University of Misan

College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Electrical Engineering II

CHAPTER TWO: THE BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS

CHAPTER OUTLINE

2.1- Introduction
2.2- Response of Basic R, L, and C Elements to a Sinusoidal
Voltage or Current
2.3- Average Power and Power Factor
2.4-Complex Numbers
2.5- Rectangular Form
2.6-Polar Form
2.7- Conversion Between Forms
2.8- Mathematical Operations with Complex
2.9-Numbers
2.10- Homework

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2.1- Introduction
In this chapter we will begin to analyze how resistive, inductive, and capacitive
elements will respond to this time-varying source.

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2.2- Response of Basic R, L, and C Elements to a Sinusoidal Voltage or
Current
❖ Resistor

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❖ Inductor

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❖ Capacitor

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2.3- Average Power and Power Factor
The power delivered at each instant of time is then defined by

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 The fact that the power curve is always above the horizontal axis reveals that
power is being delivered to the load at each instant of time of the applied
sinusoidal voltage.
 Any portion of the power curve below the axis reveals that power is being
returned to the source.
 the magnitude of average power delivered is independent of whether v leads i
or i leads v.

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 Power Factor

 For a purely resistive load, the phase angle between v and i is 0o Fp = cos θ =
cos 0o =1. The power delivered is maximum
 For a purely reactive load (inductive or capacitive), the phase angle between v
and i is 90o and Fp = cos θ = cos 90o =0. The power delivered is minimum
 For situations where the load is a combination of resistive and reactive
elements, the power factor varies between 0 and 1

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2.4-Complex Numbers
A complex number represents a point in a two-dimensional plane located with
reference to two distinct axes.

Two forms are used to represent a complex number: rectangular and polar. Each can
represent a point in the plane or a radius vector drawn from the origin to that point

2.5 Rectangular Form

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2.6-Polar Form

 Z indicates magnitude only, and θ is always measured counterclockwise (CCW)

from the positive real axis

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 2.7- Conversion Between Forms

The two forms are related by the following equations, as illustrated in Fig. 14

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2.8- Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers

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2.10- Homework

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