Chapter 1

Modelling of Power System Components

Contents
Basic Concepts Single Phase Three Phase Models Matrix Representation of Networks Bus Admittance Matrix Bus Impedance Matrix Network Reduction Techniques

Basic Concepts
power system components
Generation plant Transformers Transmission lines FACTS devices Loads HVDC converters

Phasor representation Complex power supplied to a one port Conservation of complex power Balanced Three phase

Revise these concepts

Read Arthur from page 24 to end of chapter

Example
For the following system, compute S13,S31, S23,S32 and SG3 using MATLAB

Single Phase
Generator model

Generator cross section

Generator model contd

Open circuit voltage
Voltage due to field current Assume ia=ib=ic=0 For a differential angle d

Taking over a whole Gaussian surface

Generator modeling
For an N turn concentrated winding

Assuming uniform rate of rotation

Generator modeling
Using circuit conventions

Generator modeling
Armature reaction
Air gap flux due to current in stator windings ia, ib and ic

Generator modeling
Over a small air gap

Generator modeling
The spatial flux density distribution is

 Taking Fourier series of the flux density

With sinusoidal current input

 Taking the effect of other phases

 Terminal voltage
Obtained using superposition Total air gap flux linkage

 Final generator model

Generator model contd

Power delivered
Round rotor case

 Dynamic model and generation control

Generator dynamic model

Generator modeling
Basic relations

If speed of machine is

 Phase angle deviation

Speed deviation

 Relating it to torque

The relation between mechanical and electrical powers is

 Similarly for torque

Using relation for power and torque

At steady state , electrical and mechanical torque and power are equal

Generator modeling contd

Using the relation between torque and speed change

The change in power then

Generator load model

Most loads are motor loads

Where D is the change in load for a unit change in power It is based on a given base MVA

Transmission line models

Per phase distributed parameter of TL

TL modeling
Lumped and simplified models

Complex power TX over TL

Consider two generators connected by TL

 Power circle diagram

Transformer models
Equivalent pi-model is given by

Yoc=1/zoc, ysc=1/zsc where zoc is magnetizing impedance and zsc is short circuit impedance

Bus Admittance Matrix

Bus admittance matrix is a matrix which relates the injected current to the voltage

Rules for Y bus formation

Steps / rules

Can be applied to PS components or networks

Example
Find the y bus for the transformer and TL connection shown below

Admittance matrix
For larger networks, the steps can be written in a program using MATLAB

Network solution
Finding V from given I values involves inverting Y matrix Gaussian elimination and triangular factorization

Where L and U are lower and upper triangular factors of Y bus matrix Splitting the equation

Example in triangular factorization

Suppose we have a 3 by 3 matrix M

LU factorization algorithm
Given an n by n Y matrix

Bus Impedance Matrix

Inverse of Y bus is the impedance matrix

Where Zkk is Thevenin equivalent of network at node k

Network Reduction Techniques

Bus with no generator or load
Has no current injection Can be eliminated Krone reduction
Reduction of size of Y matrix from n by n to n-k by n-k where k is the number of buses with no current injection

Krone reduction
Consider a 3 by 3 Y matrix and nodal equation

Step 1- write V3 in terms of V1 and V2 Step 2- substitute into eq. 1 and eq. 2 Step 3- obtain the new Y matrix as 2 by 2

Krone reduction contd

For a general n by n matrix
Assume node k has zero current injection

Where matrix

is ij element of the new admittance