectifier is VDC = 2Vm/π. So during calculations,
the average voltage can be obtained by substituting
the value of maximum voltage in the equation for VDC.
No, but nearly 5V. Triangular Waveforms has positive-
going ramp or slope (rise), is of the same time duration
as the negative-going ramp (decay) giving the triangular
waveform a 50% duty cycle. Then any given voltage
amplitude, the frequency of the waveform will determine
the average voltage level of the wave. RMS=0.577 (Peak),
AVG=0.5 (Peak).
Yes, there is a difference between the DC and AC
readings of multimeter for the square input. The AC
voltage reading is - 166.825mV, while the DC voltage
reading is 9.751V. It is because we used didn’t used
oscilloscope rather, we used a function generator as a
source.
No. A Square Wave Waveform is symmetrical in shape
and has a positive pulse width equal to its negative pulse
width resulting in a 50% duty cycle. Square wave
waveforms are used in digital systems to represent a
logic level “1”, high amplitude and logic level “0”, low
amplitude. RMS= Peak, AVG = Peak.
VDC reading VAC reading
5V 0V
3.129μV 7.069V
 5V PEAK – 50Hz – sawtooth 2.021μV 5.774V
5V PEAK – 50Hz – square -166.825mV 9.751V

DATA ANALYSIS
On the first circuit on the Batteries submodule, once I put connecting wires to close
the circuit, the LED began lighting up with the use of switches, it is because of the
continuity of flow of current in the circuit. The amount of voltage that I got on the
first circuit is 10.59 Volts. When the Switch 1 is pressed, the amount of current is
4.17 Amperes and when the Switch 2 is pressed, the amount of current is 0.27
Amperes.

On the second circuit on the Batteries submodule, current can be determined by

putting the digital multimeter probes on the open circuit to break into the circuit so
that the current would pass through the meter. I got a reading of 9.61 Amperes.

On the switches submodule, the voltage on the entire circuit is 15.38 Volts. There
are different kind of switches that I encountered on the second submodule. One
way switch and two way switch. Wherein one way switch, I can easily turn on and
off the LED by connecting and disconnecting it on the circuit. In two way switch,
when Switch 1 is connected, Switch 2 is disconnected and vice versa.

On the Ohm’s law submodule, two resistors are given on the circuit. The resistance
of the resistor can be obtained by putting the probes on the each end of the circuit.
The resistance of the Resistor 1 and 2 is 0.508Ω and 0.995Ω respectively. The
voltage of Resistance 1 and 2 ranges from -0.9V to 5.18V and -1.8V to 10.15V
upon adjusting the voltage regulator.

“I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.” – Albert Einstein
CONCLUSION
On our first experiment we are given the following equipment: DeLorenzo
DC Power Console, DeLorenzo Basic Circuit board, connecting wires, and digital
multimeter. On the experiment, I have encountered the three submodules on the
Basic Circuit board, the Batteries submodule, Switches submodule, and Ohm’s law
submodule. Each submodule has different kind of circuits to discover around on
how flow of current works, how can it be obtained with the use of digital
multimeter, how voltage can be obtained, how different kind of switches works,
and how the Ohm’s law formula can be used in the given circuit.

To sum up, all the objectives on this experiment have met because of the
guide questions, as well as the free will to explore the given equipment. This is
also a good form of learning through experience. Upon measuring the voltages, if
the probes were interchanged, meaning the red probe is placed on the negative
terminals and the black probe on the positive terminal, it will give negative reading
of voltage. On the Batteries submodule, for us able to get necessary readings for
our data, we need to ensure that the circuit is closed. On the Switches submodule, I
figured out that two LED lights can be simultaneously turned on by placing a
connecting wire on the SPDT switch. The data that I got on the Ohm’s law
submodule simply follows the equation, V=IR, that the resistance is inversely
proportional to the current.

“I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.” – Albert Einstein
 Speed cubing is my passion that made me think not just the several algorithms to solve a
Rubik’s cube, but also its relevance in my life.

“I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.” – Albert Einstein