Formula Sheet Permutation and Combination INTRODUCTION ‘The present chapter can be given the name as counting techniques or counting without actual counting. For example if we are interested in counting the number of 9 digit numbers which are divisible by 9, then it will take a lot of time to count the number of such numbers, but by using the techniques given in this chapter, this will be easy enough to find the number. ‘The basis of all the techniques given in this chapter are based on two fundamental principles of counting namely addition and multiplication principles. Using these principles, formulae for number of ways of arrangements and selections of different objects are derived. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING Multiplication Principle: If an operation can be performed in ‘nr’ different ways following which a second operation can be performed in ‘n’ diferent ‘ways, then the two operations in suecession can be performed in m x n ways, This can be extended to any finite number of operations. PERMUTATION Definition : Each of the different arrangements which can be made by taking some (or all) of a number of given things is called permutation. Note : Factorial Notation : The continued product of first ‘nm natural numbers is generally written as n! and is read as factorial mi. ml =n(n— In 2)3.21 Some Important Properties @ nl=n(n-1)! (ii) (2n)! =2"- nl [1-3-5-7..-Qn- 1] (iijol= = 1 (iv) factorial of negative integers are not defined Arrangement of » different things ‘The number of permutations of n different things taken all ata time = "P, = n! Meaning and value of "P, ‘The number of permutations of » different things, taken r at a time is denoted by "P, or P (1,1). np, - (n- n(n 1) (12) n, then "C, = 0. "G (srsn) ="C,= "C= 0 (i) "G4", ="*C, ©) "C=", 3 x=yorxty=n Wn" =r "Gy (vii)If m is even then the greatest value of "CG, is "Cua (viii) If m is odd then the greatest value of "C, is Selection from Distinct objects ‘The number of ways (or combinations) of different things selecting at least one of them is MCL 4 "Cy + "Cyt a tC = 2" = 1 Selection from Identical Objects 1. The number of ways of selecting r (r » » Pg ae distinct primes and ay, dy, .. dy are non negative integers.px, then number of divisors (a, +1) which ip of N are (a; + 1) (a; + 1). includes 1 and N also. Note : All the divisors excluding 1 and N are called proper divisors. (b) Sum of divisors ‘The sum of the divisors of N = (1+ pt Pit + pH (Lt pat Pat oot PB) vee (Lt Pe + De tm + BED pitten potlr piel Pi Pr Pe (©) Number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two factors ‘The number of ways of putting N as a product of two natural numbers is, FG, 40 (0, Vo (4+ 0 AEN not a perfect square, If N is a perfect square then this aye) 4a Dn Ge ¥ DT (d) Number of ways in which a composite number N can be resolved into two factors Which are relatively prime or co-prime. Number of ways = 2""' where nis the number of different prime factors in N. CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS Arrangements round a circular table : Consider five persons A, B, C, Dand E to be seated on the circumference of a circular table in order (which has no head). Now, shifting A, B,C, D and E one position in anticlockwise direction we will set arrangements a fallow Coo. ai a OOo ww) ic) ‘We see that arrangements in all figures are same. The number of circular permutations of n different things taken all at a time is —t = (n ~ 1)}, if clockwise and anticlockwise orders are taken as different, Formation of necklace/garland using beads/ flowers (Ring permutation) Consider five beads A, B, C, D and E ina necklace or five flowers A, B, C, D and E in a garland etc. If the necklace or garland on the left is turned over we obtain the arrangement on the right, i., anticlockwise and clockwise order of arrangements are not different. a Thus, the number of circular permutations of ‘n’ different things taken all at a time is 1 <(n ~ 1)}, if clockwise and anticlockwise orders 2! ! is are taken as not different. Number of circular permutations of ‘n° things taken ‘r at a time. Case I: If clockwise and anticlockwise orders are taken as different, then the required number of circular permutation = ("P,) |r. Case I: If clockwise and anticlockwise orders are taken as same, then the required number of circular permutations = ("P,) / (2r) different DIVISION INTO GROUPS Different number of objects in each group ‘The number of ways in which 1 distinct objects can be split into r groups containing respectively ‘S115, 5, Objects, where 5; #5;, for ij, is given 7 stg! Same number of objects in some group If k of the numbers among 51, S95. » 5, are equal, then the required number of ways is A Sls 1K For example if36 distinet objects are to be divided among 9 groups such that four groups have 2 objects each, three groups have 5 objects each and remaining two groups having 6 and 7 objects then the required number of ways oe (ant a1@p?- 31-6! 7DISTRIBUTION AMONG PERSONS. “The number of ways in which n distinct objects can be distributed among r persons in a required way = number of ways of dividing m distinct objects in r-groups in the required way x For example if 36 distinct objects are to be divided among 9 persons such that four of the persons are getting 2 objects each, three of the persons are getting 5 objects each and the remaining two persons are getting 6 and 7 ‘objects, then the number of ways of doing so is 36! (21)* -41(51)? -31- 61-71 EXPONENT OF PRIME NUMBER (p) IN nt Let p bea given prime and n is any positive integer, then maximum power of p present in n! is (eh{sHS Boe (ofeenne te ‘greatest integer function, ‘The proof of the above x9! formula can be obtained using the fact that [2] ‘gives the number of integral multiples of min 1, 2, ~=- 11 for any positive integers n and m. The above formula does not work for composite numbers. For example, if we have to find the maximum power of 6, present in 321, then the answer is not Gita multiples of 6 in 1, 2, ... 32s and 6 can be obtained ‘on multiplying 2 by 3 also. Hence for the required number, we find the maximum powers of 2 and 3 (say r and s) present in 32!. Using the above formula r= 31 and s = 14, Hence 2 and 3 will be combined (to form 6) 14 times. Thus maximum power of 6 present in 32! is 14. PRINCIPLE OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION If Ay, Apso» » Ay, are mt sets and n(S) denotes the number of elements in the set S, then {Ua} Soao- 3 #anane . daa} kel 5, as Sis the number of integral yy ich cigci,sm Note that if xe [J Ag . then x belongs to atleast ke one of Ay SKS mi. DE-ARRANGEMENT ‘As another application of the principle of inclusion and exclusion, number of dearrangement of objects (number of ways in which n numbered balls (from 1 to n) can be placed in n numbered boxes (from 1 to 1), one in each box, so that no ball goes to its corresponding numbered box) is a sven tr Also Dy = (11~ 1) [Dyes + Dy-al MULTINOMIAL THEOREM AND APPLICATION Consider the equation x, +x) + .. +%,=, where S50; 3 45 by 3) € T31=1, 2s Fs In order to find the number of solutions ofthe given equation satisfying the given conditions we observe that the rhumber of solutions is the same as the coefficient of x" in the product ith gt a hh) x ITS (ath ee (alt ae*lag x2"? ag glo) x (x xB ea) a,42 4, hg eg abr) x(a ex For example, if we have to find the number ‘of non negative integral solutions of x, + x) + +x, = 1 then as above the required number is the coefficient of x" in taM)il sate. tx") (0 ta! +. +x") brackets) Coefficient of x" in (l+x4+x°+..42°)" Coefficient of x" in (1+ x42? +..." Coefficient of x" in (1 ~ x)" Coefficient of x" in [rs(oneae (sate = Coefficient of x" in ete Gta OP mericNote : If there are / objects of one kind, m objects of second kind, n objects of third kind and so ons then the number of ways of choosing r objects ut of these objects is the coefficient of x” in the expansion of (exe tate tx) Dette tx) (txt tte). Further if one object of each kind is to be included, then the number of ways of choosing r objects out of these objects is the coefficient of x” in the expansion of (etext ta) (etre tte") (Eee eee) and the number of possible permutations of r objects out of these objects is the coefficient of 2 ry, nike le wa While applying it, we use the coefficient of x’ in (= ais IC or IG, (@ Number of non-negative integral solution of equation xy+x;+...+x,=n is "7 'C, or mre Gi) Number of positive integral solution of equation x 4.4) ta tape Is "IC, , oF nace