~ Vo~ Ga)

21 :15 \:,/ LTE T

f- CIRCULATOR.pdf

V001 CIRCULATOR
A Circulator is defined as a non-reciprocal. passive three ports. ferromagnetic device in which power is
trans ferred from one pon to the next adjacent pon in a prescribed order.

Circulators are non-reciprocal devices. meaning their behavior in one direction is very different from that in
the other direction.

Working Principle:
A Circulator utilizes a transversely magnetized ferrite junction to circulate incoming microwave energy from
port I to pon 2. pon 2 to pon 3. and pon 3 to pon I . The arrows represent the direction o f the magnetic fields
and the signal when applied to any pon of these devices. An RF signal experiences a low loss in the direction
of a rrow and high loss in reverse direction while propagating through the Circulator (see Figure/).

For example. a signal is placed at pon I and pon 2 is well matched. the signal ,viii exit at pon 2 with very
little Joss (typically 0.4 dB). If there is a mismatch at pon 2, then some signal power will be reflected towards
port 3.

Figure 1: Circulator Working Principle

To have a belier idea how 1he applied magnetic field controls the RF signal flow in Circula1or, consider a
glass filled wi1h wale r. Now. s1ir water in a clockwise direction using a spoon. If we pu1 small 1hermacol balls
in waier and continue 10 stir, it is observed that therrnacol balls easily follow the circular motion of the water.
Also it would be impossible for the therrnacol balls to move in a counterclockwise (opposite) direc1ion
because 1he water motion is too strong.

The ferri le discs and permanent magnets inside the Circulator create very strong rotary magne1ic fields similar
10 the water molion in glass. This leads to follow the magne1ic flow by any RF/microwave signals in the
desired frequency band from one pon towards the next adjacent pon and not in the opposite direction.

Construction:
T ypical j unction Circulator consists of a Y- j unction slripline circuit sandwiched between two ferrite discs. an
upper and lower magnetically biased permanent magnets and ground planes. The ferri1e materials. magnets
are selec1ed according to 1he frequency of operation. input power ratings and intended application. In a
Circulator, the magnetic field is applied through !he venical axis of this assembly, resuhs into a circulation of
1he RF energy from one pon 10 1he adjacent pon. depending o n from which pon 1he energy is coming from.

www.valvo.com
Bolelkamp31, D-22529Hamburg,GERMANY II Phone: '49 - 4054754460 Fax:'49-40547544666 II Email
 /-th'-'"'• µ, mL•smo.J ch o.J- po ,-c.t- 2.. ' -! h, ~ 5 om~ sj9no.J
pov-! ui U.JI u be... I, e.i 1e C..·l e.d ·lOWD-Y1-dt") r D~ '!:iV
W .,-t ~ { e... -l h e... Q rPh C. ~ 0 n I) O i Q c). '7 C t.J a..J-6'i. ,

- • Rr Du. r t e. ,x o1...
• Ra. clJ. o iin k C DrY1 6 Ln Ui.
• -:Jt.ltvl/')t()r) <2 Ro.cLt.o bnoo.clcot>{;~~ ·
• I') V I a..;u On R ri a ~ L/a;Li o n 1. r. d-_u. /)(U-c..i. e f>
1
• MlJ.J..!o:rtu e.1U--lfW1rnt,, ? Rod.DY' J7"1,rnr,
0
L a. b o :r'---ciJ--~ " ' e o. A l.,lJi e... m e. yJ- ~ ~ >:{ e. '(Y) /'>

o j r, olc, A {_ ,-U I,,!;_ rf' ; C rt c W O v "- h '-Ji_; "'J ·

D ~i n L e... a.. C..D at')( l a.J. ,l.J_ -n L ,
A CO Qt: l. aJ. J_j_ -n e__ ~ a. -} / j) ~ bt e_ [ e c. l ~ CcJ C. 0.. bl L -

C o" s..: r, --t , ")l o i o. c '- ,, { ),,I; c.o 0 ;'.,Lu c. 1 en , u (', u ~ °'
A o D- ol. J) ;-t '- u Tl ,.., l>.o. ,--, o-l ,__d LJ-J i r1- '-- ,
·
/\ t.,JtJ1 o u n d '- d
_ n
b 'f-
()
II
~ n l r, /\ ..,J_ oJl_ " , ') ).__°;, u,. , -::1 h_,J, C e. n l T' D-A cc 0 ~ c.-1 6>.
tUi e_ n c.. oJ\ e_ c;l_ V~ Y) r.J.. 'iY'l e. f- oJ_Li._ c.. /) h1 e.. R.._d I ~ Ch ,v,

~ LlY1 -l h V1- "- YK i_ o> '- d S'j cu•, ,t_ n /\ uJ.. QJ.;_ n :1 0 u.) LJ1 to; V1 _·

Co ~ x cJ. cct b LU'l o.YL e_U C c.J'Y'Y' YY") on l;:/ u I) Vc1. ~ o rt -l ;-tD. h s rn ( -
I
#;._':--9 ~ 9n · b"'- '-l '-'- '--"' c...;:t e.1 a t ,JU cJ ~ ·, 9" ~ " .· N -< c " °' ,. ,
U-t tVco~r, rry·rn u.. rJ c.o.X oY-. l'i , c Q bl e. Vt e v c /\
1
or. O<.nd
I r vJ
<!....

C.o'fY' tY1 ) H. /-w O.,0: r, , oLl-'-'- -).,o -l h J.._,.., Cl bi).,' .t:'J {_ o

1 ~~ ' \; 1n cJ ,.., LU I { h A c, w /. CJ>" o.. Y'\ d w, \ n 1 J< cJ
, ,..., t O" D ul,),, c.. ,. •

r
Co
I)~ { ~
r\ n
Ui. U"\

0.

Mt'crt.o - t,-lrttp ~ ~
eu1
ti o.J
w ,w
e.__

ab L h.u e. e_ n

A
LU-d.. ,_ .
5 lrttr CDnolu..c.l ~
H tc.. n c -: 0 l n_ i.

0Y) -lcp
)_J_ n

CJ~
eJ)

0-._
o ..:r, ce_

oL'e Q e.c { ,u.C- /\L{bl'){ r-ccJ c w~-th a_c)rtou.Y\& pion,.oc.- 6 e.. heat

-l Y\ e_ /) L,{ bl) l ,i..cJ G •

l.u h oJ-- cl o / ~ QLL rn '- a._n ~ ~ I\ c_ o±t ULl, '"')I (_S ) r C]Jt O. rn d UV\
0

S · pOJ\ "- /,J_ {'-" 0 ft , f Tl , ~ e vJ- -l h , "-J.:.,._ n e o..rt c h o.n a c l '-" ·

;__ I) -h c I\ (} \ p_ 1 e.. ( e c -t ,t o 'f"\.L L C l T l (_ L,U. U, 0. Y'\ d C O YY1 O n e r
n :ui ' I I Q'(Y'l ·\ h L 5' r o..rtO.. m l ·( t..n 'y('\ a. l~ )( ' w e.__ C Cl n

C oJ c__u..,Lo.) ~ ,c h a..n. cte, t Lli. .I.A !-Jc I\ lJ b ll Y"\ e o.J7 h e. ,/ w:.rtJ:.

() L{ C h °' I\ / 9 CLl Y) 1 } ITT /) , J O Y) C {_ '
l 'YYl r ! pha /) e_/ ~ rt b p
d d .. ~/ , J.d, cl. v o Ll 0-/ e... r, t a .,., cti ' >9 w a v <- 71 a1.J l v s t~r R.)
~ { CJ Lt,/) t.. J -J--O cl. (\.IC J-LL b e..., -l h (_ u r e.rti 0~ mo n C E'_ D t
-l h (_ ~ l c rt ow o.. v e.. (_ N 11'.I) d e. v ic e. 0 1 c / n c_ u---i ~ °' n c).
n '- t-W G> n-k I)
\

,._" -t h '-- 'ii-,,.<- / u c n 7} d o m a.1,.., ·

lrJ h oJ- ~ R c_~<....)(' 1( ~ /) -l ')L(!)'(', 9

Fl R,ltq, k r,lnon (j i-->, cc ~~P'- o{ v oc.u.u-rn -{LLbL
U. I') c.. ot ;_ n ' c n o w a. v L c o f!p m u VV- c a..J.1 o -n /) o... rv:J Tl o c:b.rt
;1/)\ t-mA { 0 / le_~e_n~L. <Xnd 0-mpJ1to ~ /hr D7te_r,<e10?
hit e_ C.. ~,--Lo Yn c:-~V~ c.., /)/I ~Y\oJ. l'i • j ~ 0 / u-t c,j~/) ba I)<- d ()Y")

-l h t_ r,..-J._ M r l e__ 6 Ll J 0 e_ CJ C ; j yY'\ () cLu.l cx3J O Y) w ~ U1u'"n

OY\ e... t e_ c.. t ,t. o Y"\ b e_ a.. m . .;J h e. <rt Li J. e.. ?C I< V I') \ il o Y\ C. CJ n ,; -'-' I')~

O{ 0.. Y'I e... l e_ c_ t rt c, Y\ / ~v. n -l h a-.1 e.. 'i'Y\ ~ ~ 0..: b Q_Q. 'YYt ('.) t
e..\ , c.. l no " r, -{ o vJ d-,JJ. 0 a. c 0\ vl (/4 e_c,)J e_ & -f he. ' bun c_h,n'
_:Jh ,_ -l = m 11
1,,t).•x " ln ;rt•tJ.•x kur,lnon ,-,.,6o-ti\ To
-l h c. ~ "" d -lh cu- -l h , I'> o.. .,.,..,, ,. I ,_ c..l r< o>'\ 6 ,ow, a c "'--1

bo{h O\.A -lhe.. . /)o lJ.Yl c. e_ o( -{he.. .s;,"'~ DtY"\d QI'\

: h <... o< ""' pLl. tt "j 1

rn • clJ c.1. -rn , f, ;{tl c. Hy'r b ot c.1, LI. pOY1

.t t l') ei -to 0-cvJ/e. vL o..rnp U.~7 c o..JJor,,
D ~ ii u-1 e. n { i o.J L b (_ -k-0 e... e... n O a.. n d M - f / pL <t Lt b l 0 ,
~nov ;dL e.xo...rnpkl) ·

0 { j p L -tu b t._ I)
• 0 pt.n o.Jlo 'f"\ t. --
Q. -/. Ji° ~ k J A{rtOY\I\ o..ne.. L\i\e.. o.xic,....Q_

t n l u--i.. o. c....\-1 OY'\ o b ec. t ec.. t rt- oY\I) w~.{ h Ac/)OY'\o.y,.-t" c a.v~He..1)
661.. ,
AppB.c..a.,tt""oY\ ~- M· -tJee.. -lube/) ()J1 L l')~{o.~{e_ ion
,Q_ aw u-t ·L o 'on o J 01 ctl e., pOW eY1 0. eP ,t_;__ c cJ-J O'Y\ /) 1 () l.{ ch
0 I) i Y) 'fY'\; C re O l_µQ V e... 0 V e_ 'Y"\ /) I ('l Y\ o{_µ I) l ru cx_J h e_ cuU ~9
QY\J t', DYY'< • --t cJ r '- o~ 71-C\oto..n. u
 who...J- a..nL - the_ .l1..mi_la1lorv\ ct CD'nvLJ"'l-liono.J -lubu')
;__n 'rY) tc. .n.o wa.v e__ i 1 ilt.. u t.n ~/ ?
• s lo 0.. r, d 1"1 '-} lj,0-- :- ~ a Vu m
C,_ ·t- u b l. /) d ~ s} I n e cJ i ~ O
cJ..,.
rn ~ c i"t o uJ av e... i {d l u L Y'I c. t {_ 0 -l e. n &. J-,o b c.U b ~ 0 o. n

h rn vu . 0
L Lm ;_ -l e_d
• , , n
F 'T'-C...LLt..e...Y'\;--L/ K..0...')1e.. ~- C onve..n-( <, or,c:vxn -lubt0 hO(~e_
,

.1.J.. ~ L. t a.,;Li O Y'I () )._ Y) - ~ e.l.n o_ b (_ ,lj_ ~ -{_ () 0 v

u-t oJ L. r '

e. J( c 'L e_ ri f- 4t o.J- e_ x { n e.. YY1 e ¼ ~ <) rt. '-'l e. Y) c. ; L /\ ~ 4~ LL fu

f) ~ I>• c_a._) u c_ D M 1rt c.l_ Y\ /.J-, . (j U t
owm ConsumpMoY"\ ~- R-l h..),hu-t /rr.t..~ue...'(\c..i'e.r'>,
C on v .(__ rd-1 on J -l Lt b e_ 0 .n °7/ (Jon f'> u.~ e... 'l'Y'\ o rt .e__ f ow <LT\

L-n C. 7t e_ Cl/'\ iL ~ rO( c. .f::-10 e...l l' Ci' {hr}--

Y\ c! cJ -ko
e_ YH.J1 0--4 u "" /....o ML/)
D-,< e_ h e_ qJ-
'
.
lM

LLYnLtJ Ga..ndw1d..f-h ~-- -:Jh~ bondw,d.-lh o{ c.onve...n-Mona..Q

u b 'of\ \ h..,l- b~ /Le_ n { ru. c --l e. ~ ,.U.. rn i._ l t ~'7 -t~ e.i:rt ~a pa...b 'i lt'
Ou ,.
e_ I)
1 1

w' ~ i f" '-'I u. a cJ e (\ "- 66 e 1-1 v,ht

w
A
a )., h 0.r, d l V

slow·
I> ID l,J
C\

wa,_ve__
w 0.V
cl

<.

/)l'Ji~c.~u...n.L
A 0

1)-l ,-tl.l ('. .(,,.,.:,-ue..

,u;,
!,_e_

e_/)l)e__r,,na....O
r,J. A '-<l ;_.,
J.n
Q

o..__
C

I (,./T?

J1_qv e..UY\ ~ Wove. -tt..t be... l 'TIA.I~) XD r/. ac.; µ.{ oJ e.... •the_
rill:Yio...c..Ron be...f-Lue..e_n -lhe. e_(e_c..~non be..o....'YY! o..Y'\&

F /)! I 'r\ o.J. ' ::J ~ tn ( u-t 0( c ~/ o -n e.. Y\O... 6 le I) .(he_

o.._ YY', r IY[ ; c. aJJ CJ Y) /) o

6
yY, , c ..,-t D w 0( v ~ /'> ~
1 V\ o..1. 0
lt; Lle.Y\tf w;{hln -the_ T/,A//c u
h;tb,'rU_J ,-u. Y'J ? r
£~ I oJ.n ,
a:~
11--I hcU- i..,.,

A hJbrci-Ji! Nr:,J o known QI) ~ n o.J _ i'CI c ,_

ourlut' .u, "'- Vp,eo re. JP<- o& Tnt(rtOWO\Ve_

0 'rY) r O Y'I e.. v0- U () e._ c}, ,Ln R. 'F-- (X_ Y\ o{ lY\ C rt O l w 0. ve.. C ~ rt C t..u' ~ ,

{'~ ,}. '~t):"- cJ. _ ~ ~ _o.Jo vJ1 - roft-I- ea 0/) / V'-- de v l c ,.__
Ir-I{) on~ 2 , y , h _ p arta_ m ,_ { u-1 ,,-, Ccc n'Y10 I h '-- d , u.n L

1 , )1c.n.o WO.vc

u . ' ? Sh,s {: e... o..d ~ c h

1
.2._Y) C. \,-1.(_ul.r o..n~ /\ 1 /i

po.n_a._'l'r> l'...· h51 ea_r, b '-- LI. -, e_ d Qr,(J t,J ~ I

Z , Y, h· po..n_a__rn e. { u-t A Ca._ n n O .f- b e... u 0 c.cJ.. t,r, m '- c r1 c,-

W C\ ~ -e__ b~ c_ ~ ! ) e.... e.. l wf m e__ Y\ k .i..J. Y1 o .( A e. a_d_;__ ~

0 v c'.U.. (Q b l e.. -t o rn e_ a. n ~ .e.... -{ o { cJ v o LI-- °;-1 e...- °'- n d. +o /-ct}_
C tA..h..T\. LY'-.I' a_)- -t h e_ pO i\ ~ O l -{ h e.. I'"\ e..,(blJ O TL/<._ /2 •

bL LAn s ~ ct bl e.. oi. _l)v-1J,.....

1
Ac.h ve..... ~-e.vic.e...1) "rrl~

de_/\ t T\~c....J- w l -{ h s h.<'J5'---'r 6-<i... 0 p-e... o/\ C 1.'.rt LLM ~ .

.sJns{e..a..d o{ 7.. , '(, . h - r().J1CUY"\ e.. ,JU1/) we_

LU ) e__ S- pOJl 0.. )'Y'I e__ 1 e...i\ 6°l I) C cJ{ v-u ~ ~ e 0--J\- o.. Yn e.. ./ U1.

e.. c__ o...,U.. 0 e... µ- ~ -l h e__ , n 0--S + C o n. m lr::A 'h e_ ../-uJ Q.,:5"'--K.__

p C\Yl.Ot.Y'f"\ e...-f e..51 /) vi A L cJ 1.__a cJ U 'J c. TU b e...... -l h e.. p U"l ~ O "JI. "('n C< Y1 C €-

0{ - t h e.... rn , c J4.. o LAJ o. v d. e.. v ~c.. e /'i , c , ,-c c w ~ o.. 'rt o(_

f'' '-{'-' ff
L

,.__-1-w o ~ " t ,,, -t h <- <- Y> d o m cJ. "' ' : )-" cl C\.Yl "--

/) o u. 0 e.. d 1--o m e.... Q. I) u.rt e_d ~ L,l o.. Y\ -H ./. e.

1
I\ ...L n b:n e { 4 e 'r'l • °1.__
W ~ Lr lr) e.. Q /) LA.)"\ 'rfH...Y\ ~ , 0
o'() 00 e_ 1'>1 cl e..... CJ{ ex oLi e / e c·l ,-u c.
~t h e.. C) -t h U\ s ~ c1_ e_ M -~, ~ c.. ~ r
:J 1-J.,, ~ o Y1 { ~ 4un cJ.i aY'l oJjow t, -l ¼,
£'. t--f l,J o,v J/ cJ Ono -l h L -l J"'-ClC '-- '

e_

Low
\r1cw-t o..nd cincJoJ\ pol~~,,-n po ssl~;~jf ·
1) l-l aJ b C< n cf 0c n c/ &aJ rO/ 0JU- bo.J..; c,1'> p O SS I hI )._,_ ½
NO (_o_ V l '71 b 0.. C. f<.J. ~ / ,U., ft e_ /_ t_µ. Tl e_ &_

M; c} l n~
4
,.,._a.1- ,_\i w ~ { h m 1c nc, wave_ I C ·

Dis o_d v0-n .i---_u.....,_..,c__

N Q_)"\..Jt.O w 6 ClY) J w ~ cl-< h

Lo w r 6 vJ V1 ~ 0\ h °' QJ.._ 510

L ow o..,un (J

Po l~d o./4 a-n P'"",( o. ~ cl,i t1<-liLr -fu a ck e_ v'-

po on e_ n J - ~ i rt '--- "-,o cU- cd_i rm ·
t X{ Yl o..Yl L-C:> u. I) 7\-. o... c:J.l o...dj <:J,1 i y crrn - l h e... 6z e__&_ .
D na w a__ d1 ~ ,-t._c,1. tf\ o t Cl.. cU. rt e.. e, -h c:,n cJ ct, u.p l u--t •
'D '{ L n e_ • ,i-b U rn up .11 ~ '{"'c_r& o. n d d1 rt e...c.__ h v : 7J •
W,-u../- e___ .i.-Q S - m oJ ,--M
'1o-:t-
bJ 6 o .

M.D. l,-C,\..
w-,....:-r
~ t,"'f". f ,, - ""'~ :t»Vf
.J,__,Pu II i
~__,:_

O Wf
;i QJ\.v-r"

Po,-0-
~
 C ~

. o { e__ C cu
_n b ct L K w Cu1- J..
o
<'"- on' -ih'-. 'PC<l\i ~ o ~ ,~nwDJ1.°' '
°'""''
powu-1 -'-n 01..lXil,ortJ v.JC\Val>-<J.• .
[) -- IO\ J' C/b )o

D'1 n
S - M o___t .,.,J x
ot e..._c... ./-iI e--r-~ Le u__p l u-t ·

511 s, 2.. S1J s '-j

I

s --
52 I 5\ 2. s '.l 3 s 'l i.,

53I )3 ')_ s '3 ~ 5 '3'-(

5 '-\ I 5 l{ '.L $y '3 S 4 '1
---- f\ b ~ nd .
Dr1' 1u <- n C<e0 .\h <>...1--
r Q() I) ,~

fi o...U
.Uvt -lY!
OY"\ if
Co n ..( ilDl) l
lJ.Jt { ~ n
1 )'">0.1)/) { 0 /.
a_ ;,~oJ-iv
"0 OJ1J1 o LJJ Tl o Y'\ J e... a. 'r\ d, o.. b Ct -n d - I\ e )' e c I- ti Ll eY\

6~
e a.nl'>e,/',
Wl {~Y\
o....u
Q_
·frtc.9.ul e..\'\c.;e..l")
0 l a_l,
)1 le V ,J_ r
e~ce r r
n cc:ru·l "' Lu
·lhcne_

J1 C, u <'. •
•th oJ

~ ~ S cJ rJ. a O{ ().._ rr, Ic_ ,-, o w a" L b/I.J U1 ( o n +c,J'. h 0

ollo~~c) t, l'- f "'

Spe. c:111 <:cJ...;oY'\ 0

a n J {< e_ Lu.1 '1..'- m e...~

Ch O D I\ <-

bCAnol - ra.00
6' .U
1
u-1 lJ J' '--
bond - /)!:-o f '
- ( Ow r 0\ '\ I\ I uh-r 0. n 'l 1

5 e_l e__ C. t ~ ; ,u o-t + r I(JJ d ..-

CJ O t u '(Y\ f .e... d e.. l e_ yn e.. vJ- >

. /') { n_; bu.J e_d e.. t e_ vn ~ ~

D es~ Y\ PYtoce...clu.n_e.. ':i

I) L u..YY)pe__d e..le_rne.Y'-I' b; )J u-1

C h.e. b Ol>h e. v ,
11 ) I) ; I) { ,--,._.i 6u..;t- e_cJ_ e_ l e_ m e_ rJ-, ii M Vl

5 t rn uJ o.JJ o r. o. rn J.. 0 pn' w o:b O r- b

fa bru c ~ o V\ o.. v,d 1~1) h 'Y'- c1.
f't'Y\e... - ,{L{n).Y\{ o..nJ.. 1.f-e...r1.._cx.50on
rt Y\ oJ voJJ. ~ ciJ-1' or ·
W ~ .f h n Lo.±- d,l 0/j j(-o..1:'
o 6 o. -{:w o Uca..u,
e. ,<:pt oJ.. n -th e... w o; ~
+J kc)S tr<o n ·
~ i...- :
o p :ru.n c:., t.
I
pl e_

£ie.c..t.rton / ~ e.riv--to.lion :r {. l a l rto nl)

o-.- h u,,. ~-LJ CD.. -lho ole.. l.0 ~-l r-l n -t h ~
o...,-c. e... e.. rn ~ tt e..- J tr crrn
kJs ~rtoY\ { ~b e..,

---- - - ➔
 !)>-cl{ f s ("'' · jco1 ec i,t:n
➔ ~
1

V U,) l ({. - : , I '

1.=I ==--=.... -=: ..:::- -.-- l-J - -
I I 1" [ I - --
G u~c..1-, t d. __J
ett t.)-~C"""
b t c)(~
-II -f

\J' --------·
V d.

i O t. I

L --- - -
- - -- ------
 110
_,_, -1. h ,... 6 I o c... k.. di-'79 ~Q rn Cl t Q cJ,_ '/ pjc._ cJ. 'n11 c._ .no w "-l "' L
t> l G r..n c..h an d e.. ?<. pV0-t.n oJ1 {h e_ V blD c.. Kn,

I so lCi..tol -

~ e ~ I) a IoJ-- 6L w On-k /) +-o rCl.Tlo..J !

I) e_ e_ · Y\
/)u oJ I') I 'o tfYY'\
6lt He.n e. Y'--J-
~
\ · L
C.1;\Cu..l.~
~ l'r\ , , 0, L L ~
-::ln~ A-.(°)0 ()L..--f'O -th~ r'1o-r-c. l (._

h e. Lp I) e.. n Au.n ~ --l h oJ- I) pe.c.: 'r {i c. t Y\ {''Yl 'l'Y'\ cx.1J e--n C cu---,
: 7l " n SW ,I- a d u! IA oJ- VJ-/ b;/ .,_J, m '-" a..,,G ,--,_3 u y,c,v a r> A u,(.
l"'''-"bu-t'-'"'C"-• u () . u ' I
-9 st- l o_H-e_ 'n u.o...d-<l) ~ QI(\ 1Y\d,; I) r e..tn/) OI.. b\ e.. ale~\ C '<......
/ '-'-' n '- d cJ rn O> t e t u i .,J c cc..,( c._ i 91 ~ u.J, ~ fo D b 1--cu.,r, I
0 c t..A.. A ,\-errri . ~o f' c.o..;ti cm ; n
1_. ,. _ 1 e... u vir1 c..d_ ~ CArnd ..1J- C..O{'h

k e e...p -l h. L c, il c.. u..J. J--,, uY\d e..rt o_ f Y\o.l Chi c...k___ , J

An e0 /) e. n -M ~ Q rn pe-n c__ 0---1~ \ C) 9i aJJ. ow; Y'-) p-. o b e_

Cu~
C)

1
(), t',1-,1 I') +o. V) C L aJ:l 0. Ch r0 '- yj,, .j-u +le, e_ m_o U vJ", cj h' '- i-,,J,
' ,f '--" ~ <'. ha_ b l ,,,, .+-h ,_ d ,. rn O d,.,J. o..:t..i 0Yl ~ s iu r,. a'_)_ I
I'> c.. vJ-'
S 1-ei.,., d.J. "'- J- w a" .,_, ; -n I "jJ na.J-v'\ V> o. "' ,e\e1y-0e~

~ h. o-,-t...- dJ e..Yi- ~ " .u'\ w q v~ 0 prt o J...,u. c- e d

rv-J o olt' c. f'J \- '1 ~ C hut ~ .
-1-