Unit 4- Network Modelling

Dr.L.Premalatha
Professor/SELECT
VIT, Chennai
 Syllabus
• Network Modelling:
Per phase analysis of symmetrical three phase system-per unit
representation-Bus Impedance and Admittance Matrix. ANSI/IEEE standard
399-1980 IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems Analysis – System modeling
 Per Phase and Per unitanalysis
• The per unit (PU or P.U.) method of calculation is often used as an aid in the analysis of electrical
systems that operate at different voltage levels.
• In a power system different power equipment with different voltage and power levels are connected
together through various step up or step down transformers. However the presence of various voltage
and power levels causes problem in finding out the currents (or voltages) at different points in the
network.
• To alleviate this problem, all the system quantities are converted into a uniform normalized platform.
This is called the per unit system . In a per unit system each system variable or quantity is normalized
with respect to its own base value. The units of these normalized values are per unit (abbreviated as
pu) and not Volt, Ampere or Ohm.
• The per unit method uses what are called base values. Selected values of parameters are compared to
selected base values and assigned per unit values. The PU numbers become unitless.
• The PU system deals primarily with values of power, voltage, current, and impedance. Any two
variables are selected to be base values. The selection of two base values then fixes the other
values. A per unit quantity then becomes the ratio of a selected parameter to a selected base
value.
• The base values can be selected arbitrarily. It is usual to assume the base values as given below
• Base voltage = rated voltage of the machine
• Base current = rated current of the machine
• Base impedance = base voltage /base current
• Base power = base voltage x base current
• Firstly the value of base power and the base voltage are selected, and their choice automatically
fixes the other base values.
• As
• So,

• Putting the value of base current from the equation (1) in equation (2) we get,

• Putting the value of base current from the equation (1) in the equation (3) we get
• Now,

• Putting the value of base impedance from the equation (4) in the equation (5) we will get the value of
impedance per unit

• Example:
For a 3 phase system
• Selecting the total or 3-phase KVA as base KVA
• Equation to find Per unit impedance on new base

• Advantages of per unit system

• 1. While performing calculations, referring quantities from one side of the transformer
to the other side serious errors may be committed. This can be avoided by using per unit
system.
• 2. Voltages, currents and impedances expressed in per unit do not change when they
are referred from one side of transformer to the other side. This is a great advantage'.
• 3. Per unit impedances of electrical equipment of similar type usually lie within a narrow
range, when the equipment ratings are used as base values.
• 4. Transformer connections do not affect the per unit values.
• 5. Manufacturers usually specify the impedances of machines and transformers in per
unit or percent of name plate ratings.
 Steps to draw per unit impedance diagram
• Choose a common MVA or base MVA for the system (generally highest generator rating is taken).
• Choose an appropriate base kV for each and every section.
• If transformer is included, recalculate new kVb using transformation ratio or voltage rating.
• Calculate per unit impedance in each section.
• For generator, transformer, motor

• For transmission line,

• Draw the impedance diagram from the one line diagram.

Example
Example
Problem:
• A simple power system is shown in the below figure. This system contains a 480 V generator connected to
an ideal 1:10 step up transformer, a transmission line, an ideal 20:1 step down transformer and a load. The
impedance of the transmission line is 20+j60 ohms and the impedance of the load is 10 30 ohms.
• The base value for this system can be chosen as 480 V and 10 kVA .

• Find
• A) base V, base I, base Z and base power at every point in the power system
• B) Convert this system to its per unit equivalent circuit.
Single line diagram
• The single-line diagram is the blueprint for electrical system analysis.
• It is the representation of a power system using the simple symbol for each component.
• It shows the main connections and arrangement of the system components along with their data
(such as output rating, voltage, resistance and reactance, etc.).
• In the single line diagram, the system component is usually drawn in the form of their symbols.
Generator and transformer connections, star, delta and neutral earthing are indicated by symbols
drawn by the side of the representation of these elements.
 Impedance Diagram for the Power System
• In impedance diagram, each component is represented by its equivalent circuit, e.g., the synchronous
generator at the generating station by a voltage source in series with the resistance and reactance, the
transformer by a nominal ∏-equivalent circuit. The load is assumed to be passive and are represented
by a resistive and inductive reactance in the series. Neutral earthing impedance does not appear in the
diagram as the balanced condition is assumed.
Reactance diagram
• The impedance diagram can further be simplified by making certain assumptions and reduced to
simplified reactance. Reactance diagram is drawn by neglecting the effective resistance of generator
armature, transformer winding resistance, transmission line resistance line charging and the magnetising
circuit of transformers. Reactance diagram of the power system is shown below.
• The reactance diagram gives an accurate result for many power system studies, such as short-circuit
studies.
Bus admittance and bus impedance matrices
• Power system analysis deals with analysing problems associated with
power network.
• Main power system analysis problems are
• 1. Power flow analysis
• 2.Short circuit analysis
• 3. Transient stability analysis
Load flow analysis:
• Involves solution of power system network under steady state conditions.
• Main information obtained from such study are Magnitude and Phase angle of the V at each bus, Real
and Reactive power flowing in each line
• This study is essential to decide the best operation of the existing system for planning the future
expansion of the system.

• This study requires the following steps

• 1. Representation of the system by single line diagram.
• 2. Determining the impedance diagram, using the information in single line diagram.
• 3. Formulation of network equations.
• 4. Solution of network equations.
 Types of buses:
• There are 3 types of buses such as Load bus (PQ), Generator bus (PV) and Slack bus (Swing bus or
reference bus).
• Each bus in a power system is associated with 4 quantities.
• They are Realpower, reactive power, voltage magnitude and voltage phase angle.
• In a load flow problem, 2 quantities out of 4 are specified for each bus and the remaining 2 quantities
are obtained by solving load flow equations.

• Types of buses
• 1. Load bus – P and Q are specified; V magnitude and phase angle are nor specified.
• 2. Gen bus - P and V magnitude are specified; Q and phase angle are not specified.
• 3. Slack bus – Voltage magnitude and angle are specified. P and Q are not specified.
Y Bus – Bus admittance matrix
• In a power system, Bus Admittance Matrix represents the nodal admittances of the various
buses.
• Use to solve load flow problems.
• Used to find P, Q, V magnitude and phase angle.
• The amount of current present in the bus can be calculated with the help of formation of the
Admittance matrix. It is expressed as

• In the simplest form, the above matrix can be written as

• where,
• I is the current of the bus in the vector form.
• Y is the admittance matrix
• V is the vector of the bus voltage.
Formation of Y bus matrix

• 2 methods
• 1.Two rule method or inspection method
• 2.Singular transformation method.
 Formation of Y bus by rule of inspection
• Consider the 3-node admittance network as shown in figure.

• Using the basic branch relation: I = (YV), for all the elemental currents and applying Kirchhoff’s Current
Law principle at the nodal points, we get the relations as under:
• At node 1: I1 =Y1V1 + Y3 (V1-V3) + Y6 (V1 – V2)
• At node 2: I2 =Y2V2 + Y5 (V2-V3) + Y6 (V2 – V1)
• At node 3: 0 = Y3 (V3-V1) + Y4V3 + Y5 (V3 – V2)