Black Holes

Presented by-
Jyotsana Sharma
Btech (hons.) CSE
RA1803A10
 Black Holes
Contents---
• History.
• Formation of black holes.
• Gravity deforms space time.
• Gravity bends path of light.
• Event horizon
• Falling into black holes.
• Rotating black holes.
• Techniques
• References
History--

The idea of preventing light

from escaping as described
by general theory of
relativity was given by
John Michelle. Even the
British astronomer Pierre -
Simon Laplace came with
the same conclusion.
Formation-
The intense gravitational field left
when a giant star collapses.
It is called a black hole because not
even light can escape.
Objects too heavy to be neutron stars
collapse to black holes.
 Formation Continued…

As the mass increases, so does the

gravitational pull. If the gravitational pull is
such that even light can escape , then a black
hole is formed.
Gravity deforms space time

Diagrammatical representation
Gravity bends the path of light
Event horizon

The point at which no light can

escape.
 A nonrotating black hole has
only a “center” and a “surface”.
• The black hole is surrounded
by an event horizon which
is the sphere from which light
cannot escape
• The distance between the
black hole and its event
horizon is the Schwarzschild
radius (RSch= 2GM/c2)
• The center of the black hole
is a point of infinite density
and zero volume, called a
singularity
 Falling into a black hole

Falling into a black hole gravitational tidal forces pull

spacetime in such a way that time becomes infinitely long
(as viewed by distant observer). The falling observer sees
ordinary free fall in a finite time.
 Falling into a black hole
• Signals sent from the freely falling observer would be
time dilated and red shifted.
• Once inside the event horizon, no communication with
the universe outside the event horizon is possible.
• But incoming signals from external world can enter.
• A black hole of mass M has exactly the same
gravitational field as an ordinary mass M at large
distances.
Seeing black holes
 Rotating black holes
• A rotating black hole
(one with angular
momentum) has an ergo
sphere around the
outside of the event
horizon
• In the ergo sphere,
space and time
themselves are dragged
along with the rotation
of the black hole
Techniques for
finding black
holes

1-Accertion disks
and gas jets.
2-Strong Radiation
emissions
3-Gravitational
lensing
Types of Black Holes--
1-Supermassive
Black holes.

2-Stellar- mass
black holes.

3-Intermediate
mass black holes.
Advantages and Disadvantages--
They can be significant in this way:
1-Individual modes may dominate the time evolution of
some perturbation, and a whole set of them could be used
to completely describe this time evolution.

The disadvantages are that –

1-when a black hole evaporates information is really
gone.
2-Due to this there is trouble in energy conservation.
3-Invariance in time predictability.
 References---
1-www.google.com.
2-www.wikipedia.com.
3-Anatony on Black holes.
THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS????

???