Criminal Law

RAHINAT SCHOOL OF LAW
“Ignorantia Jurist, non Excusat”
LITTAFIN
DOKOKIN MANYAN LAIFUKA
A CIKIN
HARSHEN HAUSA
“THE BOOK OF CRIMINAL LAW

IN
HAUSA LANGUAGE”
SHEHU RAHINAT NA’ALLAH

October, 2022
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(08038463491 www.rahinatschooloflaw.com.ng)
GARGADI:
Wannan littafi Mallakin Makarantar Rahinat School of law ne, ba’a
yarda wani ko wata ya juya ko ya sarrafa wannan littafi ba, ba tare
da rubutaccen izini ba.
Bugu na Farko:
October, 2022
Hakkin Mallaka (M):

Rahinat School of Law, October, 2022
08038463491 08025498888
Nrf0002@gmail.com
www.rahinatschooloflaw.com.ng
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Gabatarwa
Kamar yadda muka riga muka sani shine fannin Shari'a fanni ne da ke
bada gagarumar gudunmawa wajen tsarawa tare da daidaituwar
al'umma ta ɓangaren zamantakewar su. Kana kuma, Shine fannin da
ke samar da daidaito a tsakanin al'umma ta ɓangaren baiwa kowa
haƙƙin da ya dace da shi kamar yadda doka ta tanada.
Criminal law, na ɗaya daga cikin fannonin shari’a da yake kula da
dukkanin abinda ya shafi manyan laifuffuka, tun daga kan fassara
menene haƙiƙanin shi karan kanshi babban laifin, samar da karɓaɓɓun
hanyoyin da za'a binciki wanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifin, sannan
samar da hanyoyin da za'a bi ayi tuhumar, da kuma uwa-uba hukunta
wanda kotu ta tabbatar da cewa lallai ya aikata babban laifin da aka
tuhumeshi da aikatawa. Babban amfanin da ke tattare da wannan
ƙunshin dokar na Shari'a shine: samar da ingantacciyar al’umma mai
cike da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali gaskiya da rikon amana,
tare da tabbatar da tsaro da walwalar al'umma a duk faɗin ƙasa, kana
kuma da tabbatar da doka da oda.
Crime ko offence kalmomi ne da suke da ma'ana iri ɗaya, dukan su
suna nufin aikata wani abu da doka ta kalleshi ko ta ɗauke shi a
matsayin laifi, a wata rubutacciyar doka, wacce ake yin horo
(Punishment) ga duk wanda aka samu da aikata laifin.
Dan haka Sashi na 36(12) na Constitution yace: ba za'a taɓa tuhumar
ka da aikata kowanne irin laifi ba har sai ya zama wannan laifin an
samu wata doka ta ƙasa ko ta Jiha data faɗi wannan abun daka aikata
a matsayin laifi, kuma ta faɗi hukuncin shi, amma In ba haka ba to
Jami'an tsaro ba suda hurumin da zasu kama ka su tuhume ka akan
aikata shi.
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THE MEANING OF CRIMINAL LAW
(Ma'anar dokokin Manyan Laifuka)
“Criminal Law” yana da ma'anoni daban-daban kamar yadda
ƙwararrun masana a ɓangaren Sharia suka bayyana ta hanyar bashi
fassarori daidai da yadda kowa ya fahimce shi. Daga Cikin fassarori
ko ma'anonin da masana (Jurist) suka bashi sun haɗa da:
1. Criminal Law yana nufin “Wani Ƙunshin doka ne da yake
fassara manyan laifuffuka, sannan yake kulawa da tuhuma/zargi
tare da tsare masu aikata laifuffukan, sannan kuma yake samar
da horo da kuma yadda za'a aiwatar da horon a kan wanda
doka ta tabbatar da laifinsa, (Britannica, 2010)
2. Wasu kuma suna ganin Criminal Law “wani Sashin shari’a ne
da yake fassara laifuffuka, sannan kuma ya tanadar da horo, da
kuma kula da bincike da gufaranar da wanda ake zargi da
aikata mugun laifi (Daniel, 2009).
3. Haka Shima shafin Wikipedia (2016), ya fassara Criminal Law
a matsayin “wani ƙunshin dokar da ya shafi laifuffuka. Shi yake
hukunta cuɗanya tare kuma da haramta dukkan abinda ka iya
zama barazana, ko cutarwa, ko wanin waɗannan kamar
cutarwa ta dukiya, lafiya ko tsaro ko kuma cutar da kyawawan
halayen jama’a, ciki kuma har da ladabtar da mutanen da suka
keta haddin waɗannan dokokin.
4. A Sociological approach kuma “Crime” yana nufin duk wata
ɗabia da mutane suka ɗauke ta marar kyau.
5. Granville Williams shikuma Yana ganin “Crime” yana nufin
aikata abinda ba daidai ba a idon doka wanda a karshe zai sa a
yima mutum horo wato Punishment.
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Don haka ataƙaice, Wannan fanni na shari’a, yana ɗaya daga cikin
muhimman hanyoyi da al’ummomin da suka ci gaba suke amfani da
shi wajen samar da tsaron rayuka da dukuyoyin al'ummar su. Saboda
wannan dokar wata babban makami ce dake wanzar da zaman lafiya a
tsakankanin kowace al'umma.
RABE-RABEN DOKOKIN MANYAN LAIFUKA
(Classification of Criminal Law)
Criminal law ya kasu zuwa gida uku, kamar yadda yazo a Sashi Na 3
na Criminal Code.
(a) Misdemeanors:
“Misdemeanors” wani laifi ne da doka take kallon shi a matsayin
laifin da bai kai ya kawo ba, wato bai girmama ba duk da kasancewar
sa babban laifi. Irin waɗannan laifukan da suke ƙarƙashin
Misdemeanor sun haɗa da cin zarafin wani (Wato Defamation) cin
Amana (Wato Breach of trust) keta dokar hanya, ko wata ‘yar
ƙaramar sata.
Hukuncin da doka ta tanadar ma ire-iren waɗannan laifuka sun saɓa
daga wannan Jihar zuwa waccan, amma dai hukuncin shine ɗauri a
gidan Kaso (Prison) kar yayi ƙasa da wata shida, kuma kar ya haura
shekara uku. So, ya danganta da jihar da ka aikata laifin.
(b) Felonies:
Shi kuma “felony” laifi ne da doka take kallon shi a matsayin babban
laifi. Misalan ire-iren waɗannan laifuka sun haɗa da: kisan kai
(Murder) Safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, fyaɗe, fashi-da-makami, cin
amanar ƙasa, da makamantan su. Hukunce-hukuncen da kotu takan
zartar ga waɗanda ta same su da aikata ire-iren waɗannan laifuffuka
sukan fara ne daga shekara Uku a gidan Kaso, har zuwa kisa ta hanyar
rataya, harbi, ko makamancin haka.
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(c) Simple offence:
Shi kuma Yana nufin duk laifin da baya cikin Misdemeanors kuma
baya cikin felony. Misalan ire-iren waɗannan Laifuka sune kamar
cutar da dabbobi. Misali: Ka samu dabba haka kawai ka ka yita
yimata duka, ko kuma ka samu Akuya kayi mata wanka da ruwa, ko
kuma kamar yadda wasu samari suka shaƙawa jaki tabar wiwi, to
duka waɗannan Simple Offences ne.
Don haka duk wanda kotun dake da Cikakken hurumi (Competent
Jurisdiction) ta same shi da aikata laifin da ake zargin sa da aikatawa,
to shi ake kira da “Criminal” (Saboda kotun da ba tada hurumin
sauraren ƙara to ko tayi hukunci tayi a banza don kuwa ba tada
hurumin sauraren ƙarar, kamar misali laifin kisan kai, sai kaje ka kai
ƙarar a Kotun Majistare, duk da kuwa cewa shi Hukunci idan alƙali
yayi koda ba daidai bane sai daga baya da kanshi ya gane cewa yayi
kuskure a wannan hukuncin, to a dokance bai isa ya warware wannan
hukuncin ba saidai kai da aka yima hukuncin ka ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa
kotun sama da ita, to ita kuma sai ta warware wannan hukuncin)
Sannan, Ita kuma Shari'ar laifi ana kiran ta da suna “Criminal
Proceeding” ko “Criminal trial” (Saboda akwai Shari'ar da take ba ta
laifi bane wato Civil Case ne, kamar Misali idan kana bin mutum
bashi sai ya hana ka, to wannan ba shari'ar laifi bane, Civil Case ne)
Su kuma hanyoyin da ake bi wajen yin Shari'ar laifi su ake kira da
“Criminal Procedure” Wanda kuma yakai ƙarar ta laifi shi ake kira da
“Prosecutor” Wanda kuma aka kai ƙarar shi, shi ake kira da
“Accused”
A Shari'ar laifi, wanda ake zargi (Accused Person) Idan wanda yakai
ƙarar ya gabatar ma kotu da hujjoji da dalilai kuma kotun ta gamsu, ta
same Shi da laifin da ake zargin sa da aikatawa to hakan shi ake kira
da “Conviction” Bayan Convinction kuma sai a zartar masa da
hukunci, zartar da hukuncin shi ake kira da “Sentence” Idan kuma
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kotu bata sami wanda ake zargi da aikata laifi ba to kotu zata sallame
shi, to sallamar ta kasu kashi biyu: akwai “Discharged” wanda yake
nufin nan gaba za'a iya ƙara kamoshi a gurfanar dashi gaban kotu
akan wannan laifin ba, Sannan kuma akwai “Discharged and
acquitted” shi kuma Idan irin wannan sallamar aka yi masa to har a
bada ba za'a ƙara kaishi kotu akan wannan laifin ba. Sannan idan ya
zama bayan wanda ake zargi da aikata laifin, kotu ta tabbatar da ya
aikata kuma ta yanke masa hukunci, to ba za'a taba ƙara kai ƙarar shi
dangane da wannan laifin ba kamar yadda Sashi na 33(9) na Kundin
tsarin mulkin Nigeria ya faɗa. Mutumin da kotu ta sallama saboda
bata same shi da laifin da ake zargin sa da aikatawa ba shi ake kira da
“AUTROFOIS ACQUIT” Wanda kuma aka same Shi da laifin da ake
zargin sa dashi kuma aka yanke masa hukunci shi ake kira da
“AUTROFOIS CONVICT”
Elements of Crime:
Kamar yadda Lauyoyi suke cewa: “actus non fact reum nisi men's sit
rea” Ma'ana: aiki a karan kanshi ba zai sa a tuhumi mutum da aikata
laifi ba har sai idan ya zama daman yayi niyyar aikata laifin. Dan
haka akwai wasu Ingredients ko kayan haɗi waɗanda sai sun haɗu
sannan za'a ce mutum ya aikata laifi, su kuma sun rabu gida uku
akwai Physical Elements wato wanda za'a iya ganin su a fili, akwai
kuma Mental Elements shine wanda ba ganin su akeyi ba, sai kuma
Strict liability offences, wato Laifuka ne dasu basa bukatar Mens rea
(za muyi Bayanin abinda ake nufi da Men's rea din)
a. actus reus (Physical Elements)
“actus” Yana nufin wani abu da mutum ya aikata, shi kuma “reus”
yana nufin abinda doka ta haramta, Kenan “actus reus” na nufin
aikata wani abu da doka ta haramta shi. Kafin a samu actus reus dole
sai an samu waɗannan abubuwa uku:
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i. Abinda mutum yayi:
Kamar magana ko wani aiki da sauran su.
ii. Cutarwar da aikin daka aikata yayi
Misali: Mr. A ne ya harbi Mr. B da bindiga da niyyar kashe shi to
amma sai bai mutu ba amma ya rasa idon sa, to anan ba za'a chaji Mr.
A da laifin kisa ba.
iii. Sai ya zama abinda ka aikata ɗin doka ta haramta shi:
Sashi na 36(12) na Constitution Yace: haramun ne a tuhumeka da
kowanne irin laifi har sai ya zama wannan abun da ake tuhumar ka
dashi dokar ƙasa tace haramun ne a aikata shi. Saidai za'a chajeka da
laifin kisa misali idan dakai da matar ka kuka ki samar ma da ɗan ku
abubuwan buƙatuwa na rayuwa har yazo ya mutu to anan kotu za tace
kun aikata laifin kisa.
b. Mental Elements (Men's rea)
Men's rea na nufin wani abu ne da yake ɓoye a zuciyar mutum kamar
niyya, son yin wani abu da makamantansu. To kafin a tabbatar da laifi
a ƙarƙashin Men's rea dole ya zama an samu waɗannan abubuwa
kamar haka:
1. Intention (Niyya)
Misali: Supreme Court ta bayyana a wata Shari'a da akayi tsakanin
Fred Gira V. The State inda ta bayyana cewa wanda ake tuhuma yayi
amfani da adda (Cutlass) wajen dukan abokin fadan nasa sai ya mutu,
don haka kotun ta chajeshi da laifin kisa saboda abinda yayi amfani
dashi wajen dukan za'a iya mutuwa ta sanadin sa. Amma da ace Mr. A
ya doki Mr. B da tsintsiya sai Mr. B din ya mutu to ba za'a chaji Mr.
A da laifin kisa ba saboda ba'a tunanen mutum zai iya mutuwa
sakamakon duka da tsintsiya.
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2. Rashin kula:
Misali: Ɗan tauri ne yake wasa da wuka to sai aka samu akasi ya
kashe wani da wannan wukar a wurin wasa to za'a chaje shi da laifin
kisa saboda rashin kula a wajen yin wasan, duk da kuwa ba niyyar
kisa yayi ba.
3. Ganganci:
Misali: a Shari'ar da akayi tsakanin Ibrahim Sabon gari v. The State,
Jami'in Dan sanda ne da aka zarge shi da laifin kisa sakamakon
ganganci da yayi. Yadda abin ya faru shine: Shi wannan Jami'in Dan
sandan ya tsare wani mutum inda yayi arresting dinshi da bindigar sa
wacce take cike da lodin harsasai haka dai sukai ta ɗan hatsaniya sai
bindigar ta tashi inda ta kashe wanda dan sandan ya tsare, to sai kotu
ta chajeshi da laifin kisa da ganganci a ƙarƙashin sashi na 224 na
Penal Code.
4. Sani (Knowledge):
Anan kuma sai ya zama kasan cewa wannan abun da ka aikata zai iya
cutar da mutum koma zai iya rasa ran shi.
5. Rashin Girma ko ɗa'a:
Wannan yana da alaka ne da abinda ya shafi dukiya kamar Misali
siyan kayan sata, ko cin amana, ko ƙin jinin gwamnati (Sedition)
c. Strict liability offences:
Laifuka ne da basa bukatar Mens rea wurin chajin wanda ya aikata su,
kai tsaye za'a chaje shi ne da laifin ba tare da binciken shin da gangar
yayi ko kuma kuskure ne ba. Daga cikin su akwai siyar da miyagun
kwayoyi ko hodar ibilis ko kuma siyar da makamai ba tare da lasisi ba.
General Defence:
Kowanne ɗan Adam a duniya shine yake da haƙƙi na dukkan abinda
ya aikata kuma akan su ne za'a yimasa hukunci idan har laifin ya
tabbata, koda ya zama an samu “actus reus” da “Men's rea” alamar
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duk shika-shikan Laifuka sun gama tabbata kenan, to amma duk da
haka ba za'a yanke masa hukuncin cewa ya aikata laifin ba kai tsaye,
doka ta yarda aji ta bakin shi ko zai iya kare kanshi akan wannan
laifin da ake zargin sa da cewa ya aikata, (Wannan shi ake kira da
right to Fear hearing) kamar yadda Sashi na 36 Na Constitution ya
faɗa, wannan kuma shi lauyoyi suke cema “audi alteram paterm”
wato aji ta bakin shi (wanda ake tuhuma ɗin) kafin a yanke masa
hukunci. Sannan kar mu manta duk wani mutum da ake chajin sa da
aikata laifi to ba mai laifi bane a daidai wannan lokacin, har sai idan
kotu ta bayyana shi a matsayin mai laifin, amma In ba haka ba to yana
nan a matsayin zargi ne kawai. Saboda haka akwai general Defences
da yawa don haka zamu ɗauki guda huɗu mu tattauna a kan su.
1. Intoxication (Buguwa/Maye):
Buguwa ko halin maye ka iya zama kariya ga mutum bisa wani laifi
da ya aikata kamar yadda Sashi na 29 na Criminal Code da Sashi na
44 na Penal Code suka bayyana. Haka ma Sashi na 52 na Kano Penal
Code Law ya tabbatar da cewa ba za'a chaji mutum da laifin da ya
aikata ba lokacin da yake cikin halin maye sakamakon wani magani
da yasha ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.
Misali: Mr. A ne yaje asibiti sakamakon mura data dameshi, Shikenan
sai aka bashi kwalbar Totulin akace yasha cokali ɗaya, shi kuma bai ji
ba kawai yana zuwa sai yasha cokali biyar, ae kuwa daganan sai ya
bugu, to a wannan yanayin yana da kariya ta fuskar doka, wacce zata
hana a chajeshi da laifin day a aikata a cikin wannan yanayin.
2. Self Defence:
Kamar yadda muka sani dokar Kasa ta haramta kisa ba da wani dalili
na doka ba, kamar yadda yazo a Sashi Na 33 (1) na Constitution, da
kuma Sashi na 220 (a)(b)(c) na Penal Code, da Sashi Na 316 Na
Criminal Code. To saidai dokar Kasa kuma ta baka dama Ka kare
Kanka wajen Kashe duk wanda yazo Kashe ka, wato Private Defence,
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duba Constitution Sashi Na 33 (2)(a) da Sashi Na 60 na Penal Code.
Sashi Na 59 na Penal Code ya tabbatar da cewa duk abinda ka aikata
a kokarin ka na kare kanka to Wannan ba laifi bane. Dan haka Idan
kana Civilian sai ka Kashe Dan ta'adda to babu wata doka da zata
kama ka da laifin kisa. Shi kuma Sashi Na 60 yaci gaba da cewa kana
da dama ka kare: Jikin ka da dukiyar ka daga kowanne irin cutarwa.
Dan haka ba lallai sai iya jikin ka kadai kake da damar karewa ba, da
mutum zai zo da niyyar kwace maka ko sace maka dukiya to kana da
damar kare dukiyar ka da kowanne irin matakin kariya.
Sannan Idan Mahaukaci yazo zai kashe ka Kuma ya samu sa'ar kisan,
to ba shida laifi, babu abunda doka za tayi masa, saidai kaima kana da
dama na Private Defence, wato idan garin ka kare kanka sai ka Kashe
shi to kaima ba kada laifi. Ko kuma Misali: Abokinka ne da kuke
kwana a daki daya, watarana sai yayi dare, koda yazo zai shiga dakin
kai kuma sai kayi tunanen cewa barawo ne, to anan idan ka kashe shi
bakayi laifi ba, to shima kuma yana da damar da zai kare Kansa,
saboda haka idan ya samu sa'ar kashe ka shima kuma din baiyi laifi ba,
saboda shima yana da damar Private Defence. Duba Sashi Na 61 Na
Penal Code.
Kazalika, Idan Misali mutane ne suka zo Kashe ka sai ya zama kai
kuma hanyar da zaka iya kare kanka Shine Kawai kayi harbi (Da
bindiga ko wani abun) to amma kuma sai ya zama idan kayi Harbin
nan zaka kashe har wadanda basuji ba basu gani ba (Kamar Misali:
Mata da Kananan yara) to doka ta baka dama duka ka harbesu har
mata da Kananan yaran, babu laifi. Duba Sashi Na 67 Na Penal Code.
3. Provocation as a Defence:
Provocation na nufin a tunzura ka ka aikata wani abinda ba kayi
niyyar aikatawa ba, kamar irin yadda ya faru ga wata ɗaliba mai suna
Debora Yakubu a Kwalejin ilimi dake jihar Sokoto inda tayi ɓatanci
ga Manzon Allah S.A.W sai wasu fusatattun matasa suka kashe ta, so
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kunga a nan anyi Provocating din su ne, su matasan, saboda zagin
Mazon Allah SAW abune da zai tunzura zuciyar duk wasu mabiya
addinin Islama, Dan haka Sashi na 184 na Criminal Code ya tabbatar
da cewa ba za'a chaji mutum da aikata wannan laifin ba, amma fa
banda inda kaine kayi abinda ya jawo aka tunzura ka ɗin. Saidai mu
fahimta, Shi wannan Defense din ba wai yana sauke maka hukunci
bane gaba ɗaya, a'a kawai dai yana sa ka samu sassauci ne wajen
Hukunci, watakila ace a yanke maka hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai,
amdadin a kashe ka. To amma yana da ƙa'idoji da sai sun haɗu ne
sannan zaka samu damar amfani da Provocation ɗin a matsayin kariya
daga laifin da ka aikata. Idan aka rasa ɗaya daga ciki to Defense of
Provocation ba zai yimaka amfani ba. Gasu kamar haka:
a. Dole ya zama tabbas anyi abinda aka tunzura ka ɗin
b. Dole ya zama tabbas wanda aka tunzura ɗin ya fita hayyacin
sa ta yadda ba zai iya control ɗin kanshi ba, koda an tunzura ka ɗin
amma idan ya zama zaka iya yin controlling ɗin kan ka to Defense of
Provocation ba zaiyi maka amfani da idan ka aikata laifin a wannan
lokacin.
c. Lallai ya zama Ordinary mutum ba zai iya yin Control ɗin
kanshi ba akan wannan abun da kayi masa na tunzuri.
d. Ya zama ana tunzura ka ɗin ka aikata abinda ka aikata, ba sai
da ka huce ba, idan har sai da ka huce ko kuma sai bayan wani lokaci
sannan ka aikata abinda ka aikata to anan ma Defense of Provocation
ba zai maka amfani ba, abinda doka zata ɗauka shine kayi ramuwar
gayya ne kawai. Dan haka idan har aka tunzura ka amma bakayi wani
abu ba a lokacin sai daga baya to Defence of Provocation ba zaiyi
maka amfani ba. Sai ya zama a lokacin da kayi kisan a lokacin ne aka
tunzura ka.
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Daga cikin Shari'o'in da Defence of Provocation yayi aiki sun haɗar
da:
1. Shari'ar da akayi tsakanin Adamu Kuma v. The State inda ya
kashe Matar shi sakamakon kiran shi da tayi da kalmar “Arne” da
akaje kotu shi yayi nasara a Shari'ar inda yace Provocating ɗin shi tayi
sakamakon kiran sa da Arne da tayi.
2. Shari'ar da akayi tsakanin Ruma v. Daura inda wanda ake
zargi ya bayyana cewa tunzura shi akayi ta hanyar ce masa kare (Dog)
don haka anan Defense of Provocation yayi aiki.
3. Haka ma a wata Shari'a da akayi tsakanin Nyadongo v.
Republic Wanda ake zargin sa da kisa sakamakon ya kama matar shi
tana saduwa da wani Namiji dan haka sai ya kashe ta, to anan ma
Defense of Provocation yayi aiki, saboda tunzura shi matar tayi ta
hanyar kawo masa kwarto a gida.
To duk inda Defense of Provocation yayi aiki za'a chaji mutum ne da
laifin Manslaughter ba Murder ba.
Me ake nufi da Manslaughter ?
Manslaughter shine Kisa wanda ba na Shari'a ba amma kuma ba da
gangar kayi kisan ba, shi kuma Murder shine kisa da gangan. Dan
haka hukuncin Manslaughter shine ɗaurin rai da rai (Life
Imprisonment) sabanin Murder wanda shi hukuncin sa hukuncin kisa
ne. To anan, amfanin Defense of Provocation shine ba za'a kashe ka
ba amma za'a daure ka life imprisonment (Ɗaurin rai da rai)
4. Mistake:
Mistake ko kuma Kuskure, shima yana cikin Defense da mutum zai
iya samun kariya dashi.
Mistake shine ka aikata wani abu na laifi amma bisa kuskure ba da
gangar ba, ko kuma rashin sani, (amma rashin sanin da ake nufi anan
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shine bawai rashin sani na bakasan cewa wannan abun haramun bane,
a'a rashin sani dai na aikata laifin, wato kasan laifi ne amma kuma
bakasan ka aikata shi ba) sashi na 45 na Penal Code Dana 25 na
Criminal Code duka sun tabbatar da haka. Sashi na 22 na Criminal
Code da Sashi na 45 na Penal Code sun tabbatar da cewa rashin sani
ba hujja bane da zai baka kariya a lokacin da ka aika laifi. Don haka
ne ma Lauyoyi suke cewa: “Ignorantia Juris non Excusat” Don haka
ya zama wajibi ga kowanne ɗan Nigeria yasan dokokin ƙasar domin
kuwa duk lokacin da ka aikata wani laifi to rashin sanin cewa laifi ne
ba zai zama maka hujja ko kariya ba a idon doka.
5. Immaturity:
Yarinta ita ma defense ne a dokokin Nigeria dan haka idan yaro ɗan
ƙasa da Shekara bakwai (7) ya illata ka, babu abinda za'a yimasa
kamar yadda sashi na 50 na Penal Code da Sashi na 30 na Criminal
Code suka tabbatar. Don haka a Shari'ar da akayi tsakanin Marsh V.
Loaden inda wani yaro ɗan ƙasa da Shekara bakwai (7) ya satar masa
katako (Wood) sai ya kama yaron ya tsare, a ƙarshe kotu ta chajeshi
da laifin “False Imprisonment” za muyi bayanin sa nan gaba. Saboda
babu hukunci akan yaro. Haka ma a wata Shari'a da akayi tsakanin
Walters V. Lunt inda yaro ɗan ƙasa da Shekara bakwai (7) ya kawo
masa kayan sata ya siyar masa, a ƙarshe kotu ta tabbatar da cewa bai
aikata laifi ba saboda wanda ya kawo masa kayan satar doka bata hau
kanshi ba, amma a Penal Code za'a chajeshi da laifin Criminal
Misappropriation. (Shima za muyi bayanin sa nan gaba)
Don haka yaron da ya haura Shekara bakwai amma bai kai Goma Sha
biyu ba, to ba za'a iya chajin sa da aikata laifi ba idan ya zama zai iya
sanin cewa bai kamata ace ya aikata abinda ya aikata ba wato zai iya
bambance abu mai kyau da marar kyau, amma wanda ya haura
shekara 12 to za'a chajeshi da laifin da ya aikata.
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6. Accident:
Accident na nufin wani abu ya faru wanda bada ganganci ba, kuma ba
da son Ranka ba, ya zama kuma babu yadda kuka iya, kamar Misali:
National Disaster. Shima ba za'a kama mutum da laifin abinda ya faru
ba accidentally, kamar yadda sashi na 24 na Criminal Code ya
bayyana, haka ma Sashi na 48 na Kano Penal Code. Saidai idan shine
ya jawo faruwar accident din to wannan kam lallai za'a tuhumeshi da
laifin duk da kuwa accident ne.
7. Insanity (Hauka/Taɓin hankali)
Hauka ko taɓin hankali shima Defense ne wato kariya ne ga wanda ya
aikata wani laifi ta yadda ba za'a iya kama shi da laifin da ya aikata ba,
kamar yadda lokacin ake ta rade-radin cewa za'a yima Hon. Murtala
Sule garo (Kwamishinan kananan hukumomi na Jihar Kano)
Certificate na taɓin hankali lokacin da aka kama su da laifin satar
akwatin zaɓe a Shekarar 2019, to ba za'a yima mutum Certificate din
ba har sai idan likitoci sun tabbatar da haukar, kamar yadda kotu ta
tura Sheikh Abduljabbar Sheikh Nasiru Kabara zuwa asibiti don a
tabbatar mata shin yana da hankali ko kuwa, saboda an yita yimasa
magana a gaban kotu amma yayi shiru yaƙi cewa komai a gaban
kotun (a wata Shari'a da yake yi da gwamnatin kano bias zargin shi da
laifin kalaman batanci ga Manzon Allah SAW) saboda sashi na 27 Na
Criminal Code da Sashi na 43 na Penal Code sun tabbatar da cewa
kowanne mutum ana ɗaukar sa mai hankali ne sai fa idan an samu
dalilai da suka tabbatar da cewa ba shida hankalin. Don haka idan har
kotu ta tabbatar da cewa mutum yana da taɓin hankali to ba zata
chajeshi da laifin da ya aikata ba, kamar yadda Sashi na 28 na
Criminal Code da Sashi na 51 na Penal Code suka fada.
Characteristic of Offfence
Characteristics of offences su kasu zuwa kasha uku kamar yadda na
fada a kasa, sannan zan dauki kowannen su daya-bayan-daya nayi
bayani a akai, Insha'Allah.
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1. OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY:
a. Theft/Stealing
b. Robbery
c. Armed Robbery
d. Cheating
e. Extortion
f. Criminal Breach of trust
2. OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE:

a. Treason
b. Sedition
c. Riot
d. Criminal Misappropriation
3. OFFENCES AGAINST HUMAN BODY:

a. Raping
b. Culpable Homicide/Murder
c. Kidnapping
1. OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY:

A wannan gida ko rukuni zamu tattauna ne akan laifuffuka waɗanda
suke da alaƙa da dukiya waɗanda suke haramun ne a doka a aikata su
dangane da dukiya, don haka zamu fara da:
a. Theft/Stealing (Sata)
“Sata” ko kuma “Theft” ko “Stealing” duka abu ɗaya ne inda aka
samo bambancin shine: Shi Penal Code “Theft” yake cewa shi kuma
Criminal Code yace “Stealing” amma dai duka abu ɗaya ake nufi, to
me ake nufi da Sata ?
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Sata kamar yadda Sashi na 286 na Penal Code ya bayyana shine: duk
wanda ya ɗauke ma wani wata dukiyar da za'a iya ɗauke ta daga inda
take, kowace irin dukiya ce (Property) daga inda take ba tare da sanin
mai ita ba to ya aikata laifin sata.
So, idan mun lura da kyau za muga ance dukiyar da za'a iya ɗauke ta
daga inda take (Wato Movable Property Kenan) to amma hakan ba
yana nufin ita kaɗai ne za'a iya sata ba, har dukiyar da ba za'a iya
ɗauke ta daga inda take ba ana iya satar ta (Wato Immovable
Property). Misali: Mr. A ne ya sare itace a gonar Mr. B Inda yazo da
niyyar ya kwashe wannan itacen kuma duka yayi haka ne ba tare da
sanin Mr. B ba to ya aikata laifin sata.
Hukuncin laifin Sata:
Sashi Na 287 na Penal Code ya faɗi cewa: duk wanda ya aikata laifin
Sata za'a yimasa hukunci na ɗaurin Shekara 5 a gidan gyaran hali, ko
kuma tarar Kuɗi ko a haɗa masa duka biyun.
b. Robbery (Fashi)
Robbery ko kuma fashi kamar yadda Criminal Code sashi na 401 ya
bayyana shine: yima mutane sata ko fashin amma ba tare da yin
amfani da makami ba a lokacin yin fashin.
c. Armed Robbery (Fashi da Makami)
Shi fashi ne da mutum yayi shi tare da amfani da mugayen makamai
kamar Misali bindiga, wannan yazo ne a cikin Sashi na 402(2) na
Criminal Code.
Bambancin Fashi (Robbery) da kuma Fashi da Makami (Armed
Robbery) shine Kawai wancan ba'ayi amfani da makami ba, wannan
kuma anyi amfani da makami. Saidai akwai wasu abubuwa da dole
sai an same su kafin a tabbatar da laifin fashin ko fashi da makami,
gasu kamar haka:
1. Niyyar yin Fashin
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2. Dole sai ya zama an samu sata. Kafin a samu sata kuma dole
sai an tabbatar da samuwar Elements na sata ɗin
3. Yin amfani da makami (koda kuwa babu harsashi a ciki, kai
koda ma bindigar roba ne)
4. Ya zama a lokacin yin satar ko kuma ana gama satar ko kuma
kafin a fara satar ne akayi amfani da makamin.
d. Extortion (Ƙwace)
Ƙwace Shima laifi ne a dokar ƙasa wanda aka tanadar masa hukunci
mai tsanani ga duk wanda aka samu ya aikata laifin na ƙwace.
Me ake nufi da ƙwace ?
Ƙwace kamar yadda Sashi na 291 na Penal Code ya bayyana Shine:
duk wanda ya tsoratar da wani da gangar ko ya ji masa rauni, ko yayi
masa barazana har tasa ya ɗauki wasu muhimman bayanan sa ya bashi
ko kuma kuɗi to ya aikata laifin ƙwace.
A dunƙuke, ƙwace ba wai yana nufin kana riƙe da abu a hannun ka
kawai wani ya fisge ya gudu ba, a'a koda tsoratar dakai akayi akan ko
ka bada kuɗi ko kuma a saki wani Videon tsiraicin Ka ko kuma wani
abu da zai zubar maka da ƙima shima wannan ƙwace ne, ko kuma a
kira ka ta waya a buƙaci ka bada wasu bayanan ka na sirri, ta hanyar
tsoratar dakai. Misali: Mr. A ne ya tsare Mr. B yazo masa da Cheque
na Banki akan yayi masa barazanar illata shi idan har bai yimasa
Signing ba, shikenan sai Mr. B ɗin yayi Signing, to anan Mr. A ya
aikata laifin ƙwace ga Mr. B
Hukunci:
Sashi na 292 na Penal Code ya bayyana hukuncin ɗauri a gidan Kaso
har na tsawon Shekara 5 ga duk wanda yayi maka ƙwace, ko kuma ya
biya tara ko a haɗa masa duka biyun, ɗauri (Imprisonment) da tara
(Fine) Sashi na 293 shi kuma ya faɗa cewa ne idan kafin yayi maka
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ƙwacen sai da ya tsoratar dakai tukuna, to zai fuskanci ɗauri gidan
kaso na Shekara 2 ko ya biya tara ko kuma duka biyun. Shima sashi
na 294 ya tabbatar da cewa idan har ya tsoratar da kai da wani
Makami kamar bindiga, ko kuma yayi barazanar sassara ka da wuƙa
ko gariyo ko makamantan su (wato yayi maka barazana da kisa) to
anan zai fuskanci ɗauri ne na shekara 14 ko ya biya tara, ko kuma
duka biyun.
e. Cheating.
Me ake nufi da “Cheating”
Cheating yana nufin mutum yazo ya yaudareka ya amshe maka wani
property naka, ko ya yaudare ka yasa kayi wani abu, ko kaƙi yin wani
abu, wanda rashin yin abun, ko yinsa zai iya cutar dakai ko dukiyar ka,
duba Penal Code sashi na 320 (a)(b). Ko kuma ya ɓoye wata hujja da
zata tabbatar da gaskiyar ka a lokacin da ake Shari'a dakai, wannan
shima Cheating ne. Misali: Idan ka siyo Jallabiya a Kano, sai kazo
wurin siyarwa kana faɗa ma mutane cewa ai wannan jallabiyar yar
Saudiyya ce to ka aikata laifin Cin amana; Ko kuma kayi ta yima
mutum daɗin baki akan ya ara maka kuɗi ka tabbatar masa da cewa
zaka biya shi, amma kai niyyar ka itane idan ya ara maka ba zaka biya
shi ba, to ka aikata laifin Cin Amana. Ko kuma kana da waya sai ka
siyar ma Mr. A, bayan haka kuma sai kaje ka siyar ma Mr. B wannan
wayar dai, to anan ka aikata laifin Cin Amana.
Sannan za'a iya chajin ka da laifin cin amana (Cheat by Personation)
idan ya zama kana acting din Wanda ba shi bane. Kamar Misali: wani
da aka kama Yana acting a matsayin Speaker na jihar Kano, to shima
laifi ne, kamar yadda sashi na 321 na Penal Code ya bayyana.
Hukunci:
Duk wanda aka same Shi da laifin Cin amana zai fuskanci hukuncin
ɗauri a gidan Kaso har na tsawon Shekara 3 tare da tara, ko kuma
tarar kawai. Kamar yadda sashi na 322 na Penal Code ya bayyana.
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Haka ma duk wanda ta sanadiyar Cheating ɗin kasa yayi asara to za'a
ɗaure ka na shekara biyar (5) tare da tara, ko kuma ɗaurin kawai.
Duba Sashi na 323 na Penal Code. Haka ma, duk wanda aka kama da
laifin Cheats by Personation zai fuskanci hukuncin ɗauri na tsawon
Shekara biyar (5) haɗe da tara, ko kuma tarar kawai.
A ƙarshe, duk wanda aka kama da laifin cin amana, kuma ya zama ta
hanyar wannan laifin har ya karɓi kuɗi a wurin wanda ya aikata maka
laifin ko wata kadara tashi to shima zai sha ɗauri na tsawon Shekara
bakwai (7) kuma sannan sai ta biya tara.
f. Criminal Breach of trust
Criminal Breach of Trust/ko “Cin Amana” yana daga cikin laifukan
da dokar Nigeria ta haramta su, kuma take hukunci mai tsanani a
Kansu. Saidai akwai bambanci tsakanin Breach of Trust da Kuma
Cheating. Shi Breach of Trust yana nufin a yarda dakai a baka
Shugabanci ko jagoranci ko amanar wani Property kai kuma sai ka
juyar da Wannan property din zuwa amfanin kanka (Personal Use)
duba Penal Code Sashi Na 311.
Misalai akan Criminal Breach of Trust Sun Haɗa da:
1. Mutum ne kafin ya mutu Misali, sai yayi maka wasici da
cewa idan ya mutu ka bawa Mr. “A” da Mr. “B” Miliyan bibbiyu, to
bayan ya mutu kai kuma sai kaƙi basu waɗannan kuɗaɗen, to anan za
ace ka aikata Criminal Breach of Trust. So, duk wanda ya aikata
hakan doka ta tanadar masa ɗauri a gidan Kaso na tsawon Shekara
bakwai (7) ko kuma ya biya tara (fine) ko kuma alƙali ya haɗa masa
duka biyun, biyan tara da kuma ɗauri. Duba Sashi Na 312 na Penal
Code.
2. Mr. “A” ne zaiyi tafiya shi kuma Mr. “B” daman yakan amshi
kayan mutane ya ajiye masu idan sunzo karɓa sai su biya shi, to
Shikenan sai Mr. “A” yakai kayan sa ajiya wurin Mr. “B” Shi kuma
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Mr. “B” Kawai sai ya siyar da kayan, to anan ya aikata laifin Criminal
Breach of Trust. Idan har Kotu ta tabbatar da laifin zai fuskanci ɗauri
na tsawon Shekara goma (10) tare da biyan tara.
3. Mr. “A” ne yana zaune a Kano, sai Mr. “B” ya turo masa kuɗi
akan ya zuba masa jari a kamfanin Dangote na Sugar, shi kuma sai ya
zuba jarin a kamfanin BUA ɓangaren Siminti, to anan, Mr. “A” ya
aikata Criminal Breach of Trust. Amma idan shi Mr. “A” yana ganin
a zuba jarin a kamfanin BUA ɓangaren siminti yafi a zuba shi a
Dangote ɓangaren Sugar, shiyasa yayi haka, to ba za'a chajeshi da
laifin Criminal Breach of Trust ba, saidai idan har akayi asara to sai
ya biya asarar da akayi, saboda ya canja akalar kuɗin daga yadda mai
su ya bashi Umarni.
4. Sashi Na 314 na Penal Code yace: duk wani ma'aikacin
gwamnati ko Kamfani ko kuma Akawu (Clerk) da aka sanya shi
Shugaba na wani Property, ko kuma aka saka shi ya biya ma'aikata
haƙƙoƙin su amma sai yaƙi biya, ko kuma yaci Amana to zai fuskanci
zaman gidan Kaso na tsawon Shekara goma (10) kuma Zai biya tara.
5. Duk wanda aka bashi amanar Shugabancin wani Property a
matsayin sa na Public Servant (Ma'aikacin gwamnati) ko kuma Shi
banker ne ko lauya ko wakili, sai ya aikata Laifin Cin Amana a
Wannan Property ɗin, to za'a ɗaure shi har na tsawon Shekara goma
Sha hudu (14) kuma sai ya biya tara.
Amma shi kuma Breach of Promise, Damages ne Kawai mutum zai
biya ka, Kamar Breach of Promise to Marry, wato kayi alƙawarin
zaka auri wata mace sai daga baya kuma kaƙi auren nata, duba
Shari'ar da akayi tsakanin Ezennah da Atta (2004) 2 S.C (Pt. II) pg. 75,
don ƙarin bayani.
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2. OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE:
Laifukan da ake yima kasa, wato idan ka aikata daya daga cikin su to
kasa zata dauki mataki akan ka nta hanyar yimaka hukunci daidai da
yadda doka ta tanada. Daga cikin laifukan sun hada da:
a. Treason:
Treason, ko Cin amanar ƙasa laifi ne babba a duniya kuma a kowace
ƙasa bama iya Nigeria ba kawai. Saboda ita ƙasa, (State) gwamnati ne
ke wakiltar ta tare da tafiyar da ita, don haka duk wanda yayi nufin ya
kifar da ita, ko kuma kifar da Gwamnatin, to yana kaima mutane hari
ne, shi kuma kaima mutanen ƙasa hari, ta hanyar yaƙi ko kuma
ƙoƙarin kifar da gwamnati ana ɗaukar shi ne a matsayin Treason,
wato cin amanar kasa. Don haka, Treason kamar yadda yazo a Black's
Law Dictionary bugu na Tara (9th Edition) shine: “Laifin yunƙurin
kifar da gwamnatin ƙasa wacce mutum yayi ma mubaya'a, ko dai ta
hanyar yaƙar ta, ko kuma goyon bayan maƙiyan ƙasar”
HUKUNCIN LAIFIN CIN AMANAR ƘASA
Kamar yadda Sashi na 37(1) na Criminal Code ya bayyana shine duk
wanda aka kama da wannan laifi na cin amanar ƙasa zai fuskanci
hukunci ne na kisa, wannan shiyasa za kuga idan akazo yin juyin
mulki sai kuma baiyi Nasara ba to duk wanda yake da hannu a
wannan yunkurin juyin mulkin kashe su za'ayi saboda sunci amanar
ƙasa.
Haka ma idan aka kama yaro Under 18 (dan kasa ada shekara goma
sha takwas) da laifin cin amanar ƙasa to ba za'a kashe shi ba, amma
za'a tsare shi ne da umarnin Shugaban ƙasa kamar yadda yazo a Sashi
na 39(1), sannan idan aka kama mace mai ciki da laifin cin amanar
ƙasa ita ma ba za'a kashe ta ba, duba Sashi na 39(2) na Criminal Code
da Sashi na 376 na Criminal Procedure Act. Sannan, ba za'a chaje ka
da laifin ba har sai an tabbatar da laifin, ko kuma an samu shaidu
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mutum biyu da suka tabbatar da laifin, kamar yadda yazo a shari'ar da
akayi tsakanin Omishade v. Queen.
Sannan Sashi na 40 da na 41 na Criminal Code sun tabbatar da cewa
duk wanda aka kama da laifin niyyar cin amanar ƙasa, ko kuma ya
taimaka aci amanar ƙasar ko ya bada Shawara ko kuma yaji wasu za
suci amanar kasa amma baije yayi report ba to, za'a ɗaure su ne ɗaurin
rai-da-rai (Wato life Imprisonment
b. Sedition:
Me ake nufi da Sedition ?
Sedition ko kalaman ƙin jini, na nufin duk wani aiki, ko magana ko
rubutu da akayi da “NIYYAR” ƙin jinin wani.
Criminal Code a cikin Sashi na 50(2) ya bayyana wannan “NIYYAR”
da cewa itane wacce take kawo tsana, ƙiyayayya ko raini ga Shugaban
Ƙasa, ko gwamna, ko kuma Gwamnati, ko kuma kalaman ka su zama
sun haifar da tsana da ƙiyayayya ga mabambantan al'ummar ƙasar.
Saidai ba duk rubutu bane ko magana bane ake ɗaukar ta a matsayin
Sedition, kamar yadda sashi na 51(2) ya bayyana cewa: ba za'a chaje
ka da laifin ba idan ya zama kalaman ka ko rubutun ka ka yisu ne don
ka bayyanawa gwamna ko Shugaban ƙasa wani kuskure da yayi, ko
kuma kana so ne ka nuna wani gyara ko kuskure da yake a cikin
Constitution ko kuma gwamnatin, ko jihar.
HUKUNCIN LAIFIN SEDITION
Criminal Code ya bayyana a sashi na 51 cewa duk wanda yayi niyyar
aikata wannan laifin ko ya haɗa kai da wani aka aikata to zai fuskanci
hukuncin ɗaurin shekara biyu (2) a gidan Kaso, ko kuma tarar Kuɗi
Naira dari biyu ko kuma duka biyun (amma fa ₦200 ɗin ba wai sune
za'a bada ba, za'a duba ne aga shin ₦200 kimanin shekaru 60 baya
yanzu zata kai nawa, to abinda aka ƙiyasta su mutum zai biya) Sannan
ya cigaba da cewa duk wanda ya aikata wannan laifi, to zai fuskanci
hukunci na zama gidan kaso har tsawon Shekara uku, haka ma duk
23
wanda aka samu a tare dashi akwai wasu rubutuka ko kuma
maganganu na Sedition to zai fuskanci hukuncin ɗauri a gidan Kaso
na shekara ɗaya
c. Riot
A duk lokacin da mutane uku zuwa sama suka haɗu, suka taru da
niyyar cimma wata bukata tasu, ko kuma suka taru domin su saka
mutane cikin razani da firgici da tsoro to wannan taron nasu
haramtaccen taro ne, koda kuwa an assasa shi ne da niyyar cimma
wata kyakkyawar manufa to idan ya canja daga yadda aka tsara shi ya
zama haramun a idon dokar ƙasa. Don haka duk lokacin da mutane
suka haɗu domin su tayar da zaune tsaye, to wannan shi ake kira da
riot, kamar yadda sashi na 69 na Criminal Code ya faɗa. Sashi na 71
na Criminal Code ya bayyana cewa duk wanda aka samu da aikata
wannan laifi to zai share shekara uku a gidan kaso.
d. Criminal Misapropriation:
Criminal Misappropriation, Shima laifi ne da dokar ƙasa ta haramta
shi, ga misalin yadda yake, Mr. A ne yaje Sallah masallaci, da ya fito
sai ya saka Takalman Mr. B Shi a tunanen sa nashi ne ya saka, to anan
baiyi laifin komai ba, amma daga baya, bayan da ya tafi gida, sai ya
gane cewa, ah ! Waɗannan ai ba Takalman sa bane, na Mr. B ne, to a
madadin ya mayar sai yaƙi mayarwa kawai ya riƙe su ya cigaba da
sakawa, to anan ya aikata Criminal Misappropriation.
Ko kuma, Mr. A ne yaje ɗakin abokin sa Mr. B koda yaje bai same
shi ba, sai ya ɗauko masa Charger ba tare da sanin sa ba, to anan idan
yana da niyyar ya faɗa masa cewa da yaje bai same shi ba, amma ya
ɗauko masa Charger to bai yi laifi ba, idan kuma bayan gama amfani
da ita kawai sai yaje ya kyautar ko kuma ya siyar to anan ya aikata
laifin Criminal Misappropriation.
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HUKUNCIN WANDA YA AIKATA LAIFIN
Sashi na 309 na Penal Code ya bayyana hukuncin ɗauri a gidan kaso
na tsawon Shekara uku (3) ga duk wanda ya aikata laifin da kuma
biyan tarar kuɗi, ko kuma tarar kawai. Sai sashi na 310 daya bayyana
cewa idan wanda ka aikata ma laifin bashi a raye, to shima za kayi
zaman gidan kaso na tsawon Shekara uku (3) sannan kuma ka biya
tara, idan kuma kana aiki a ƙarƙashin sa ne, sai ya zama dan kaga
baya raye sai ka aikata wannan laifi to za'a ɗaure ka a gidan Kaso har
na tsawon Shekara bakwai (7) kuma zaka biya tara.
Anan, Mun gama tattaunawa akan laifukan da suka shafi ƙasa Wato
Offences against the state, Yanzu kuma zamu shiga gaɓa ta uku wato
laifukan da suka shafi mutum ko jikin mutum, Offences against the
human body inda zamu tattauna akan:
3. OFFENCES AGAINST HUMAN BODY
a. Raping
“Fyade” ko “Rape” yana daya daga cikin daɗaɗɗun laifuka a tarihin
rayuwar Dan Adam. Fyaɗe wani aiki ne da duk ƙasashen duniya suka
ɗauke shi a matsayin laifi. Bayanai sun nuna anfi samun cases na
fyaɗe a yankunan turawa fiye da sauran yankunan Duniya. Ƙasashen
Asia da Africa, sune sukafi ƙarancin Cases na fyaɗe ba dan ba'a yi ba
a'a saidai dan tsoron tsangawa da zasu iya fuskanta a cikin al'umar su,
shiyasa ko an yimasu fyaden basa kaiwa hukuma.
Me ake nufi da Fyade
Kalmar “RAPE” an samota ne daga yaren Latin, tana nufin “rafere”
wato “to take by force” kayi wani abu ko ɗauke wani abu da ƙarfi,
saidai kamar yadda yazo a Criminal Code Sashi Na 357, fyade Shine:
Yin Jima'i da Mace ko yarinya ba tare da yardar ta ba, ko kuma da
yardar ta amma tilasta ta akayi ko barazanar kisa ko cutarwa shiyasa
ta yarda din, ko kuma matar aure ce sai wani yaje mata a matsayin
mijin ta (Impersonation) kenan, ita kuma bata gane cewa ba mijinta
25
bane, to wanda duk yayi daya daga cikin wadannan ya aikata laifin
fyade.
Shi kuma Penal Code a Sashi Na 282 ya kara da cewa: “Ko da yardar
ta ko ba da yardar ta ba, za'a tuhumi mutum da laifin fyade idan har
yarinyar bata haura Shekara goma Sha hudu (14) ba, ko kuma idan
tana da tabin hankali.
“Yardar ta” da ake nufi anan shine, ya zama ta aminta ta yarda kayi
Jima'in da ita. Amma Misali: idan da farko ta yarda sai bayan an fara
Jima'in (Sex) din kuma tace bata yarda ba, to idan mutum yaki
dainawa a dokar Ingila za'a kama shi da laifin fyade, duba Sashi Na
75 zuwa 76 na UK Sexual offences Act, 2003. Amma adokar Nigeria
ba lallai a iya tabbatar da laifin fyade ba a irin Wannan yanayi, saboda
dokar kasa batayi bayani akai ba. Sannan idan mutum yaje ya haike
ma mace tana barci ko kuma halin maye to shima za'a chajeshi da
laifin yimata fyade. Haka Idan yaro dan Shekara goma Sha biyu (12)
yayi ma mace/yarinya fyade ba za'a kama shi dai laifin fyade ba
saboda shekarun sa basu kai a kamashi da laifin ba. (Koda kuwa ya
balaga a shekara 12 din) duba Sashi Na 30 Na Criminal Code, Act.
Sannan mutum ko da yunkurin aikata fyaden yayi amma kuma bai
aikata ba to za'a Chajeshi da laifin fyade.
KO ANA YIWA NAMIJI FYAƊE A DOKAR NIGERIA
Dokar Nigeria bata yarda wani Namiji zai yiwa wani Namijin fyade
ba, amma a wasu ƙasashe irin su: Ingila Namiji yana yiwa Namiji
fyaɗe kodai ta duburar shi (Anal Sex) ko kuma Oral Sex (Wato Jima'i
da baki). Dangane da Mace ta yiwa Namji fyade, a dokokin Nigeria
da Ingila ba zai yuwu ka iya yin Nasara a kotu kan cewa wata ta
yimaka fyade ba, saboda babu wani definition na fyade wanda ya
nuna yiyuwar faruwar hakan. Amma a America za'a iya tuhumar
Mace da laifin yiwa Namiji fyade idan tayi amfani da hannun ta ko
wani abu kamar Artificial Pennis ta rika tura masa a duburar shi,
26
amma suma bafa wai ace ta tilasta shi yayi Jima'i da ita ba, Wannan
kam ba fyaɗe bane.
KO MACE ZATA IYA YIWA MACE FYADE

A dokar Nigeria dama wasu kasashe ba'a tuhumar mace da laifin tayi
fyade, amma za'a iya tuhumar ta da laifin fyaden idan ta taimakawa
wani Namiji yayi ma wata macen fyade.
KO ZA'A IYA TUHUMAR MIJI DA LAIFIN YIWA MATAR
SA FYADE
A dokar Nigeria ba za'a tuhumi miji da laifin yiwa matar sa fyade ba
idan ya Sadu da ita ta karfi da yaji. Duba Sashi Na 6 Na Criminal
Code, da kuma Sashi Na 282 (2) Na Penal Code. Amma a Kasar
Ingila da sauran wasu kasashen turai za'a iya tuhumar miji da laifin
aikata fyade ga matar shi idan ya sadu da ita ba da Yardar ta ba.
IDAN NAMIJI YAYI AMFANI DA YATSUN SHI KO WANI
ABU AGABAN MACE SHIMA FYADE NE
A dokar Nigeria ba za'a tuhumeka da laifin fyade ba har sai idan ka
shigar da gaban ka a gaban mace, anan koda iya kan gaban ka ka
shigar a nata to fyade ne. Amma idan baka shigar da gabanka a nata
ba, ko kuma wani abu ne ka samu ka rika tura mata a gaban nata,
(Kamar Artificial Pennis) to wadannan duka ba fyade bane. Sannan
idan ka sadu da ita ta duburar ta (Anal Sex) ba tare da yardar ta ba, to
shima ba fyade bane, saidai a tuhumeka da Sexual Assault. Haka
kuma idan mahaukaci yayi ma mace fyade to shima yasha banza dan
kuwa babu abinda za'a yimasa a Shari'a.
KARIN BAYANI:
Ba hujja bane cewa ai macen ta yarda tunda dai batayi ihun Neman
taimako ba Lokacin da ake mata fyaden, ko kuma dan ta yita yimasa
Kiss da Sauran wasu abubuwan motsa Sha'awa a Lokacin da yake
27
mata fyaden, duka wannan ba zai zame masa Defense ba akan cewa
wai ta yarda.
ELEMENTS DINDA SUKE TABBATAR DA LAIFIN FYADE
Ba wai haka kawai bane mace za tace anyi mata fyade kuma a yarda
cewa anyi ba, dole akwai wasu abubuwa da sai sun haɗu sannan za'a
iya cewa anyi mata fyaɗe, gasu kamar haka:
1. Tabbatar ma kotu cewa ba da yardar ta aka sadu da ita, don haka
lallai sai lauyan ku ya tattara gamsassun bayanai da zasu
tabbatar ma kotu cewa ba fa da yardar ta bane namijin ya sadu
da ita.
2. Tabbatar ma kotu cewa lallai ya shigar da gaban sa a cikin nata.
Anan ma dole sai an tabbatar ma kotu cewa tabbas ya shigar da
gaban sa a nata, wanda kuma mafi yawancin lokuta likitoci sune
suke yin biyu bincike.
3. Tabbatar ma kotu cewa Wannan yarinyar ko matar ba matar sa
bane. Wannan ma abu ne da yake fili, idan kotu ta gamsu cewa
ba matar ka bane to tabbas za'a chajeka da laifin aikata fyaɗe.
HUKUNCIN LAIFIN FYADE
Kamar yadda na faɗa tun da farko, cewa duk duniya babu kasar da
bata yarda cewa fyade laifi bane don haka kuma duk duniya babu
wata kasa da bata tanadi Hukunci akan wannan baƙar ta'asar ba,
wanda hakan ya haifar da mabambantan hukunce-hukunce a kasashen
duniya akan wannan laifi na fyade, misali:
1. Ƙasashen:
a. Saudi Arabia,
b. Egypt,
c. France,
d. North Korea, da
28
e. India
Duka wadannan kasashen sun tanadi hukuncin kisa ne akan duk
wanda suka kama da laifin aikata fyade.
2. Amma ƙasashen:
a. Nigeria,
b. America, da
c. Ingila
Su kuma hukuncin ɗaurin rai-da-rai ne suka tanadar ga duk wanda
kotu ta tabbatar ya aikata laifin fyaɗe.
Duba Sashi Na 282 zuwa na 285 na Penal Code. Da Sashi Na 357
zuwa na 358 na Criminal Code, da kuma Sashi Na 75 zuwa na 76 Na
UK Sexual offences Act, 2003.
3. Kasar Isra'ila:
a. Ita kuma Kasar Isra'ila ɗaurin Shekara goma Sha Shida (16)
ne ta sanya a matsayin Hukuncin fyaɗe a ƙasar.
Sannan ita Nigeria ta ƙara samar da Hukuncin Ɗaurin Shekara 14 a
doka ga duk wanda yayi niyyar aikata fyade amma bai samu ya aikata
ba. Idan kuma muka duba dokokin jihar Kaduna za muga sun tabbatar
da hukuncin kisa ga duk wanda suka samu da laifin fyade amma kafin
kisan sai an yimasa taure, kamar yadda yazo a cikin sashi na 258 na
Kaduna State Penal Code (Amendment) Law, 2020.
SHAWARA GA DUK WACCE AKA YIWA FYADE:
Akwai abubuwa da ya kamata macen da aka yiwa fyaɗe tayi, domin ta
ƙara samun ƙarfin gwiwar yin nasara a kotu, daga cikin su akwai:
1. Farko taje tayi reporting a Ofishin 'yan Sanda da hukumar
lauyoyi ta ƙasa NBA, da kuma hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam
(Human Right)
2. Sannan kar ta Canja kayan dake jikin ta, kamar: Zani, Skirt, Pant,
Brazier da sauran su. Duk wani abu da take sanye dashi lokacin
29
da aka yimata fyaden to kar ta canja shi a lokacin har sai ta
tabbatar tayi report an ɗauki hotuna.
3. Sannan kar ta wanke jinin da suka fitar mata, ta tafi a haka.
4. Kar taji Kunya ko tsoron Sanar wa hukuma, saboda da dama
sukan ɓoye basa faɗa kuma hakan ba daidai bane
5. Kar ta gyara gashin ta ko daura Ɗankwalinta, taje dashi a haka.
a. Kidnapping
Kidnapping ko satar mutum kalma ne da aka Samota daga “Kid” wato
tana nufin yaro, sai kuma “Nap” tana nufin ƙwace. Don haka a da ana
amfani da kalmar ne a lokacin turawan Mulkin Mallaka na America
da ma'anar satar yara a mayar dasu bayi ko kuma leburori. Don haka
kidnapping Yana nufin ɗauke mutum da ƙarfi ko yaudarar shi ko
kuma a tsoratar dashi, har a ɗauke shi bada son ranshi ba. Saidai
kamar yadda Cambridge Dictionary ya faɗa kidnapping shine: Ka
ɗauke mutum da ƙarfi domin a biya ka kuɗi sannan ka sake shi.
Amma su kuma Find Law's team of legal writers and editors sun
bayyana kidnapping da cewa shine “ɗaukar mutum daga wannan
wurin zuwa wancan ba tare da yardar shi ba....”
Don haka, Kidnapping laifi ne a dokar Nigeria kamar yadda sashi na
364 na Criminal Code ya bayyana da kuma Sashi na 271 na Penal
Code, sannan waɗannan kundin dokokin sun tanadar masa hukuncin
ɗauri a gidan kaso har na tsawon Shekara goma (10) kamar yadda
Sashi na 273 na Penal Code da Sashi na 364 na Criminal Code suka
fada. Saidai akwai Jihohi daban-daban a Nigeria da suka zartar da
hukuncin kisa a Jihohin nasu akan duk wanda suka kama da laifin Na
satar mutane. Jihohin sun haɗar da: Kaduna da Legas.
30
b. Murder:
Murder ko kuma Homicide Yana nufin kashe ɗan Adam. To Wanene
Ɗan Adam, Dan Adam shine duk wanda ya samu ta sakamakon
haihuwa (mutum) kuma yake rasuwa ta sanadin mutuwa. To yana da
kyau mu sani, duk da mutuwa dole ne ga Kowanne mai rai dole sai ya
mutu, to amma kuma akwai waɗanda suke yin gaggawa wajen katse
rayuwar mutum ɗin, wanda da sunyi haƙuri da zai mutu ɗin, duk da
ita law batasan wannan ba, ita a wurin ta inda baka kashe shi ba da
har yanzu yana nan yana rayuwar shi. Don haka a dokance kashe
mutum (ko ta halastacciyar hanya ko ta haramtacciya ana kiran shi da
suna “Homicide” Idan ya zama kisan haramtacce ne sai a ƙara masa
kalmar “unlawful” Amma kuma a common Law “Unlawful
Homicide” shine wani ya kashe wani babu gaira-babu-dalili. Saidai
akwai kisa waɗanda ake bada uzuri ga wanda yayi su, kamar:
1. Wurin ƙoƙarin kama mai laifi bisa umarnin kotu, sai ka kashe
shi.
2. Mutumin da ya gudu daga inda yake tsare wurin a kama shi
sai ya mutu.
3. Wurin ƙoƙarin dawo da doka da oda sai aka kashe ka.
4. Wurin kare kanka ko dukiyar ka, sai ka kashe wani.
5. Wurin aikin likitanci, amma idan ya zama ba ganganci ko
sakacin likitan bane ya jawo mutuwar, shima anan ba za'a chaji likitan
da aikata laifin kisa ba.
6. Ko kuma a ƙarƙashin “Volunti non fit injuria” Abinda ake
nufi anan shine: Misali: mutane ne suke wasan ƙwallon kafa sai kawai
kaje kace za kayi, koda ka shiga wurin wasan ƙwallon sai ka rasa
ranka, to anan koda anje kotu ƙa'idar da lauyan mai kariya zai kawo
ita ne “Volunti non fit Injuria” wato duk wanda yaje ya aikata wani
31
abu Voluntarily sai ya cutu ko ma ya mutu to ba za'a biya shi
Damages ba.
Don haka, sashi na 222 na Penal Code lokacin da yake bayani akan
Kisa wanda ake zartar da hukuncin kisa ga duk wanda ya aikata laifin
kisan ya bayyana cewa: Dole kisan ya zama anyi shi ne da niyyar
kisan, sannan kuma idan ya zama wanda ya aikata aikin ya tabbatar da
cewa mutum zai iya mutuwa. A sashi na 314, 315 da 316 na Penal
Code da kuma Shari'ar da akayi tsakanin NWACHUKWU v. THE
STATE (2002) 12 NWLR Of 540 an bayyana cewa akwai wasu
Ingredients (Kayan haɗi) da sai sun haɗu sannan za'a tabbatar da laifin
kisan. Gasu kamar haka:
1. A tabbatar da cewa lallai mutumin ya mutu.
2. Sannan sai an tabbatar da cewa mutumin ya mutu ne
sakamakon wannan abun da wanda ake zargi yayi masa
3. Lallai ya zama wanda ake zargin daman yayi niyyar kisan ne,
ko kuma ya zama yasan cewa da yiwuwar mutumin ya iya mutuwa
sakamakon wannan abun da yayi masa. Kamar yadda yazo a cikin
wadannan Shari'o'in: Moses JUA vs. THE STATE (2007) 9 NWLR
Pg. 521, da wacce akayi tsakanin Ogba v. THE STATE (1992) 12
NWLR Pg 164, da kuma wacce akayi tsakanin Akirfe v. THE STATE
(1988) 3 NWLR Pg 236, kazalika da wacce ta faru tsakanin Onah v.
THE STATE (1985) 3 NWLR Pg 236, da kuma wacce akayi da Garke
Vs. THE STATE (1978) NNLR Pg 38.
32

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RAHINAT SCHOOL OF LAW

“Ignorantia Jurist, non Excusat”

“THE BOOK OF CRIMINAL LAW

SHEHU RAHINAT NA’ALLAH

Hakkin Mallaka (M):

2. OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE:

3. OFFENCES AGAINST HUMAN BODY:

1. OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY:

KO MACE ZATA IYA YIWA MACE FYADE

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