CHAPTER 2 COMPOUND BARS Sommary ‘When a compound bar is constructed from members of different materials, lengths and areas and is subjected to an external tensile or compressive load H’ the load carried by any single member is given by E,Ay rm nnn” L where suffix 1 refers to the single member and £4 i the sum ofallsuch quantities forall the members. r ‘Where the bats have a common length the compound bar can be reduced to a single equivalent bar with an equivalent Young's modulus, termed a combined &. ZEA Combined ==> ‘The free expansion of a bar under a temperature change from 7, to 7; is ay -T Lk where a is the coefficient of linear expansion and 1. is the length of the bar. IF this expansion is prevented & stress will be induced in the bar given by ahs -T)E ‘To determine the stresses in a compound bar composed of two members of different free lengths two principles are used: (1) The tensile force applied (o the short member by the long member is equal in magnitude to the compressive force applied to the long member by the short member. (2) The extension of the short member plus the contraction of the long member equals the difference in free length. This difference in free lengths may result from the tightening of a nut or from a temperatuze change in two members of different material (i. diferent coefficients of expansion) but of equal length initially If such a bar is then subjected to an additional external load the sesultant stresses may be obtained by using the principle of superposition. With this method the stresses in the members n28 Mechanics of Materials 2 arising from the separate effects are obtained and the results added, taking account of sign, to ‘give the resultant stresses. N.B:: Discussion in this chapter is concerned with compound bars which are symmetri- cally proportioned such that no bending results. 2.1, Compound bars subjected to external load In certain applications itis necessary to use a combination of elements or bars made from different materials, each material performing a different function. In overhead electric cables, for example, it is often convenient to carry the current in @ set of copper wires surrounding steel wires, the lattcr being designed to support the weight of the cable over large spans. Such combinations of materials are generally termed compound bars. Discussion in this chapter is concerned with compound bars which are symmetrically proportioned such that no bending results, ‘When an external load is applied to such @ compound bar it is shared between the individual component materials in proportions depending on their respective lengths, areas and Young's moduli. Consider, therefore, a compound bar consisting of n members, each having a different Jength and cross-sectional area and each being of a different material; this is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1. Let all members have common extension x, ie. the load is positioned to produce the same extension in each member. ae ‘Yillel yf _ AV GA || Smemaee est mamoay gts bn Lae, reo a, fea A, Vedulss En osulus bead Fe Fig, 24, Diagrammatic represenution of « compound bar formed of dlifecent material with diferent lengths, crosswcctional areas and ‘Youne’s moduli For the ath member, 2a) where F, is the force in the nth member and A, and L, are its cross-sectional area and length.$22 Compound Bars 20 ‘The total load carried will be the sum of all such loads for all the members é, Ey: ie w DEE ay, i 2) Now from eqn. (2.1) the force in member 1 is given by ee But, from eqn, (2.2), (23) ile. each member carries a portion of the total load W proportional to its EA/L value. If the wires are all of equal length the above equation reduces to (24) ‘The stress in member 1 is then given by 25 2.2. Compound bars-“equivalent” o¢ “combined” modulus In order to determine the common extension of a compound bar it is convenient to consider it as a single bar of an imaginary material with an equivalent or combined modulus E,. Here it is neocssary to assume that both the extension and the original lengths of the individual members of the compound bar are the same: the strains in all members will then be equal ‘Now total load on compound bar = F, + F;+F y+ +F, where Fy, F;, etc., are the Joads in members 1,2, ete. But force = stress x area OALEALE 0 FAD = ALF ORAZ + oo tOnA where ¢ is the stress in the equivalent single ber. Dividing through by the common strain ¢, Pid tart. +Ad= Ay + EAs + ie EMAL Ag+... + Ag) = Ely + Bsa + where E, is the equivalent or combined E of the single bar.30 Mechanics of Materials §23 EA tEsAgt 2. +E yd, combined £ = Ait d+. tA, EEA te ze eo With an external load # applied, w stress in iv -# the equivalent bar = 5 and strain in the equivalent bar = <4 = * oa EXA“L stress since sain common extension x = en EEA ” = extension of single bar 2.3. Compound bars subjected to temperature change ‘When a material is subjected to a change in temperature its length will change by an amount alr where ais the coefficient of linear expansion for the material, Lis the original length and ¢ the ‘temperature change. (An increase in temperature produces an increase in length and a decrease in temperaturea decrease in length except in very special cases of materials with 2ero_ or negative coefficients of expansion which need not be considered here.) IE, however, the free expansion of the material is prevented by some external force, then a stress is set up in the material. This stress is equal in magnitude to that whicb would be produced in the bar by intially allowing the free change of length and then applying sufficient force to return the bar to its original length. Now change in length = aLt inate oa strain = ‘Therefore, the stress ereated in the material by the application of sufficient force to remove this strain = strain x E = Eat Consider now a compound bar constructed from two different materials rigidly joined together as shown in Fig. 22 and Fig. 23(@) For simplicity of description consider that the ‘materials in this case are steel and brass.923 u In general, the coefficients of expansion of the two materials forming the compound bar will be different so that as the temperature rises each material will attempt to expand by different amounts. Figure 2.3b shows the positions to which the individual materials will extend if they are completely free to expand (1c. not joined rigidly together as a compound ban), The extension of any length L is given by ot [sa (a) Orlane! bor Ae Sr | a on EL sess = fe caren CO ipandee seen Fig. 23, Theemal expansion of compound bar ‘Thus the difference of “free” expansion lengths or so-called free lengths = a,Lt—a,Lt = (a,—a,)Lt since in this case the coefficient of expansion of the brass ais greater than that for thesteela,.. ‘The initial lengths Z of the two materials are assumed equal. If the two materials are now rigidly joined as a compound bar and subjected to the same temperature rise, each material will attempt to expand to its free length position but each will be affected by the movement of the other. The higher coefficient of expansion material (brass) will therefore seek to pull the steel up to its free length position and conversely the lower32 Mechanics of Materials 924 coefficient of expansion material (steel) will try to hold the brass back to the steel “free length” position. In practice 2 compromise is reached, the compound bar extending. to the position shown in Fig. 2.3c resulting in an ellective compression of the brass from its free length position and an effective extension ofthe steel from its free length position. From the diagram it will be scen that the following rule holds. Rule 1 Extension of steet+ compression of brass = difference in “ree” lengths, Referring to the bars in their free expanded positions the rule may be written as Extension of “short” member + compression of “long” member = diflerence in ree lengths. Applying Newton’s law of equal action and reaction the following second rule also applies. Rule 2 The tensile force applied to the short member by the long member is equal in magnitude to the compressive force applied to the long member by the short member. ‘Thus, in this case, tensile force in steel = compressive force in brass Now, from the definition of Young's modulus siress * strain 3/L where 6 is the change in length. ob one Also force = stress xarea = 04 where A is the cross-sectional area. "Therefore Rule | becomes ask, ogk a et Ben ante 28) tnd Rule 2 becomes OsAs= 6pAy 29) ‘We thus have two equations with two unknowns @, and a ,and it is possible to evaluate the magnitudes of these stresses (see Example 2.2) 2.4, Compound bar {tube and rod) ‘Consider now the case of a hollow tube with washers or endplates at each end and a central threaded rod as shown in Fig, 2.4. At first sight there would seem to be no connection with the work of the previous section yet, in fact, the method of solution to determine the stresses set up in the tube and rod when one nut is tightened is identical to that described in §2.3. ‘The compound bar which is formed after assembly of the tube and rod, i.e. with the nuts ‘tightened, is shown in Fig. 2.4e, the rod being in a state of tension and the tube in compression. Once again Rule 2 applies, ie. compressive force in tube = tensile force in rodQ4 Compound Bars 3 ce Dvteense fre ns 1 sy Stee ees ey i | Mn Eatennon of tos Fig. 24, Equivalent "inechankal” sytem to that of Fig. 2 Figure 2.4a and b show, diagrammatically, the effective positions of the tubeand rod before ‘the nut is tightened and the (wo components are combined, As the nut is turned there is a ‘simultaneous compression of the tube and tension of the rod leading to the final state shown, in Fig 24e. As before, however, the diagram shows that Rule 1 applies: compression of tube +extension of rod = difference in free lengths = axial advance of nut ‘ig. the axial movement of the nut ( = number of turns n x threads per metre)is taken up by combined compression of the tube and extension of the rod “Thus, wits sls for tube and R for rod, ok axk also Ag = OA, ean If the tube and rod are now subjected to a change of temperature they may be treated as a normal compound bar of §2.3 and Rules | and 2 again apply (Fig. 2.5), = nx threads/metre (2.10) GL | oyh Sh 4 TE on, ET Ey 7 etal (2.12) Oterence in eee tongins Cond (0) Free naeperdest oonten H | [ab fe comeeenn of tae | be —evteion of 08 () Comeaune ber ‘partion — ‘Sigil fag Fig 25,4 Mechanics of Materials 425 where o; and o’, are the stresses in the tube and rod due to temperature change only and a, is assumed greater than a, Ifthe latter is not the case the two terms inside the final bracket should be interchanged” Also onda 914, 2.5, Compound bars subjected to external load and temperature effects In this case the principle of superposition must be applied, ie. provided that stresses remain within the elastic limit the effects of external load and temperature change may be assessed separately as described in the previous sections and the results added, taking account of sign, to determine the resultant total effect; ie total strain = sum of strain due to external loads and temperature strain 2.6, Compound thick cytinders subjected to temperature changes ‘The procedure described in §2.3 has been applied to compound cylinders constructed from tubes of different materials on page 230. Examples Example 2.1 {8} Acompound bar consists of four brass wires of 2.5 mm diameter and one steel wire of| 4.5 mm diameter. Determine the stresses in each of the wires when the bar supports load of 500 N. Assume all of the wires are of equal lengths. (b) Calculate the “equivalent” or “combined” modulus for the compound bar and determine its total extension ifit isinitially 0.75 m long, Hence check the values of the stresses obtained in part (a). For brass E = 100 GN/m? and for steel E = 200 GN/m’. Solution (@) From eqn. (23) the force in the steel wire is given by . 200 x 10° x $ x 1.5? 1074 500 = OST S FX «10-8 + 4000 « 10" xg ESTO 2x1? -[exisitincaes |mo~ 1027Compound Bars 35 total force in brass wires = S00—76.27 = 423.73 N fod 7627 Stress in Seed = eg PLS x TE 4037: and stress in brass = 1028 3 area 4x 4x25? x 10 (>) From egn. (2.6) EEA _ 20x10 x§ x 1078 +4 (100 x 10? x ¥ x 25? x 107%) combined = Sq = Fas eax Dey (200 1.5? 4-400 2.54) 95 2 = asad 10° = 108.26 GN/n’ stress ‘Now 2 eS strain fand the stress in the equivalent bar “ “Fas Fae%5 jig — 2336 MN? stress 23.36% 10° E ~ 10826% 10° common extension = strain « original length 0216 x 10°? «0.75 = 0.162 x 107? strain in the equivalent bar = =0.216x t0~? = 0.162 mm This is also the extension of any single bar, giving a strain in any bar = SOR TO™ = 0.216% 10°? as above stress in steel = strain x E, = 0.216 x 10- x 200 x 10” = 43.2 MN/m? and stress im brass = strain x Ey = 0.216% 1074 x 100 x 10° = 21.6 MN/m? ‘These are the same values as obtained in part (a). Example 2.2 (@) A compound bar is constructed from threc bars 50 mm wide by 12 mm thick fastened together to form a bar 50 mm wide by 36 mm thick, The middle bar is of aluminium alloy for which E = 70 GN/m? and the outside bars are of brass with E = 100 GN/m?. Ifthe bars are initially fastened at 18°C and the temperature of the whole assembly is then raised to 50°C, determine the stresses set up in the brass and the aluminium, ty = 18x 10-$ per “Cand a= 22x 10° per °C36 Mechanics of Materials (b) What will be the changes in these stresses if an external compressive load of 15 KN is applied to the compound bar at the higher temperature? Solution With any problem of this type it is convenient to let the stress in one of the component ‘metmbers or materials, cg. the brass, be x. ‘Then, since force in brass = force in aluminium and force = stress x area 2 250 12 10°F = 0 50x 12 x 10° ie, stress in aluminium o, = 2x Now, from eqn. (2.8), extension of brass + compression of aluminium = difference in free lengths = a9) Tz TIL xk Dek " whe + Foe gor = O2— O80 18), {Tx +20x) 6 Soo ge = 4% 108 x32 Wx = 4x 10-8 32 x 700 x 10° x= 332MN/m? ‘The stress in the brass is thus 3.32 MN/m? (tensile) and the stress in the aluminium is 2 3.32 = 6.64 MIN/m? (compressive). (b) Withan external load of 15 KN apy load given by eqn. (23) each member will akea proportion of the total EAgy LEA Wx 10° x 50 x 12x 10-* n =| poses corse nora | Force in aluminium = 70, > -[ tig = 389KN Toad UAL x 10" stcess in brass Tex 12x 107 = 9.26 MIN/m? (compressive)Compound Bars x” Youd __ 3.89 x 10° Stress in aluminium = oe = 5 oe = 6.5 MN/m? (compressive) ‘These stresses represent the changes in the stresses owing to the applied load. The total or resultant stresses owing to combined applied loading plus temperature effects are, therefore, stress in aluminium = — 664—65 = — 13.14 MN/m? 14 MN/m? (compressive) stress in brass = +3.32~9.26 = —594 MN/m? = 5.94 MNim? (compressive) Example 2.3 A 25mm diameter steel rod passes concentrically through a bronze tube 400 mm long, 50 mm external diameter and 40 mm internal diameter. The ends of the steel rod are threaded and provided with nuts and washers which are adjusted initially so that there is mo end play at we (a) Assuming that there is no change in the thickness of the washers, find the stress produced in the steel and bronzz when one of the nuts is tightened by giving it one- tenth of a turn, the pitch of the thread being 2.5 mm. {b) Ifthe temperature of the stecl and bronze is then raised to SO°C find the changes that will occur in the stresses in both materials, “The coefficient of linear expansion per °C is 11 x 10” for stool and 18 x 10°§ for bronze. E for steel = 200 GN/m?, E for bronze = 100 GN/m?, Solution {a} Let x be the stress in the tube resulting from the tightening of the nut and athe stress in the rod. Then, from eqn, (2.11, force (stress x area) in tube = force (stress x area) in rod xx $(50 40791078 = og § x 25? x 107% x= Sy And since compression of tube +-extension of rod = axial advance of nut, from eqn. (2.10), xx 4001079 14g 400x109 1 100% 10° * ~~ a00%10" = 75 “25 * 1 Qx+ 144%) 54 oa aap lo = 25x10 688x = 25 x 108 x= 363 MNim?38 Mechanics of Materials ‘The stress in the tube is thus 36.3 MIN/m? (compressive) and the stress in the rod is 1.44% 36.3 = 52.3 MN/m? (tensile), tb) Let p be the stress in the tube resulting from temperature change. The relationship ‘between the stresses in the tube and the rod will remain as in part (a) so that the stress in the rods then 1-44p. In this cas, if fee expansion were allowed in the independent members, the bronze tube would expand more than the steel rod and from eqa. (2.8) compression of tube +extension of rod = difference in free length . ph 44pL o Tobie? * Boe = OO ITT IL (+1440) _ gs y0-6¢50— Fe qge 7 8 M0650 20) 3.4dp = 7x 10-6 530 x 200 x 10" 1221 MNjm? 176 MN/m? ‘The changes in the stresses resulting from the temperature effects are thus 12.2 MN/m? (compressive) in the tube and 17.6 MN/m? (tensile) in the rod “The final, resultant, stresses are thus: sfress in tube = 363 ~122 = 48.6 MN/m! (compressive) stress in rod = 523+ 17.6 = 69.9 MN/w? (teasile) and Example 2.4 A composite bar is constcucted from steel rod of 25 mm diameter surrounded by a copper tube of 50 mmn outside diameter and 25 mm inside diameter. The rod and tube are joined by ‘two 20 mm diameter pins as shown in Fig. 26. Find the shear stress set up in the pins if, after pinning, the temperature is raised by 50°C. For steel £ = 210GN/m? and x = 11 x 10° per °C. For copper E = 105 GN/m? and 2 = 17 x 10~® per °C. opnee Stee son don zl + Solution In this case the copper attempts to expand more than the steel, thus tending to shear the pins joining the two.Compound Bars 39 Let the stress set up in the stec! be x, then, since force in steel = force in copper xX $257 1076 wm 9, x §(50? —257)10°* xx2s? ie. surest in copper 0, = iggy pay" O38I = 5 ‘Now the extension of the steel from its freely expanded length to its forced Jength in the ‘compound bar is given by ok xh E 20x10 ‘where Lis the original tength. ‘Similarly, the compression of the copper from its freely expanded position to its position in the compound bar is given by oh xk TE 3° 105x 10” Now the extension of steel + compression of copper = difference in “free” lengths =~ aT TL xb xb oe 50 210 x 10" Sos x 107 7 07110 30x Bxt2e ty Bx os x1" ~ x10 * Sx = 6 x 10-8 x 50 x 6x 105 x 10” x= 37.8 x 10 = 37.8 MN/m* : oad carried by the steel = stress x area = 378 x 10° x § x 25? x 10% = 18.56 kN ‘The pins will be in a state of double shear (sce §1.15), the shear stress set up being given by pa load 18.56 x 10° Pxarea™ 2x g x20? x 10° = 29.5 MN/m? Problems 2.1 (AX. Apoweriransmission cable consists often copper wires cach of 1.6 mun diameter surrounding thee siel ites exch of 3 um diameter, Determine the combined £ fore compourd cable and heave determine the extension ‘of a hm length of the euble when iis Being lad with a tension of EN, For steel, 2 ~ 200 GNimv; for copper, E = 100 GN/m! [1513 GNimé; 9.6mm} 22 (A) If the masinuin stress allowed inthe copper of the cable of problem 2.1 is 60 MNim, determine the ‘maximum (ension which the cable can support, TRISEND40 Mechanies of Materials 2.3 (A), What wll be the stess indced in «steel bar wen is heated fom 15°C to 60°C all expansion being prevented? or mild steel, & = 219 GNinr anda = 1x10" per °C (Hos Mn) 124 (A). 75am diameter compound bar is conms:cucted by shrinking ereulr brats bush onto the outside ofa some diameter slid steel rod. ifthe compound ba ie ten subjected to an axial compressive load of 160 EN. ‘deermine the Toad carted bythe stl rod und the brass bush and the compressive ster et up in each materia or steel, B= 210 GNim’, for brass, B= 100GNom*.—{1. Srut.£) (100.3, 59.7 kN; $1.1, 263 MN/n#) 2S (By A sel roof crose-seetiona ares 600 mz? and comnal copper tube of crost-sctional zea 1000 min? srefrly attached at thes ends to form acompourd bar. Detcrmine the stress in the scl andinthecopper when the femperatire of the bai raised by 80°C and an axial vensie fore of 6OKN is applied. or stl, £-= 290 GNim? with « = 41% 10" per °C For copper, E= 100GN/t? with x = 165 10" * per °C. CELE) (946, 33 MNimt) 26 (BL A sunchion’s formed by buttwelding together four plats of sel to forma square ube of outsidectoss= section 200 sem x 200 mm, The consiant metal thickness i TO um, The ise i then fled with concrete, (2) Determine the cross-sectional area ofthe tel and concrete {) SFE for steel ie 200 Gim* and this values twenty ties that for the concrete ind when the stain cartis lead of 3688KN. The sess in the concrete (i) The stress inthe ste! (Gi) The stnount the stanchion shortens over a length of 2m, [C6] 12,40 MNim*, 40:00)