direct.

in 0,41
z

rdN rsin 8dq,

,~ _ rd8rsin 8d q,
au- ,:i
-- - --- - = sin 8d 8d q,

'
r '
y

"


Surface area is 41T r
Sphere

solid Angle Suffered 4T

Hemisphere W 24
92 27 Yz
Ifs in 0 do dot ZTJS.no do
0
0 04 0 2
217
zq f Cos 0

Radiation 001
 Spectral Intensity –
rate at which radiant energy is emitted
at the wavelength
n
in the (q, f) direction,

per unit area of the emitting surface normal to this direction
per unit solid angle about his direction
and per unit wavelength interval dl about l.

id eCd O f dq
Iλ,e (λ, ✓,φ) = dA1 cos(✓) d! dλ


the unit is

W/(m2 · µm · sr)

...s
st'\ 0,4

r-
1 dA,7
V DA e.n
d,4ICos0(t
in
..~>~~ Pow.er
Emissive Power
~p.ec.t/l,1 G~w
Spectral
E
~A ( mi nm J
W/1ri'°-)A,M
l W1
r"'r~rvtat wi radiation
i o~ ,rJ;~:_ emitted
~is ~v,;;Jf~
rate which
fl\.&w\ "'-a 5 ·f r..er /).;;
I.I. J: 5:surface
unit y'f .q y-area
.UV
fromv\.rt~f surface
A,U.. I,.( II,'-'-

~ r'"
per ~d
around
-Jiv ~Y'tJl)."'1
per unit wavelength
v./"--V~V\
7
Coo d w
J f
d o
Eal d Ia el
a

I
Sio dodaf
eh 4 O Coso
Radiation 001
 bo J~ Radiation
13t.c.k
Blackbody ((,J;.j~ ~ "
a
f~ C,t
·perfect
p-t, absorber
t:;.~s erk -r

•perfect
pu·fe,t"emitter
evw~-tfe.r-
U,V\if
,, uniform in~II\ all
«YI,\ ~direct in~
J.((e-di
IaJ:-.-\
I
eld f)
e, 7
e. l Ai0,0

-.:I\
Id bb(d,,\;

Edb
i;;Ah"
D
J I,H la(>.')~e du
Id b
I
Coso
JW

e),
Eabb "' h l,\ ) if11
Id:rA/bld
Jf)
oo['.:_(N
End;\ \.,
dJdA_
>,.") <- Total
To-f,JEmissive Power
fdvJU-
Gfv,isr,'v,.

dw hemispherical
1879 Stefan
totalemissive power NT't


1884 Boltzmann
Tstefan

Derive Boltzmann

Constant

1893 Wein’s distribution

2c,
n2 (1T)5 exp(
_s_ )
n'A.T

1900 Rayleigh-Jean lI
I1,J,<n l
Ts

y

Ii

)\.

Radiation 001
 assumption energy is quantized
vO

1901 Planck’s Distribution

(1.13)

This is Planck's spectral distribution of emissive power. Here, ,., is the wavelengthin a medium of
refractiveindex n. For most engineering applications, radiativeemission is in air or other gases, for
which the index of refraction, n = c0/c, is unity. Note that Planck's blackbodyfunction, which pro-
vides quantitativevalues for the emission, is expressed in terms of two universalconstants: Planck's
constant, h =6.62606896x 10-34 J-s, and Boltzmann's constant, k8 = 1.3806504x 10-23 J/K. Two
auxiliary radiation constants are defined as C1 = h.cJ and C2 = hcofk8• The values of these constants
are given in Table A.4 for two different systems offunits.


TABLEA.4
Rad iatio n Consta nts
Symbol Definition Value
Constantin Planck'sspectn,Jenergy 0.18878 x I()I 8tu •µm 4/(h •ft1-sr)
(or intens ity) distribution 0.59552138 x 10"W •µm 4/ (m 2•sr)
0.59552138 x I 0- 16W-m 2/sr
Constant in Planc k 's spectral energy 25,897.954 µm -0 R
(or intens ity) distribution 14,387.752 µm -K
0.014387752 m·K
Constant in Wien 's disp lacement law 52 15.9833 µm •0 R
2897.7685 µm-K
0.0028977685 m-K
c, Constant in equation for maximum blackbody intensity 6.8761 x 10-14 Btu/ (h.ft2-µm- 0 R1-sr)
4.09570 x I0- 11 W/(m 2•µm •K5-sr)
Stefan -Boltzmann co nstant 0.17123 x I0-'Btu/(h-ft 1 -0 R4)

5.670400 X lo-" W/ (m 2-K')

q..,_ Solar constan t 433 Btu/(h.ft')
1366W/m 2

Effecti,-esu rface radiating temperature of the sun 5780 K, I0,4-00"R

Sourc~: Mohr, P. J., Taylor. B. N., and Newell, D. B.: CODATA Recommended Valuesof the Fundamenlal Physical
Constants: 2006, J. Phys. Che11cR~f Dara, vol. 37, 2008 , and Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 80, no. 2, 2008.

Radiation 001