LUCIA MENDOZA RIGOS

Associate Professor
Department of Morphophysiology and Pharmacology
C o l l e g e o f Ve t e r i n a r y S c i e n c e a n d M e d i c i n e
Central Luzon State University
▪ 5th wk – the face begins to shape

▪ There are 3 regions of the face are: orbital, nasal

and oral

▪ oral region is marked by the stomodaeum

▪ Nasal placode (primordium) develop bilaterally at

the inferolateral corners of the frontonasal process
▪ Nasal placode invaginates to form the nasal pit

▪ Dev’t of nasal placodes in horse shoe manner lead

to the formation of medial & lateral nasal process

▪ SHH-(sonic hedgehog gene) in the fore brain

signals the normal descent of the fronto nasal
prominence
▪ AT 6th & 7th wk- nasal & maxillary process
expand and fuse to form upper lip and
cheeks

▪ when the mandibular swellings become

continuous with the mandibular depression
filled with mesenchyme forms the Lower lip
▪ mandibular process and forms the angle of
the mouth

▪ Nasolacrimal groove and duct forms

between the lateral nasal process and
maxillary process
▪ When the embryo flex cranially, mesenchymal
cells (fr NC) located on the dorsal and rostral
surfaces of the prosencephalon migrate to the
rostral and ventral surfaces of the head

▪ This group of cells are called frontonasal

mesenchyme that will form the forehead and
nasal regions of the face
• Nasal septum ▪Fused L & R medial nasal swellings
• Alae of the nose ▪ Lateral nasal swellings
• External nares/ nostril ▪External opening of olfactory pits
• Posterior nares ▪Caudal openings of olfactory pits
into oral cavity
• Bridge of nose
▪Frontal prominence
• Nasolacrimal duct ▪Nasolacrimal groove
• Nasal cavity ▪Olfactory pit
 The Establishment of the Eye

▪ Optic Field is a median area near the rostral margin

of the future prosencephalon (neural tube)
• Interaction of this area to the underlying mesoderm
of the head causes the single optic field to separate
into two lateral eye-forming regions
• Failure to separate completely results to a condition
called cyclopia, a single eye formed at the center of
the head
The Establishment of the Eye
 The Establishment of the Eye

• Optic vesicles grows laterally until they

contact the adjacent surface ectoderm
which thickened the ectoderm and form
the
• Lens placode which subsequently
invaginate to form the
• Lens vesicles then break away from the
surface ectoderm
• Latter surface ectoderm becomes the
cornea
 The Establishment of the Eye

▪ What develops from the optic cup

• inner walls of the optic cup
becomes the nervous retina

• Outer wall becomes the pigment

epithelium of the retina
 Congenital Malformation of the Eye

•Anopthalmia/micropthalmia- failure of the optic vesicle to form or

interference with the normal growth of the optic cup;often results from
deficiency of vitamin A in dogs, pigs, and cows; hereditary or acquired
•Medial/lateral strabismus- medial /lateral deviation of the eyeball
•Collie eye- defect in the growth of the optic cup which is usually seen in the
retina and choroid as a focal dysplasia ; hereditary defects of the collie dogs
•Cataract- loss in the clarity of the lens which maybe hereditary in dogs; appear
occasionally in cattle, rarely in horses and cats
Establishment of the Pharynx

▪ The pharynx develop as a series of

out pocketings- the pharyngeal
pouches which bulges laterally
▪ As pharyngeal pouch approach the
overlying ectoderm, pharyngeal
clefts formed
▪ In fishes, clefts persists as the gill
slits whereas in mammals, only one
slit formed and later closes
▪ In each pharyngeal pouches and cleft
are pharyngeal arches
(visceral/branchial)

▪ There are 5-6 visceral arches in fishes

and 4 in higher vertebrates

▪ Each PP contain precartilage cells (fr NC),

premuscle mesenchyme, blood vessel
and cranial nerve
 PA 1 forms cranial to PP1
precartilage forming cells grows in
two directions: ventromedially to
form the mandibular swellings and
rostrally to form the maxillary
swellings
 In mammals, vestiges persists in
the mandibular cartilage as two
tiny middle ear ossicles: the incus
or anvil and malleus or hammer
▪ Original connection of the pouch to
the pharynx persists as the
pharyngotympanic tube or
eustachian tube which equilibrate the
pressure between the middle ear and
the outside environment
▪ PC1 gives rise to the external ear or
pinna
▪ PP1 fused with PC1 forms the
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
▪ Endoderm of PP2 penetrate the
adjoining mesenchyme and form the
palatine tonsil
▪ PP3 forms the thymus and lower portion of
the parathyroid (external )
▪ PP4 gives rise to the upper portion of the
parathyroid (internal ) which also associate
with the thyroid
▪ Both the thymus and parathyroid dissociate
with the pharynx, move caudally and
medially to their adult positions
▪ 4TH WK at Pharyngeal Arches (PA) 1,2,3 4-
tongue begins to form

▪ 5th wk , 3 swellings appear : 1 median bud

(tuberculum impar) and 2 lateral lingual
buds, rapidly grow and merge each other
and form the movable (2/3) part of the
tongue
▪ Post 1/3 of the tongue “root of the tongue”
is derived from the hypobranchial eminence
(PA3)

▪ PA 4 forms the epiglotis

▪ Palate develops from 2 primordia : 1ry
and 2ry

▪ 1ry palate arising from the medial nasal

process forms a “wedge shaped mass”
composed of mesoderm

▪ eventually extend to the form the floor

of the cavity
▪ 2ry palate develops from 2 lateral palatine
processes

▪ As mandible develops, tongue drops and

the palatine processes grow medially and
fuse in the midline

▪ Also fuse with the nasal septum and 1ry

palate
▪ Ossification occurs in anteroposterior
direction

▪ Posterior portions of the lateral palatine

processes do not become ossified but
extend past the nasal septum and fuse to
form the soft palate and uvula
▪ midway between the medial and lateral
(rostral) margin of the oral cavity thickens to
form the labiogingival lamina

▪ extends in the form of an arch along the

inner margins of the mandibular and
maxillary processes

▪ Lamina thickens and forms a solid cord of

epithelial cells which invade the underlying
mesenchyme
▪ A groove forms in the lamina called
labiogingival groovel/sulcus; tissue rostral
and lateral to the groove forms the lips and
the tissue caudal & medial to the groove
forms the gums
▪ Stomodeal ectoderm medial to the
labiogingival lamina forms a focal
thickenings called dental ledge/ lamina
(evident in canine at 25 dys),
▪ invaginates and forms the and forms the
dental bud
▪ expands and branches to form the enamel
organ- a cup-shaped structure
characteristic of the crown of the tooth
▪ Mesenchymal tissue (fr neural crest) inside
the cup-shaped enamel organ is called
dental papilla
▪ Enamel organ and dental lamina forms the
deciduous or milk tooth

▪ Between the enamel organ and surface of the oral

cavity, a tissue bud off that forms the permanent
tooth
▪ Epithelial cells near the deeper layer of the enamel
organ become the cementoblasts-cementum
formers

▪ Inner layer of the enamel organ differentiates into

ameloblasts- enamel forming cells

▪ Mesenchymal cells next to the ameloblasts

differentiate into odontoblasts –dentine formers
▪ Dentine is the primary matrix component of the
tooth, surrounds the dental pulp- the sensitive part
of the tooth

▪ Odontoblasts draw their raw materials from the

blood vessels in the dental pulp and secrete their
products towards the enamel organ

▪ As the odontoblasts secrete, they back out from the

material previously formed
▪ Like the odontoblasts, the ameloblasts pushed back as they
secrete the enamel towards the dentine and upon eruption of the
tooth, the ameloblasts degenerate
▪ Formation of the dentine and enamel start at the tip of the crown
towards the root of the tooth
▪ When the tooth acquire its full growth and definitive position in
the alveolus of the jaw, the cementoblasts begin to secrete the
cementum the same way in the formation of the bone
▪ Sharpey’s fibers ( fibrous c.t.) located in periodontal memb.
attached tooth to the bones of the jaw
 Crown – part of the tooth visible, composed of
dentine and enamel
 Root – the part embedded in the alveolus made of
the dentine, enamel and cementum
 Neck – region between the crown and root of the
tooth
 Dental pulp- tissue inside the root containing blood
vessels and nerves, thus is the most sensitive part
of the tooth
▪ Bone, dentine and enamel have similar organic and inorganic
components, though bone has 45%, dentine- 30% and enamel has 5%
organic substrate

▪ Microscopic structure, bone, dentine and enamel are dissimilar as

bone are formed in lamellation and has cells scattered through it while
the dentine and enamel are not formed in lamellation and there are no
cells scattered in their matrix as the cells back away after they secrete
their finished products