Department of Electrical Engineering

QUEST, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan

2
The solution of a three phase network under balanced conditions is easily carried out
by solving the single phase network corresponding to the reference phase. Figure 1.
shows a simple balanced three phase network. The generator and load neutrals are
therefore at the same potentials, so that In = 0. thus, the neutral impedance Zn does not
affect network behaviour. For the reference phase a
Ea (Z G Z L ) I a
The currents and voltages in other phases have the same magnitude but are
progressively shifted in phase by 120 degrees. The equation corresponds to the single
phase network of Fig. 2. whose solution completely determines the solution of the three
phase network.

6
Now consider the case, where a three phase transformer forms part of a three phase
system. Three identical single phase two winding transformers may be connected to
form a three phase transformer. The windings can be connected in four ways:

Star (Y) - star (Y) connection

Delta (∆) – Delta (∆) connection
Star (Y) - Delta (∆) Connection
Delta (∆) – Star (Y) Connection

In phase of star-star and delta-delta transformer, there is no phase shift between
corresponding quantities on the low and high voltage windings. However, for delta-star
or star-delta transformer, there is always a phase shift.

7
Figure.3. shows a three phase star-star bank. The schematic representation of this
transformer is shown in Figure .4(a) and Figure 4(b) shows the single phase equivalent
of three phase star-star transformer and figure 4(c) shows the single line diagram. .

8
9
Now, if the transformer is star-delta connected as in Figure. 5, the delta side has to be
replaced by an equivalent star connection as shown dotted so as to obtain the single
phase equivalent of Figure 5.

Figure 5. Star-Delta transformer with equivalent star connection

Star-Delta Turns Ratio

10
11
12
The conjugate is used where we change the sign in the middle of two
terms like this: Expression Its Conjugate
x -32 x + 32
a+ b a–b
a-b 3 a+ b 3

It is only used in expressions with two terms (called "binomials")

Examples of Use
The conjugate can be very useful because ...
... when we multiply something by its conjugate we get squares like this:

Note:

In complex power the conjugate of current is taken in its angle. Or if

its value is available in real and imaginary parts then the sign of
imaginary part is changed.

13
 S P jQ
Question: What is Complex Power?
Answer:
The AC power comprises of total power in terms of real and reactive power
(imaginary) is known as complex power.
However, if complex power is expressed in voltage and current form then a conjugate
is taken at the angle of current.

Question: What is difference between apparent power and complex power?

Answer:
The apparent power is the absolute value of complex power S (magnitude of real and
reactive power) whereas complex power is the phaser sum of real and reactive power.
The apparent power is the magnitude of complex power. Whatever angle it may be the
overall magnitude remains same.
 Question: Why Conjugate of current is taken in complex power?
Answer:
 The majority of the load in power system consists of inductive load. In inductive
load, voltage leads the current and current lags the voltage. Hence, conjugate is taken at
the current side to show the inductive nature of the load. However, if the load is
capacitive, then there is no need to take the conjugate. Because, in capacitive load,
14
current leads the voltage.
Question: If the conjugate of current is not taken in the calculation then what will
happen?
Answer: The conjugate of current is taken in the calculation of complex power to get
the correct active and reactive power values otherwise, these values will be wrong.
It can be better understand with the help of an example. Let S be complex power, P
be real power, Q reactive power, V voltage phasor and I current phasor.
Let V = 100 with angle 45 degrees, and I = 10 with angle 15 degrees.
It can be seen that the angular difference b/w V and I is (45-15 =30 degrees). So
P = 100 x 10 x cos (30) = 866 and
Q = 100 x 10 x sin(30) = 500.
Now, if the conjugate is not taken at current angle then the total angle will be (45+15
=60 degrees.)
Now, the total complex by multiplying V and I with total angle of 60 degrees will be
P = 1000 x cos(60)= 500 and imaginary part,
Q = 1000 x sin(60) = 866, which is wrong.
Why, it is wrong because if power factor is calculated from these values such as
Cosθ = Active power/apparent power = 500/1000 = 0.5. which is not correct because,
the common power factor at the industry is at least 0.8. if previous values are taken
 Cosθ = Active power/apparent power = 866/1000 = 0.866. which is correct value.
Hence, it is necessary to take the conjugate in order to obtain the correct answer. 15
Question: If it is necessary then why not conjugate is taken with voltage?
Answer:
Although it is possible to take the conjugate at the voltage. In that case answer will be
same. However, it might create confusion in terms of voltage leading and lagging.

In normal operation of power system, the current lags behind the voltage. Hence, it is
more suitable to put conjugate at the current rather than at the voltage.

Again take the same example. If conjugate of V is taken then the angle is -45+15=-
30. Now the value of P will be 866, the value of Q will be -500. This shows that the
reactive power is not inductive but capacitive. Hence, in order to avoid this confusion,
the conjugate is taken at the current.

16
 V
The three quantities average power, apparent power, and
reactive power can be related in the vector domain by
I
For an inductive load, the phasor power S, as it is often called,
is defined by
S=P +jQL

The 90°shift in QL from P is the source of another term for

reactive power: quadrature power.

For a capacitive load, the phasor power S is defined by

S = P- jQC
If a network has both capacitive and inductive elements, the
reactive component of the power triangle will be determined by
the difference between the reactive power delivered to each.
If QL > QC, the resultant power triangle will be similar to the
inductive load power diagram.
If QC > QL the resultant power triangle will be similar to the
capacitive load power diagram.
17
If the phasor expressions for the voltage and current are known, the calculation of
real and reactive power is accomplished conveniently in complex form. If the voltage
across and the current into a certain load or part of a circuit are expressed by :
V V and I I respectively
The product of voltage times the conjugate of current in polar form is
j j j( )
VI * V I V I V I
This quantity called the complex power, is usually designated by S. In rectangular
form: *
S VI V I cos( ) j V I sin( )
*
S VI P jQ
Reactive power Q will be positive when the phase angle between voltage and
current is positive, that is when , which means that current is lagging the voltage.
Conversely, Q will be negative for , which indicates that current is leading the
voltage.
This agrees with the selection of a positive sign for the reactive power of an inductive
circuit and a negative sign for the reactive power a capacitive circuit. To obtain the
proper sign for Q, it is necessary to calculate S as VI* rather than V *I, which would
reverse the sign for Q. 18
 • P = VI
* • P = I2R
S VI
• P = V2/R
I I
• S = VI
S V I cos j V I sin • S = I2Z
S P jQ • S = V2/Z
• S = I2Z= I2(R + jXL)
Real Power Reactive Power
The quantity S is called the complex power. The magnitude of S is termed as the
apparent power. Its unit is volt ampere and the larger units are kVA or MVA.
Apparent power , S P2 Q 2

19
Example:
In the above circuit,
V 1200 0 , Z 1 60 j 0 , Z 2 6 j 12 , Z 3 30 j 30
Find the power absorbed by each load and the total complex power.
Solution:
Method#1

V 1200 1200 60 j 0 72000 72000

I1
Z1 60 j 0 60 j 0 60 j 0 60 02 2
3600
I1 20 j 0 A
20
Method#1
V 1200 1200 6 j 12 7200 j 14400
I2
Z2 6 j 12 6 j 12 6 j 12 6 2( j 12) 2
7200 j 14400 7200 j 14400
I2 40 j80 A
36 144 180
V 1200 1200 30 j30 36000 j 36000
I3
Z3 30 j 30 30 j 30 30 j 30 30 (2j 30) 2

36000 j 36000 36000 j 36000

I3 20 j 20 A
900 900 1800

S 1 VI1 * 1200 0 (20 j 0 ) 24 ,000 W j 0 var

21
Method#1
*
S 2 VI 2 1200 0 (40 j80 ) 48 ,000 W j 96 ,000 var

*
S 3 VI 3 1200 0 (20 j 20 ) 24 ,000 W j 24 ,000 var

S S1 S2 S3
S 24,000 W 48,000 W j96,000 var 24,000 W j 24,000 var

S 96 ,000 W j 72 ,000 var

22
Method#2
I I1 I 2 I 3 20 j 0 40 j80 20 j 20
I 80 j 60 A 100 36.87 A
*
S VI 1200 0 100 36 .87
S 96 ,000 W j 72 ,000 var
*
S VI 1200 0 ( 80 j 60)

S 96 ,000 W j 72 ,000 var

23
Method#3
2 2
V 1200 1 ,440,000
S1 *
Z 1 60 j 0 60

S 1 24 ,000 W j 0 var
2
V 12002 1 ,440,000 6 j12 1 ,440,000 (6 j12)
S2
Z 2* 6 j12 6 j12 6 j12 6 (2 j12) 2
1 ,440,000 (6 j12) 1 ,440,000 (6 j12)
S2 8000 (6 j12)
36 144 180

S 2 48 ,000 W j 96 ,000 var

24
Method#3
2
V 12002 1,440,000 30 j30 1 ,440,000 (30 j30)
S3
Z3* 30 j30 30 j30 30 j30 30 ( 2j30) 2
1,440,000 (30 j30) 1 ,440,000 (30 j30)
S3 800 (30 j30)
900 900 1 ,800
S 3 24 ,000 W j 24 ,000 var

S S1 S2 S3
S 24,000 W 48,000 W j96,000 var 24,000 W j 24,000 var

S 96 ,000 W j 72 ,000 var

25
MATLAB Code for this Example

This MATLAB code is taken from book power system Analysis

by Hadi Sadat, Chapter Two, Example 2.2. This MATLAB code
is written according to Method 1, Can you please modify it
according to Method 3 and show the results.

26
Def:
In power engineering, a one-line diagram or single-line diagram (SLD) is a simplified
notation for representing a three-phase power system. OR
A single line diagram is a representation of the essentials of a system in a most
simplified form.
The one-line diagram has its largest
application in power flow studies.

Electrical elements such as circuit

breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus
bars, and conductors are shown by
standardized schematic symbols.

Instead of representing each of three

phases with a separate line or terminal,
only one conductor is represented.

27
It is a form of block diagram graphically depicting the paths for power flow between
entities of the system.

Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of the
electrical equipment.

On one-line power diagrams, components are usually arranged in order of decreasing
voltage levels. The highest voltage component is shown at the top right of the drawing.

The theory of three-phase power systems tells us that as long as the loads on each of
the three phases are balanced, we can consider each phase separately. In power
engineering, this assumption is often useful, and to consider all three phases requires
more effort with very little potential advantage.

An important and frequent exception is an asymmetric fault on only one or two
phases of the system.

A secondary advantage to using a one-line diagram is that the simpler diagram leaves
more space for non-electrical, such as economic, information to be included.
28
When using the method of symmetrical components, separate one-line diagrams are
made for each of the positive, negative and zero-sequence systems. This simplifies the
analysis of unbalanced conditions of a polyphase system.

A typical diagram will include:

Incoming lines showing voltage and size
Incoming main fuses, cutouts, switches, and main/tie breakers
Power transformers (rating, winding connection and grounding means)
Feeder breakers and fused switches
Relays (function, use and type)
Current and / or potential transformers with size, type and ratio
Control transformers.
An accurate diagram ensures optimum system performance and coordination for all
future testing and can highlight potential risks before a problem occurs.

In many process facilities, loads are continually added or removed in small
increments. The net effect is not always seen until some part of the system becomes
overloaded or exhibits other problems.
29
Many times circuits are added without appropriate modifications of the standard
settings on the associated upstream circuit breakers. Regardless of which protective
devices you use, they must be coordinated with regard to their time/current curves and
with each other.

The information supplied by a single line diagram varies according to the

requirement.

 For example the one line diagram for load flow studies may not include circuit
breakers.

For stability studies circuit breakers and relay positions are shown in one line
diagram.

In short circuit studies three sequence diagrams to represent positive negative and
zero sequence networks are shown.

30
It is used to analyze a building's electrical system, provide the facility
to outline any identification of possible problem places, improved safety
conformity, and enhanced staff safety.

Building maintenance staff and electricians rely on one-line diagrams

to show them the way around electrical system & to enhance the
performance of service activities.

Inaccuracy in this documentation and failure to update one-line

diagrams on a regular basis as electrical systems invariably grow over
time often results in increased down time when system failures occur.

31
Figure shows the symbols used to represent the typical components of a power
system.

32
33
34
35
36
A Pole Mounted Sub-station is an electrical equipment that is mostly located in
residential places. Its main purpose is to step-down the 11kV to 415/240V for light,
commercial and residential loads.

The 11kV line is connected to the Step-Down Transformer (11kV/415V) through a

gang isolator and fuses.

The lighting arrestors are installed on the H.T side to protect the Sub-Station from
lightening strokes.

The transformer steps down the 11kV to 415V, 3phase, 4-wire supply. The voltage
between any two lines is 415V, and between any line and a phase is 240V.

The Oil Circuit Breaker (O.C.B), installed on the L.T side automatically isolates the
transformer from the consumers in case of any fault.

The Pole Mounted Sub-stations are generally used for transformer capacity up to 200
kVA.

37
38
Example:

 Draw one-line diagram of a power system described as follows:

Two generators, one grounded through a reactor and one through a
resistor, are connected to a bus and through a step up transformer to a
transmission line. An other generator grounded through a reactor is
connected to a bus and through a transformer to the opposite end of the
transmission line. A load is connected to each bus.
Solution:

39
Example:

Draw one-line diagram of a power system described as follows: three

generators solidly grounded are connected to a bus and through a step up
transformer to a transmission line. The other two generator solidly
grounded are connected to a bus and through a transformer to the
opposite end of the transmission line. A load is connected to each bus.
Solution:

40
In the impedance diagram, the different components of the power system are replaced
by their equivalent circuits.

In impedance diagram, the synchronous generator is replaced by a constant voltage

source behind proper impedance.
The transformer is replaced by its equivalent circuit.
The transmission line is replaced by nominal pi-equivalent circuit.

The above is only true for normal operation or steady state operation when both
excitation and three phase network are balanced and they can be analysed on per phase
basis.

In many power system studies, the resistance of synchronous generator, transformer
windings, transmission lines, line charging and magnetizing circuits of transformers are
neglected. The impedance diagram then becomes the reactance diagram.

The one line diagram may be converted to an impedance diagram and vicerversa.

41
The impedance diagram does not include the current limiting impedances shown in
the one line diagram between the neutrals of the generators and ground because no
current flows in the ground under balanced conditions and the neutrals of the generators
are at the potential of the neutral of the system.

Since the shunt current of a transformer is usually insignificant compared with the
full load current, the shunt admittance or capacitance is usually omitted in the
equivalent circuit of the transformer.

Resistance is often omitted when making fault calculations, even in computer

programs. Of course, omission of resistance introduces some error, but the results may
be satisfactory since the inductive reactance of a system is much larger than its
resistance.

Synchronous motor loads, however, are always included in making fault calculations.
since their generated emfs contribute to the short circuit current. The diagram should
take induction motor into account by a generated emf in series with an inductive
reactance if the diagram is to be used to determine the current immediately after the
occurrence of a fault.
42
Induction motors are ignored in computing the current a few cycles after the fault
occurs because the current contributed by an induction motor dies out very quickly after
the induction motor is short circuited.

43
Example:
Draw impedance diagram and reactance diagram of the single line diagram given
below. Also draw the reactance diagram by omitting all static loads, all resistances,
magnetizing current of each transformer and the capacitance of Transmission line.

Figure: Single Line Diagram

44
Solution:
Impedance Diagram

Reactance Diagram

45
Example:
Draw impedance diagram and reactance diagram of the single line
diagram given below. Also draw the reactance diagram by omitting all
static loads, all resistances, magnetizing current of each transformer and
the capacitance of Transmission line. For transmission line use nominal T
method. However, nominal Pi method can also be used.

Figure: Single Line Diagram 46

Solution:
Impedance Diagram

Reactance Diagram

47