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International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2021 (ICBB 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034 (2022) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012003

Utilization of municipal solid waste into electricity energy: A

performance of PLTSa Bantargebang pilot project

W S Winanti1, W Purwanta2 and Wiharja3

1
Principal Researcher, Environmental Technology Center, BPPT, Indonesia
2
Senior Researcher, Environmental Technology Center, BPPT, Indonesia
3
Senior Researcher, Environmental Technology Center, BPPT, Indonesia
E-mail: wahyu.purwanta@bppt.go.id

Abstract. Municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a serious problem for cities in Indonesia.
The increasing population and economic activity as well as the increasing difficulty in obtaining
land for landfills are the real problems faced. Waste generation from urban areas currently
reaches 29.4 million tons annually and that has been managed reaches 62.29%. The Indonesian
government has targeted 100% waste management by 2025 by processing 70% and reducing it
by 30%. To accelerate the achievement of this target, Presidential Regulation No. 35/2018
concerning installation construction acceleration of waste processing into electricity energy
based on environmentally friendly technology has been issued. MSW in Indonesia contains
62.4% of biomass in the form of food waste, wood, vegetables and fruits which have the potential
to be a source of energy. This paper describes the performance of PLTSa Bantargebang based
on operating data in 2020. PLTSa Bantargebang was designed to be able to burn 100 tonnes of
waste/day with an average calorific value of 1,500 kcal/kg and an electricity output of 700 kW.
This plant was also equipped with a pre-treatment plant to reduce water content and air pollution
control devices that can emit exhaust that met national emission standards. When this study was
conducted, the WtE plant electricity production was around 350 kW which was only used for
the internal operational needs of the WtE plant. In this condition, the WtE plant burns waste on
average 65 tons waste per day. During 2020, the plant had burned 9,878 tonnes of waste by
generating electricity of 784 MWh or an electricity conversion rate of 110.66 kWh/ton waste.
Both exhaust gas emission and liquid waste have met national quality standards, so that it is an
environmentally friendly WtE plant. The plant also produced fly ash and bottom ash around
19.41% of the weight of the waste burned.
Keywords: Waste-to-Energy, performance, conversion

1. Background
Population growth and its economic activities have caused Indonesia to have an increased municipal
solid waste (MSW) generation problem. This increase in waste generation meets another problem, i.e.,
low service level and difficulty acquiring the area for final disposal (landfill). Measures to reduce MSW
from the source or in the intermediate facilities, such as Temporary Dumpsite (TPS), TPS 3R (Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle), and Waste Bank, have been conducted. However, the massive waste generation rate
causes a low waste reduction level at the national level. Through the Waste National Policy and Strategy
(Jakstranas), the Government targets in 2025, 100% of waste can be managed through processing by
70% and 30% by reduction [1].

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International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2021 (ICBB 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034 (2022) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012003

If the current Indonesian population is 261 million people, with a waste generation rate assumption
of 0.4 kg/capita/day, the estimated waste generation is 104,000 tons/day nationally. The Ministry of
Environment and Forestry’s data released through the sipsn.menlhk.go.id site showed that in 2020,
29,361,181 tons/year waste was produced from 252 cities/regencies. From this number, 62.29% was
managed through reduction and processing, while the remaining 37.71% was unmanaged. In percentage,
from the 62.29% managed MSW comprises 20.17% of reduction and 42.12% of processing. It shows
that nationally, 37.31% (11,071,722 tons/year) of unmanaged waste remains. Based on the Statistics
Central Bureau’s data, unmanaged waste consist of illegal burning by 52%, flowing to the river and
ocean by 7%, and undetected by 5% [2]. MSW in Indonesia contains 62.4% of biomass in the form of
food waste, wood, vegetables and fruits which have the potential to be a source of energy [3].
This data indicates a slight concern that Jakstranas target may not be achieved if there is no novel
insight into waste management that may rapidly and significantly reduce waste generation. This
condition leads to a more advanced waste processing method in Indonesia, including thermal processing
by transforming waste into energy. The determination of waste management method or technology
depends on the waste quality and quantity, land availability, fiscal ability, and waste business ecosystem
available to be adjusted with each technology’s advantages and disadvantages [4].
For cities with an emergency waste condition, limited alternatives are available to be selected,
particularly concerning land availability. The government selects the option to process waste into energy
through a thermal process. This step was realized by issuing Presidential Regulation number 35 of 2018
concerning Installation Construction Acceleration of Waste Processing into Electrical Energy Based on
Environmental Friendly Technology. This regulation helps the government to encourage 12 cities in
Indonesia, including Jakarta, Greater Bandung Area, Semarang, Surakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar,
Makassar, Manado, Bekasi, Tangerang, Tangerang Selatan, and Palembang to construct an installation
of waste processing into energy [5].
The government’s intention was actualized by building the PLTSa Bantargebang (“WtE plant”) pilot
project as the learning center of Indonesian experts in mastering thermal technology. The WtE plant was
designed with a 100 tons/day waste processing capacity and generated 700 kW electricity. Currently,
WtE plant is the first thermal system installation with an incinerator in Indonesia. This paper discusses
WtE plant’s performance outcome during the operating trial period of 2020. This study results will be
beneficial to improve other WtE plant performance and design according to the waste composition and
characteristics in Indonesia.

2. Waste processing flow at WtE plant

PLTSa Bantargebang is a waste processing installation unit with the incineration system that utilizes
combustion residual heat to generate steam to operate turbines and generate electricity. The waste
management process comprises several steps [6]:
1. Waste pre-treatment before becoming fuel waste
2. Fuel waste unloading to the bunker
3. Feeding waste to the receiving hopper
4. Waste combustion on the reciprocating grate at furnace
5. Pressurized and high-temperature steam production on the boiler-furnace
6. Steam conversion into an electricity generator
7. Combustion exhaust gas delivery to flue gas treatment
8. Delivering processed flue gas through stack
9. Fly ash and bottom ash collection
10. Fly ash processing to be utilized as a construction material
11. Bottom ash delivery to the landfill

3. Pre-treatment plant
The pre-treatment plant is a processing unit that receives waste from TPSs which is transported by a
garbage truck before being taken to the WtE plant as fuel waste. The pre-treatment unit has the following

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International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2021 (ICBB 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034 (2022) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012003

functions;
a. Selecting combustible and non-combustible wastes
b. Selecting waste size to enter the WtE plant hopper
c. Sorting waste materials prohibited to be combusted, e.g., glass, metal, aluminum foil, PVC, and
hazardous wastes
d. Sorting saleable waste (recycled material)
e. Increasing waste calorific value
The pre-treatment unit occupies an area of 69 x 19.8 m2 and is 0.61 km from the WtE plant. The
processing capacity of the pre-treatment unit is 40 tons/shift (in 1 day, there are 2 shifts with a working
time of 8 hours/shift). The process flow diagram of the waste pre-treatment unit is described in Fig. 1.

1 3 5 8
Sorting of Sorting
Truck Trommel Screen WtE Bunker
Bulky waste Conveyor

2 4 6 7

Landfill Collector

Flow 1: biowaste, paper, plastic, fabric, rubber/leather, metal, glass, hazardous waste, bulky waste, others; Flow 2: bulky
waste; Flow 3: biowaste, paper, plastic, fabric, rubber/leather, metal, glass, hazardous waste, bulky waste, others; Flow 4:
biowaste; Flow 5: biowaste, paper, plastic, fabric, rubber/leather, metal, glass, hazardous waste, bulky waste, others; Flow
6: rubber/leather and hazardous waste; Flow 7: plastic, metal, glass; Flow 8: biowaste, paper, plastic, fabric, rubber/
leather, metal, glass, hazardous waste, bulky waste, others

Figure 1. Process flow schematic of the pre-treatment plant

The waste that entered the plant was sorted manually to get rid of bulky waste. Furthermore, with
the help of an excavator, the waste was put into a trommel screen for sorting by size. The waste that
falls through the trommel screen hole were separated as organic waste, while the waste that was stuck
on the trommel screen was then entered the sorting conveyor. Waste was sorted manually in the sorting
conveyor by employees. Sorting was applied by a sorting conveyor that can sort out 60% combustible
materials and 40% non-combustible materials, including 0.7% saleable materials. In a day, the average
amount of waste that entered the pre-treatment was 167 tons, and around 100 tons were transported to
the bunker.
The separability level in the pre-treatment plant was good. It was indicated that no dioxins were
found in the flue gas emissions from the WtE plant. Hazardous waste was also not found in the waste in
the bunker. The heavy metal content was also not significant in fly ash, so that the fly ash produced
meets national quality standards of emission. From the results of the analysis at the Solid Waste
Laboratory of Bandung Institute of Technology, it was found that the high heating value (HHV) when
entering was 3,892.21 kcal/kg to 4,022.32 kcal/kg when leaving the pre-treatment plant, and the
moisture content was decreased from 50.45% to 45.47% (Table 1). Research conducted by Yuliani [7]
stated that the pre-treatment plant has been able to increase the calorific value (LHV) of waste from
1,421 kcal/kg to 1,853 kcal/kg [7].

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International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2021 (ICBB 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034 (2022) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012003

Table 1. Waste properties at the pre-treatment plant [8]

Analysis Result
Item Before After Unit
Pre Treat. Pre Treat.
Ultimate
Carbon (C) 39.00 41.17 % dry weight
Hydrogen (H) 5.04 6.37 % dry weight
Oxygen (O) 28.27 32.92 % dry weight
Nitrogen (N) 1.22 0.78 % dry weight
Sulfide (S) 0.13 0.07 % dry weight
Chloride (Cl) 1.30 2.79 % dry weight
Physicochemical
Water cont. (as received) 50.45 45.47 % wet weight
Water cont. (air dried) 9.96 7.08 % dry weight
Ash cont. (air dried) 23.57 14.27 % dry weight
Volatile (air dried) 63.42 58.20 % dry weight
Fixed carbon (air dried) 5.91 4.81 % dry weight
High Heating Value (HHV) 3,892.21 4,021.32 kcal/kg

4. Waste-to-Energy Incinerator Plant

PLTSa Bantargebang applies moving grate incinerator (MGI) technology, which is the longest and most
widely applied WtE technology in the world today. This WtE plant was built in 2018 and carried out
commissioning and operation tests in 2019. In 2020, a joint operation with the DKI Jakarta Provincial
Government began to burn waste originating from designated settlements and commercial areas. The
main units in the WtE plant include combustion and energy recovery, flue gas treatment, water and
wastewater treatment, and fly ash and bottom ash (FABA) handling (Fig. 2).

Pre-treatment plant Steam Boiler Steam Turbine Generator Electricity

Unloading & filling the Waste input into Waste combustion in

Flue gas treatment Stack
bunker feeding system grate stoker (furnace)

Fly & Bottom

Ash (FABA) FABA handling
Waste
Heat
Flue gas
FABA

Figure 2. Process flow schematic of the WtE plant.

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International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2021 (ICBB 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034 (2022) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012003

4.1 Combustion and energy recovery

The process of burning waste occurred in a furnace consisting of equipment for the hopper, grate, burner,
FD fan, and SD fan. Waste that entered the hopper was pushed into the furnace slowly and continuously
by the feeder. Then the waste was burned on the moving grate in a flat position with a low controlled
speed. When burning occurred, there was a primary airflow from below the grate with the help of an FD
fan. Along the grate, zones of temperature were formed, and the accompanying processes for digesting
waste, namely the drying zone, volatilization (pyrolysis and gasification), burning, and residue
destruction [9]. If the burned waste is represented by a simple formula, such as CuHvOwNxSy, then the
combustion equation can be simplified and represented as [10]:

CuHvOwNxSy + [u + (v /4) – (w /2) + y] O2 → uCO2 + (v /2) H2O + (x /2) N2 + ySO2

There are three key parameters for achieving high incinerator performance in the incinerator
combustion process, i.e., temperature, time, and turbulence [11]. Waste burned on the grate will be
converted into three forms: heat, flue gas, and solid residue. The heat from the furnace was connected
to the boiler, producing superheated steam with temperatures ranging from 310-320 °C and pressure of
39-40 barA. This steam was then flowed to a turbine that can receive steam up to a temperature of 380
°C at a pressure of 38 barA. The turbine was connected to the gearbox to the AC generator, generating
electricity with a maximum power of 700 kW (6.6 kV ± 10%).
In 2020, the plant operated for 335 days with 226 running days and 109 days for improvement,
maintenance, and evaluation. During that time, the plant has burned 9,878 tons of waste and generated
784 MWh of electricity or an electricity conversion rate of 110.66 kWh/ton waste. In terms of waste
reduction, there had been a reduction of waste weight by 79.75%, of which 19.41% was in the form of
FABA, and the rest was in the form of pollutant gasses. Considering that in 2020 there were still many
operational problems, including the need for additional supporting equipment and the COVID-19
pandemic, continuous and stable running plants occurred in the August-December period. In addition,
the load-generated power was only for internal needs, so it was not at full power capacity (700 kW).
The patterns of waste weight reduction, electricity generated, diesel fuel consumption, and water
consumption results in that period are presented in Fig. 3.

Figure 3. Waste reduction and FABA production.

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International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2021 (ICBB 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034 (2022) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012003

Figure 4. Waste burned and electricity output.

Figure 5. Diesel fuel consumption and water content.

Figure 6. WtE Plant water consumption.

4.2 Flue gas treatment

The flue gas resulting from combustion at the boiler or economizer was then processed through air
pollution control devices such as a quencher, chemical injection, and bag filters before being discharged

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International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2021 (ICBB 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034 (2022) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012003

into the atmosphere through a chimney. The quencher functions as a lowering of the flue gas temperature
by utilizing the latent heat of the evaporating water. Since the WtE plant was operated, measurements
of flue gas emissions in the chimney were carried out in December 2019, which in general, the majority
of the parameters were below the quality standard for emission (Table 2). The particulate matter was
above the quality standard for emission, and this was because the filter bag was not operating because
the cloth filter burned due to the high temperature of the gas from the quencher direction, which caused
static electricity sparks. Meanwhile, the HCl parameter at the time of measurement was also above the
quality standard for emission due to the lack of stock-slaked lime.

Table 2. Emissions from the WtE plant [12]

Measurement Emission
Parameter Unit
Dec.2019 Standarda)
Total Particulate 203.1 120 mg/Nm3
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 16 625 mg/Nm3
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 190 470 mg/Nm3
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 50 210 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 0.8 2 mg/Nm3
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 44.0 10 mg/Nm3
Mercury (Hg) ~0 3 mg/Nm3
PCDDs/PCDFs 0.0088 0.1 ng/Nm3
a)
MoEF Regulation No. 70/2016

Other parameters such as Hg showed a minimal concentration (not detected by measuring

instruments), which showed that the fuel waste sorting conditions in the pre-treatment plant had
succeeded in separating materials containing Hg and the added activated carbon that had effectively
absorbed Hg. While CO was below the quality standard, it showed that the pyrolysis gasses (methane,
ethane, and other hydrocarbons) had been successfully decomposed into CO2 and H2O gasses, or there
had been complete combustion in the second chamber. Most of the HF, NO2, SO2 parameters were
below the quality standard for emission, indicating that there had been a neutralization process of acid
gasses by slaked lime.
Dioxins/Furans (PCDDs/PCDFs), which are often the main issues related to WtE, were found to be
concentrations below the emission standard. The low PCDDs/PCDFs concentration indicated that the
sudden significant temperature drop in the quencher had worked well to prevent the formation of
PCDDs/PCDFs produced due to the catalytic reaction between chlorine and organic compounds on the
ash surface at temperatures between 200-400 °C (de novo synthesis) [13]. In addition, the low
PCDDs/PCDFs were also supported by the minimization of precursor material in the pre-treatment, high
combustion temperatures in the furnace (>800°C) and also activated carbon that absorbed
PCDDs/PCDFs.

4.3 Water and wastewater treatment

Raw water for boiler and domestic needs was supplied from deep wells 1 and 2, located in the plant
area. When the plant operated for 24 hours, the total raw water consumption from the deep well was
around 300 m3/day, and demineralized water production was around 100 m3/day. In August - December
2020, total raw water consumption was 22,997 m3, and demineralized water production was 5,567 m³.

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International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2021 (ICBB 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034 (2022) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012003

Table 3. WWTP performance of WtE plant [14]

Inlet Outlet Effluent Removal
Item Unit
WWTP WWTP Stda). Efficiency
pH 7.6 7.4 6-9 - -
BOD 127.2 34.4 150 mg/L 73 %
COD 264.4 85 300 mg/L 68 %
TSS 356.5 9 100 mg/L 97 %
Total Nitrogen 20 0.47 60 mg/L 97 %
Mercury <0.00005 <0.00005 0.005 mg/L -
Cadmium 0.18 0.001 0.1 mg/L 99 %

WtE plant wastewater consists of water from the rest of the process in the quencher, leachate from
the bunker, and the remaining water from the receiving area cleaning, all flowed to the WWTP, so that
the effluent quality meets the quality standards in the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation
No. P59/2016 concerning Quality Standards for Business and/or Activities for Waste Final Processing
Sites. Conformity to quality standards is needed in order to maintain the carrying capacity of the
environment around it. The results of several parameters on wastewater both at the input and output of
the WWTP are shown in Table 3.
From Table 3, WWTP can maintain the pH of the effluent in the required range, namely pH 6-9. In
addition, WWTP was also able to remove 70% BOD and 68% COD. With the efficiency of the
allowance, WWTP was able to maintain the quality of liquid waste so that it meets the standards. Other
parameters that are important in assessing the impact of the aquatic environment are Nitrogen and
Mercury. Nitrogen will affect the fertility of the waters [13]. However, the measurement results showed
that the total nitrogen level itself was quite low from the inlet to be removed significantly through
WWTP. Likewise, Cadmium was relatively low level from its source, and WWTP was capable of
removing nearly 99%. Based on the quality of the effluent discharged into the aquatic environment, the
presence of WWTP is considered capable of maintaining the carrying capacity of the surrounding
aquatic environment.

4.4 Fly ash and bottom ash handling

The solid residue from combustion in the WtE plant is FABA which needs to be managed properly so
as not to pollute the environment. The remaining combustion from the furnace is typically from the grate
in the form of a slag consisting of bottom ash and metal residue. Both bottom ash and metal scraps from
the WtE plant were collected from the bottom of the grate by a scraper conveyor to a collection basin
which was periodically deposited in the landfill. Based on the composition and characteristic analysis
conducted by the Sucofindo laboratory in November 2019 from the test samples, it was found that the
dominant compounds in bottom ash were SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3. In addition, the Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP) on FABA and its derivative products based on the results for TCLP-A and
TCLP-B were all under quality standard requirements (Government Regulation no.22/2021 Attachment
XI). The toxicity test showed LD50 yields more than 5,000 mg/kg BW, which means that FABA is
categorized as non-toxic. Currently, fly ash is used as a paving block after adding a mixture of 200 - 300
pieces/day [16]. The TCLP test for paving blocks showed that every parameter fulfilled the quality
standard, while the strength test, compressive test, and tensile test resulted in the paving blocks produced
being class C or suitable for sidewalks.

5. Conclusion
The PLTSa Bantargebang is the first WtE plant with MGI technology in Indonesia that destroys waste
by recovering heat to generate electricity. The WtE plant was designed to process 100 tons/day of waste
with an electricity output of 700 kW. In 2020, 9,878 tons of waste were burned during the operation
period and generated 784 MWh of electricity or an electricity conversion rate of 110.66 kWh/ton. In

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International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2021 (ICBB 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034 (2022) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012003

improving the quality of operations, the WtE plant was also equipped with a pre-treatment unit that
functioned to sort out saleable materials, hazardous waste, metals, glass, PVC, and aluminum foil. A
pre-treatment plant can also increase the average heating value (LHV) from 1,421 kcal/kg to 1,853
kcal/kg on average.
The WtE plant was also equipped with a flue gas treatment which can reduce gaseous pollutants so
that their levels were below the national quality standard for emission. PCDDs/PCDFs levels of 0.0088
ng/Nm3 showed good plant performance and flue gas treatment. Meanwhile, the combustion by-product
in the form of FABA reached 19.41% of the weight of the burned waste. Fly ash was used as a paving
block, while bottom ash was stored in landfills, according to the Minister of Environment and Forestry
Regulation No.26/2020.

Acknowledgment
We would like to thank the DKI Jakarta Environmental Office for collaborating with the Environmental
Technology Center BPPT in financing the operation of the WtE plant, so that the data of plant
performance can be obtained which is very useful for science.

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