Different types of educational language policies

Kloss developed a taxonomy to categorize various types of explicit official

language policies
He was the first to come up with the concept of TOLERANCE wen talking to
language policies.
Wilde However, many language practices do not have official designation but
still exhibit the force of policy. So, the notion of policy needs to be expanded in
order to include those which are unofficial, implicit or covert
Language policy taxonomy consists of 7 types of policies
Promotion oriented policies involve explicit use of government resources to
promote official use or spread of a favoured language or languages. For
example, the printing and distribution of laws records and conducting
governmental business in the national or official languages is a way of
promotion.
Another example is the promotion of specific language or languages in schools
which is enhanced by medium of instruction policies.
Expediency oriented policies recognize minority languages and coexist with
promotional oriented policies. They differ however in purpose because they are
not intended to promote the use of minority languages and their main purpose
is to accommodate minority languages to facilitate communication between
language minorities and the government. For example, expediency-oriented
policies are used to ensure civil rights in the United States, including educational
and political access. In other countries transitional bilingual or mother tongue
education has been prescribed in early phases of instruction to help facilitate
the transition to the majority or official language. Likewise, expediency policies
can also benefit the state when it comes to governmental needs. For instance,
to communicate with linguistic minority groups in order to carry out its basic
functions. In this way, expediency policies appear to be benefiting both minority
community and basic operations of the state.
Tolerance oriented policies language minority communities can maintain or use
the languages with no control from the state.
There is no expectation that in doing so they will receive any support from the
state though.
Language minorities, television and radio stations, and printed materials are
available. Heritage language schools are supported through private or
community-based funding.

Summary based on material taken from HSE University webpage

Restriction oriented policies constrain the use of minority languages so, social,
political, educational and economic benefit, rights, and opportunities are
dependent on knowing and using only the dominant language. It should be
stressed that language restriction is usually witnessed in public domains such as
workplaces and schools. Some scholars point out that restrictive school
language policies have often had negative consequences for the acquisition of
literacy in the dominant language.
Repression Oriented Policies attempt to eliminate minority languages and as
result of this provokes deculturation and linguistic genocide. For example,
African slaves in the United States in the 19th century were not allowed to use
their own languages. Likewise, native Americans were forced to leave their
ancestral communities and attend boarding schools where an only English policy
was implemented while their native languages, costumes and dress were all
disallowed.
Policies of erasure can be seen as an extreme case of the repressive policies
where attempts are made to act as if the minority language never existed or
never had any history. For example, the Spanish conquerors attempted to
eliminate the languages and literacies of the indigenous peoples of America.
Null policies refer to the significant absence of policies whatsoever especially
where equitable treatment is needed to ensure linguistic access for minority
populations to services education and social and economic participation in the
society.
There are deliberate efforts to change or influence language behaviour.
Educational policies can be analysed from different perspectives. Formal
language policies can be analysed based on their intended outcomes which
focus on the motivations behind original formulation of the language policy, it’s
not a secret that policies are subject to interpretation and in this regard the
language policy or educational policies are not always effectively implemented
and as a result they can be manipulated.
So, the role of educational officials and teachers as interpreters and
implementers of policy is crucial.

Summary based on material taken from HSE University webpage