Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

An experimental study on concrete block using construction demolition

waste and life cycle cost analysis
J. Jolly Abraham a, R. Saravanakumar a,⇑, P. Evanzalin Ebenanjar b, K.S. Elango a, D. Vivek a, S. Anandaraj a
a
Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
b
Department of Mathematics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Construction waste substances are heavy, dense, and bulky in characteristics and it needs greater garage
Available online xxxx space and cannot observe general waste disposal techniques. ‘Reduce– Reuse – Recycle’ are the most typ-
ically adopted concepts for waste management in the creative industry. The gap between the call for and
Keywords: delivery of constructing materials along with the best combination and coarse mixture in production
C&D waste fields, in avenue creation is increasing daily. creation industries in India generate an average of 10–13
Lifecycle cost analysis million tons of waste per yr. with the aid of recycling the combination substances, we will fill the distance
Recycle
between demand and supply, and lessen the cost of production. In beyond, research was conducted on
Waste management
Sustainability
the recycling capability of C&D waste. Constructing companies of contractors had been recognized as a
Recycled Aggregate product of construction waste and additionally as a person of recycling waste. Involvement of all stake-
holders, together with authorities is necessary for proper resource usage of creation waste. have a look at
residential creation waste had found out that layout and operation activities have maximum effect on the
era.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Latest Developments in Materials & Manufacturing

1. Introduction and operation activities have maximum impact on generation.

Construction waste materials are heavy, dense and bulky in
characteristics and it needs more storage space and cannot follow
standard waste disposal methods. ‘Reduce – Reuse – Recycle’ are
the most commonly adopted principles for waste management in
the construction industry. The gap between demand and supply
of building materials such as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
in construction fields, especially in road construction is increasing
day by day [1–4]. Construction industries in India generate an
average of 10–13 million tons of waste per year. By recycling the
aggregate materials we can fill the gap between demand and sup-
ply, and also reduce the cost of production. In past, researches were
conducted on recycling potential of Construction and Demolition
(C&D) waste. Building enterprises of contractors were identified
as a product of construction waste and also as user of recycling
waste. Involvement of all stakeholders, including government is
necessary for proper resource utilization of construction waste.
Study of residential construction waste had revealed that design
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: saravanakumar.r@kpriet.ac.in (R. Saravanakumar).
The main sources of demolition waste are old buildings and the
structure mostly affected due to climatic factors. Moreover, special
care should be given for the concrete containing steel.Fig. 1.
1.1. C&D waste
Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste is produced at what-
ever point any development or destruction happens. C&D waste
fundamentally contains non-biodegradable and idle materials like
cement, block total, tile pieces, mortar content, bits of wood, glass
and so forth which can be reused. Such wastes are essentially cum-
bersome, hefty in nature and takes critical measure of room when
unloaded without handling. Routinely these waste barring metal
and wood are viewed as a material with restricted financial poten-
tial. Development waste are for the most part extras from new
development materials like Excavated material like stone and soil,
Waste black-top, broken blocks, concrete, plasterboard, wood and
vegetation during development and any remaining waste incorpo-
rates from development exercises on a commonplace building site.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.307
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Latest Developments in Materials & Manufacturing

Please cite this article as: J. Jolly Abraham, R. Saravanakumar, P. Evanzalin Ebenanjar et al., An experimental study on concrete block using construction
demolition waste and life cycle cost analysis, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.307
J. Jolly Abraham, R. Saravanakumar, P. Evanzalin Ebenanjar et al.
Fig. 1. LCCA Flow chart.
2. C&D waste management in India
In India, it is regular to see colossal heaps of C&D waste, stacked
close by of significant streets bringing about gridlocks, clog and
interruption and chocking of channels. Around 30% of the absolute
metropolitan strong waste produced in the nation contains C&D
waste [5–8]. Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment
Council (TIFAC) has directed a techno-market review on ’Use of
Waste from Construction Industry’ focusing on lodging/building
and street section. Block and substantial waste contribute around
54% to the all out development misuse of 12–15 million tons for
every annum. As per Central Public Health and environmental.
Engineering Organization, roughly 55 thousand million cum total
deficiency is being looked by the Real Estate area alone. Other than
this street development area would likewise require 750 million
cum of total subsequently making exorbitant burden on character-
istic assets. The normal situation in India is to dump the waste in
landfills or in waterways. Because of steady expansions in shortage
of normal assets most urban communities like Ahmadabad, Delhi,
Mumbai and Pune are choosing reusing and recuperation of mate-
rials from C &D waste. According to TIFAC, greatest (70%) of the
development ventures are not embracing reusing advancements
and henceforth require foundation of value benchmarks for reused
total cement, reused total materials to help setting focuses for
quality items and guarantee the client of a least quality prerequi-
site, accordingly promising him to utilize it. Table 1 represents
contribution of C&D waste in India [9–12]
2.1. Effects of C&D waste and rules of management in India
Both the development and destruction exercises bring about
colossal measure of waste. Use of these wastes is conceivable just
with the reusing or reusing of waste created from the development
Table 1
Contribution of C&D waste.
S.No Project Type Percentage of Waste
1 High rise Buildings 33%
2 Industrial Buildings 19%
3 Small Buildings 15%
4 Commercial Buildings 15%
5 Government Projects 11%
6 Infrastructure 8%
2
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
exercises. Development, redesign, and destruction projects make
natural and financial issues notwithstanding waste. These incorpo-
rate consumption of previously decreasing characteristic assets, air
and water contamination from waste that is inappropriately dis-
carded, and, for some state and neighbourhood governments, ten-
sion on premium landfill unsafe substances. C&D waste
administration rules are outlined to address. The current normal
practice to heap C&D waste in the street or unlawfully dump in less
populated regions causing gridlock. C&D waste from singular fam-
ilies discovering its way into close by city receptacles

To try not to miss of this waste with civil waste making it
weighty, and corrupting its quality in MSW handling, for exam-
ple, treating the soil or energy recuperation and so forth

To forestall stopping up of surface channels hindering free pro-
gression of water spillover and discouraging them.

To make a system for coordinated capacity, assortment, reuse or
removal waste produced.

To satisfy the need for totals in the lodging and street areas
through recuperation of materials from C& D waste to decrease
huge hole popular and supply.

To decrease asset consumption because of sand mining which is
turning into a significant cause of issue
3. Research objective
Characteristic assets are restricted which will be drained with
time, preservation of this assets is most extreme significant. Profi-
cient definition and execution of successful waste administration
plan can fundamentally diminish development and destruction
waste. Indian C&D waste administration framework have been
introduced alongside fundamental proposal to improve the legal
structure and advance industry practices of waste minimization
and recuperation. Partition of C and D waste ought to be advanced
at source and an institutional instrument for waste assortment
ought to be set up including casual area who can be prepared to
isolate the waste into classes and furthermore do some measure
of utilization, reuse and reprocessing like making tiles from
squashed development trash. Charges ought to be exacted on C
and D waste generators. Harmless to the ecosystem advancements
ought to be received for waste use of C and D waste.
4. C&D waste recycling process
Generally annihilated cement was transported to landfills for
removal, yet because of more prominent natural mindfulness, the
substantial is being reused for reuse in substantial works. Moder-
ately different advantage in reused concrete instead of consuming,
Land filling and unloading. Smashing and screening frameworks
start with essential jaws, cones and additionally enormous impac-
tors taking rubble from 30 creeps to 4 feet. At that point contingent
on project optional cone, essential and auxiliary screens might to
be utilized separately. Soil and unfamiliar particles eliminate by
the scalping screen then fine material from coarse total will be
eliminate fine hard deck screen. After that expulsion of liberated
from soil, earth, wood, plastic and natural materials is important
to guarantee the reused substantial item. The cleaning cycle is fin-
ished by the air separators, water buoyancy, electromagnetic par-
tition and so forth Advantages of reusing of cement are (a) Local
item neighbourhood sources (b)Reduces truck traffic (c) Alterna-
tive to a non-inexhaustible asset (d) Cost investment funds (e)
No removal expenses (f) Better shipping usage (diminished
expenses) [9–12]. Rock mining is lessening utilizing of reused
coarse total, they are likewise natural and monetary advantages.
Contrast and regular coarse total cement with reused coarse total
J. Jolly Abraham, R. Saravanakumar, P. Evanzalin Ebenanjar et al.
substantial strength was somewhat diminish for voids in reused
total. On the off chance that in blend configuration requires add
somewhat higher rate concrete and water decreasing admixture
then the strength is same as new concrete. It is likewise utilized
for R.C.C works.
5. Life cycle cost Analysis (LCCA) in C&D waste management
LCCA depends on the presumptions that numerous structure
materials can address automatic issues and accomplish satisfac-
tory execution, and that these alternatives have contrasting intro-
ductory expenses, working expenses, upkeep costs, and
conceivably unique life cycles. For a given material, LCCA gauges
the complete expense of the subsequent component, from begin-
ning development through activity and upkeep, for some segment
of the existence of the structure. By looking at the existence cycle
expenses of different material setups, LCCA can investigate com-
promises between low starting expenses and long haul cost reserve
funds, recognize the most framework for a given use, and decide
how long it will require for a particular framework to ‘‘repay” its
gradual expense. Since making a thorough life cycle quote for each
possible component of a structure would not be reasonable, the
Guidelines for LCCA centre around highlights and frameworks des-
tined to affect long haul costs.
5.1. Importance of LCCA
Planning new and redesigned structures in view of support and
working expenses can bring about critical reserve funds. The
Guidelines for LCCA assist Project Teams with figuring these
expenses and use them to advise arranging, plan, and development
choices. The material life is improved by reusing the development
material however the expense which utilized for reusing is com-
pelling or not is chosen utilizing LCCA. The LCCA deduction spurs
the venture directors to concentrate all the financially savvy, eco-
accommodating and economical thoughts.
5.2. Implementation of LCCA
The Derivation which comprises of Initial cost, Replacement
cost, Residual value, Total energy cost, Water cost, Operation come
maintenance cost and other costs.
LCC = (Initial cost + Replacement cost – Residual value + Total
energy cost + Water cost + Operation and maintenance
cost + other cost) / Life of the element (Actual + Extended).
Where Initial Cost includes

Planning, fundamental designing, and undertaking plan

Environmental sway report Project-related staff preparing Final
designing

Land procurement

Construction costs(initial and secondary), including enhance-
ments to existing offices

Equipment and vehicle buys

Equipment needed for project activity Decommissioning costs
for offices.

Residual value include

Residual esteem (a negative expense) The assessed worth of
undertaking resources toward the finish of the time of examina-
tion, addressing their normal worth in proceeding with use

Salvage esteem (a negative expense) The assessed worth of a
resource in situations where there exists a business opportunity
for selling the resource

Close-out costs caused toward the finish of the venture’s activ-
ity to take care of the undertaking or destruction.
3
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Deconstruction Energy cost comes under initial Cost include

Planning, Marking

Manpower

Machinery(Breaker, Cutting machine)

Equipment

Collection Stock pile at site

Preliminary Segregation

Loading Cost

Transportation

Unloading and piling at processing unit.
In numerous cases a normal purchaser centres just around the
underlying venture costs, neglecting running costs, for example,
Cost of Energy Consumption, Running expense (cost of Operation,
fix and upkeep) and Cost of (Decorative) Finishes. The values are
obtained by making field observations of minimum three struc-
tures. The data collected are obtained from the site which under-
goes demolition process. The average values obtained from the
site is used for analysis. The three sites are selected in locality
Karur, Tamilnadu, India. The organisation which does demolition
works along with processing of that waste and produces it into
recycled aggregates. The life cycle of that initial building structure
and the recycled aggregates are calculated using the software
SimaPro
6. Life cycle assessment from simapro
SimaPro helps in viably apply your supportability skill, to help
in engage solid decision-making, change your items’ life cycles to
improve things, and improve your organization’s positive effect.
SimaPro is the expert instrument to gather, dissect and screen Tthe
supportability execution information of organization’s items and
administrations. The product can be utilized for an assortment of
utilizations, for example, supportability detailing, carbon and
water foot printing, product design, producing environmental pro-
duct statements and determining key execution markers. Analysis
of Simapro for substantial squares with natural resources is refer-
enced in Table 2 [15] and the graphical representation of the same
was presented in Fig. 2. Using SimaPro, easily demonstrate and
break down complex life cycles in an orderly and straightforward
manner and measure the natural effect of your items and adminis-
trations across all life cycle stages
7. Manufacturing a product from recycled aggregates
The Recycled Aggregates (RA) are used instead of natural aggre-
gates in various ways. For the life cycle cost analysis the concrete
blocks which are manufactured using RA are taken into considera-
tion. The life of the concrete block is improved by making the block
which is a vital replacement for conventional concrete block.
7.1. Material and manufacturing
The recycled aggregates are tested as per Indian standards. The
properties of the aggregates are tested as per IS standards IS2185-1
(2005). The fundamental tests are carried out as follows.
7.2. Particle size distribution
The aftereffect of sifter investigation did according to IS 2386
for various kinds of squashed reused substantial total and regular
totals. It is discovered that reused coarse total are decreased to dif-
ferent sizes during the way toward smashing and sieving (by a sif-
ter of 4.75 mm), which gives best particle size circulation. The
J. Jolly Abraham, R. Saravanakumar, P. Evanzalin Ebenanjar et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2
Sima Pro. Analysis with Natural Resources.

With Natural resources

Life cyclestage Climate change Human health Ecosystem Quality Resource Depletion Water usage
Concrete Block 55 45 43 47 26
Binding 6 3 3 5 53
Coating 17 11 12 14 10
Steel rod 2 4 5 2 1
Distribution 13 24 26 20 6
End of life 6 13 11 12 4
Total 100 100 100 100 100

Fig. 2. Sima Pro. Analysis with Natural Resources.

measure of fine particles (<4.75 mm) subsequent to reusing of
crushed were in the request for 5–20% relying on the first grade
of wrecked cement. All that quality regular total can acquired by
essential, auxiliary and tertiary pounding though the equivalent
can be gotten after essential and optional smashing incase of
reused total. The single smashing interaction is additionally pow-
erful on account of reused total.
The particle shape investigation of reused total demonstrates
comparable particle state of common total got from squashed
stone. The reused total by and large satisfies all the guideline pre-
requisites of total utilized in concrete.
7.2.1. Explicit gravity and water retention
The particular gravity (immersed surface dry state) of reused
substantial total was found from 2.35 to 2.58 which are lower
when contrasted with common totals. Since the RCA from obliter-
ated substantial comprise of squashed stone total with old mortar
clinging to it, the water assimilation goes from 3.05% to 7.40%,
which is moderately higher than that of the normal totals. When
all is said in done, as the water ingestion qualities of reused totals
are higher, it is prudent to keep up immersed surface dry (SSD)
states of total before beginning of the blending tasks.
7.3. Concrete blocks
Mixing the target of exhaustive blending of totals, concrete and
water is to guarantee that the concrete - water glue totally covers
the outside of the totals. Every one of the crude materials incorpo-
rating water are gathered in a substantial blender, which is pivoted
for around 1 ½ minutes. The pre-arranged blend is released from
4
the blender and devoured inside 30 min. Compacting the reason
for compacting is to fill all air pockets with concrete all in all with-
out development of free water through the substantial. Inordinate
compaction would bring about development of water pockets or
layers with higher water substance and low quality of the item.
Curing: The best strength benefits happen during the initial
three days and significant impacts are gotten up to 10 or 14 days.
The more drawn out the curing time allowed the better the item.
Concrete shrinks slightly with loss of dampness. It is in this
manner fundamental that subsequent to curing is finished, the
squares ought to be permitted to dry out progressively in conceal
so the underlying drying shrinkage of the squares is finished before
they are utilized in the development work.
8. Experimental test and results of concrete blocks
8.1. Block density
Three blocks were taken hazardly from the examples, will be
dried to steady mass in a reasonable stove warmed to 100 °C. Sub-
sequent to cooling the blocks to room temperature, the compo-
nents of each square are estimated in centimeters and in general
is processed in cubic centimeters. The blocks will at that point be
said something kilograms and the thickness of blocks is deter-
mined. The normal square thickness acquired is 1856.72 kg/m3.
8.2. Compression test
The blocks were tried to decide the greatest compressive
strength subsequent to restoring of 28 days. As per the IS
J. Jolly Abraham, R. Saravanakumar, P. Evanzalin Ebenanjar et al.
2185:2005, the base pressure strength of square ought to be
10.2 N/mm2 (for substantial square). The normal strength of three
square is 11.8 N/mm2. The blocks are reasonable for load bearing
constructions as well.
9. Analytical LCCA and results
The life time of the material and the recycled product was
obtained from SimaPro and the cost values are obtained from field
parameters are given and the Indian Urban body cost for C&D
waste processing are given in Fig 03. The LCCA Analysis was
derived using the formula mentioned above. The lesser LCCA value
shows that the material is highly effective and sustainable.
LCC ¼ ð30 þ 0  0:6 þ 54 þ 14 þ 0Þ=ð45:66 þ 40Þ
LCC ¼ ð30 þ 0  0:6 þ 54 þ 14 þ 0Þ=ð45:66 þ 40Þ
LCC ¼ ð30 þ 0  0 þ 54 þ 14 þ 0Þ=ð45:66 þ 0Þ
LCC ¼ 2:14 Without recycling
Life Cycle Cost is halfly reduced, If the waste is reused into a
highly effective product.
10. Conclusion
Waste management is an intrigued factor close to society sub-
sequently, the paintings give a noteworthy exertion relatively in
that it is miles a concept for a converting evaluation on squander
the board. The findings found out that the amount of waste inside
the production enterprise is big. The paper enhancing the enter-
prise’s preference in C&D waste control does no longer requires
lots of investment. Creating a noticeably effective product from
recycled aggregates makes the construction material a great deal
greener and more sustainable. This paper exceedingly promotes
the hobby of the project managers and governing bodies with
the aid of lowering the lifestyles cycle cost of the materials which
might be used in the homes. The merits of LCCA are building own-
ers come to be informed about material costs. The Environmental
impact because of the C&D waste is decreased by making the waste
suitable for manufacturing some other product. From the 3R
(Reduce-Recycle- Reuse) precept of C&D waste control, the reuse
is quite powerful and handy.
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
CRediT authorship contribution statement
J. Jolly Abraham: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing –
original draft. R. Saravanakumar: Investigation. P. Evanzalin Ebe-
nanjar: Investigation. K.S. Elango: Investigation. D. Vivek: Investi-
gation. S. Anandaraj: Investigation.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] H.P. Gayakwad, N.B. Sasane, Construction and Demolition waste management
in India, 2015.
[2] K.S. Elango, V. Revathi ‘FaL-G Binder Pervious Concrete, Construction and
Building Materials (Elsevier), ISSN: 0950-0618, Vol.140C& pp.91-99, February
2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.086.
[3] K.S. Elango, V. Revathi, Infiltration and clogging characteristics of pervious
concrete, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Springer), ISSN: 1563-0854
(Print) 2522-011X (Online), Vol. 20/Issue 8 & pp. 1119-1127, July 2019,
DOI:10.1007/s42107-019-00170-w.
[4] Central pollution control board (2017) ‘‘Guidelines on environmental
management of C&D waste.” ministry of environment, forest & climate
change, Government of India.
[5] K.S. Elango, V. Revathi, Mechanical and durability studies on pervious concrete
using different types of binders, Romanian Journal of Materials, ISSN: 1583-
3186, Vol. 50/Issue 2 & pp. 258 -267, June 2020.
[6] K.S. Elango, P.R. Remya, D. Vivek, R. Gopi, V. Rajeshkumar, R. Saravanakumar,
Strength and durability studies on Ficus Exasperata leaf ash concrete, Materials
Today Proceedings 37 (2021) 999–1002, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.matpr.2020.06.195.
[7] Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council (2018) ‘‘Utilization of
Recycled Produce of Construction & Demolition Waste: A Ready Reckoner”.
Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, Ministry of Housing &
Urban Affairs Government of India.
[8] H.H. Lau, A. Whyte, P.L. Law, Composition and characteristics of construction
waste generated by residential housing project, International Journal of
Environmental Research. (2008).
[9] K.S. Elango, D. Vivek, G. KrishnaPrakash, M.J. Paranidharan, S. Pradeep, M.
Prabhukesavaraj, Strength and permeability studies on PPC binder pervious
concrete using palm jaggery as an admixture, Materials Today Proceedings 37
(2021) 2239–2333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.006.
[10] K.S. Elango, R. Gopi, R. Saravanakumar, V. Rajeshkumar, D. Vivek, S.
VenkatRaman, Properties of pervious concrete – a state of the art review,
Materials Today Proceedings 2 (2021) 2422–2425, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.matpr.2020.10.839.
[11] K.S. Elango, J. Sanfeer, R. Gopi, A. Shalini, R. Saravanakumar, L. Prabhu,
Properties of light weight concrete – a state of the art review, Materials Today:
Proceedings (Elsevier) (March 2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.matpr.2021.02.57.
[12] E.K. Soundararajan, R. Vaiyapuri, Geopolymer binder for pervious concrete,
Gradevinar, vol. 73 (3), 2021, pg. 299-308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14256/
JCE.2440.2018.