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RADIATION MECHANISM
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D Lecture #3
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N Introduction
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D • The electromagnetic fields generated by the source, contained and
E guided within the transmission line and antenna, and finally “detached”
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G • Conducting wires are material whose prominent characteristic is the
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motion of electric charges and the creation of current flow.
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Radiation created due to a time varying current or an acceleration (or
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1. Charge is not moving, current is not created No radiation
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2. Charge is moving with a uniform velocity
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1. Straight wire. No radiation
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E 2. Wire is curved, bent, discontinuous,
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terminated, truncated. Radiation
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(even if wire is straight)
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qv : Volume charge density /
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& charge per volume (C/m3)
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A: Cross sectional area (m2)
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vz: Uniform velocity (m/sec)
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N Jz: Current density (A/m2)
Charge uniformly distributed in a circular cross section wire
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E • Assume an electric volume charge density (qv) (coulombs/m3) is
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A volume (V).
• The total charge within volume V is moving in the z direction with a
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H uniform velocity vz (meters/sec).
E • The current density over the cross section of the wire is given by
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R J z  qv vz (A/m2)
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& • If the wire is made of an ideal electric conductor, the current density Js
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G qS : surface charge density (C/m 2)
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E • If the wire is very thin (ideally zero radius), then the current in the wire
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A ql : charge per unit length (C/m)
• If the current is time varying, then the derivative of the current can be
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H written as dI z dvz
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l  lql  lql a z for wirelength  l
dt dt
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D Known as fundamental relation of electromagnetic radiation
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G current or an acceleration (or deceleration) of charge.
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N Radiation from Two wires
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E • Applying a voltage across the two-conductor transmission line creates
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E • The electric field has associated with it electric lines of force which are
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A proportional to the electric field intensity.
• The electric lines of force have a tendency to act on the free electrons
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H (easily detachable from the atoms) associated with each conductor
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R • The movement of the charges creates a current that in turn creates a
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D • Associated with the magnetic field intensity are magnetic lines of force
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E NOTE:
N • The electric field electric field lines start
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A • on positive charges and end on negative charges.
• on a positive charge and end at infinity,
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H • at infinity and end on a negative charge,
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R • Magnetic field lines always form closed loops encircling current-
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D charges.
E • In some mathematical formulations, it is often convenient to introduce
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E • The electric field lines drawn between the two conductors help to
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A • If we assume that the voltage source is sinusoidal, we expect the
electric field between the conductors to also be sinusoidal with a
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H period equal to that of the applied source.
E • The relative magnitude of the electric field intensity is indicated by the
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R density (bunching) of the lines of force with the arrows showing the
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D • The creation of time-varying electric and magnetic fields between the
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I transmission line, as shown in Figure.
G • The electromagnetic waves enter the antenna and have associated
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with them electric charges and corresponding currents.
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E • If we remove part of the antenna structure, as shown in Figure, free-
N space waves can be formed by “connecting” the open ends of the
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A electric lines (shown dashed).
• The free-space waves are also periodic but a constant phase point P0
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H moves outwardly with the speed of light and travels a distance of λ/2
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N Source, transmission line, antenna, and
detachment of electric field lines.
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E • It has been shown that close to the antenna the constant phase point P0
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N points far away from the antenna (analogous to phase velocity inside a
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rectangular waveguide).
T • Figure displays the creation and travel of free-space waves by a prolate
H spheroid with λ/2 interfocal distance where λ is the wavelength.
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O • The free-space waves of a center-fed λ/2 dipole, except in the immediate
R vicinity of the antenna, are essentially the same as those of the prolate
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spheroid.
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D • when the waves are radiated, they form closed loops and there are no
E charges to sustain their existence.
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• This leads us to conclude that electric charges are required to excite the fields
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N • This is in direct analogy with water waves.
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Electric field lines of free-space wave for a λ/2 antenna at t = 0, T /8, T /4, and 3T /8.
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G Guided wave in the antenna and Free space wave
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E Time-varying fields Uniform fields
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A uniform field is one in which
N An electric field can be produced, not
the electric field is constant at
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every point. It can be
changing magnetic field. The
approximated by placing two
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conducting plates parallel to
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each other and maintaining a
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voltage (potential difference)
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R density and the vector A is the approximation because of
Y magnetic vector potential. Taking the edge effects. Ignoring such
& curl of the electric field equation we effects, the equation for the
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is:
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I which is one of Maxwell's equations, V is the voltage difference
G referred to as Faraday's law of between the plates
N induction d is the distance separating the
plates