EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power System Analysis

Lecture-2
 Per Unit System of Calculations
• In solving problems and developing theories concerning
power systems and their components like generators, motors
and transformers, it is considerably advantageous to use a
system of calculations known as the per unit system.
• This system involves selection of an arbitrary base value for
a quantity like voltage or current.
• Then any actual value of that quantity divided by its base
would give it’s per unit value.
• Definition: “The per unit value of any quantity is defined as
the ratio of the quantity to its base value expressed as
decimal”. i.e.
 Per Unit Quantities
• There are four basic electrical parameters involved in system
calculations:

a) The kilo-volt amperes ( kVA) or Megavolt-amperes (MVA)

b) Kilo-volts, kV
c) Current, I
d) Impedance, Z = (R +jX)

• Ideally, VA, V, I and Z should be considered as the basic

parameters, but larger terms kVA and kV are mainly used in
practical calculations and these terms shall therefore be
retained in subsequent derivations.
 Per Unit Quantities
• The basic parameters are so related that any two of them may
be expressed in terms of the other two.
• It would thus be necessary to select base value for only two
of these and base values for the remaining two may be
derived from them.
• It is common practice in power system calculations to select
rated kVA and kV of a machine as the system bases and then
derive relationships for base current and impedance in terms
of these parameters.

• Thus if kVAB = base kilo–volt amperes and

kVB = base voltage
 Per Unit Quantities

• Per unit value of an actual impedance ZB ohms would then be:

 Per Unit Quantities

• The normal relationships between electrical quantities hold true

in per unit form also, e.g. Ip.u. = Vp.u. / zp.u. etc.
 Per Unit Quantities
• The per unit value of an inductance may be defined as:

• The actual speed ɷa = 2ᴨf corresponding to a frequency of f c/s,

and the base speed ɷB may be arbitrarily selected.
• The value of ɷB may be either chosen as ɷB = 2ᴨf where f is the
natural frequency corresponding to synchronous speed or it
may be chosen simply as ɷB = 1.0 Rad/sec.
 Example-1

Solution: Selecting per phase quantities as bases

 Example-1

If we Select three phase quantities as bases, then:

which is the same as obtained by using single-phase quantities. It means

the base and per unit impedance remains unchanged whether kVAB and
kVB are both chosen in single phase form or in 3-phase form.
 Per Unit system applied to Transformers
• A transformer is used to step-up or step-down voltages and
currents in a power system as the requirement may be.
• The total power transmitted, however, remains unchanged if
losses are neglected.
• The same kVA rating thus applies to both the transformer
windings but their voltage and current ratings are different as
each winding consists of different number of turns.
• If the primary and secondary parameters are indicated by
suffices p and s respectively, the quantities on the sides of a
transformer are related as:
Per Unit system applied to Transformers
 Per Unit system applied to Transformers

• This constant need for referring the quantities to one side or the other may
be avoided by a judicious application of the per unit system where, the
magnitudes of these quantities remain unchanged for both sides of a
transformer.
Per Unit system applied to Transformers
Per Unit system applied to Transformers
 Example-2

Solution:
a) Calculation using primary kVA and kV as bases:
kVAB = 10000 kVA
kVB = 10 kV
Example-2
Example-2
Example-2
Example-2
 Per Unit system applied to Transformers

Conclusion:

• It means that in a transformer when once the voltage bases in

the two circuits are chosen according to their turn ratio, then the
p.u. values of all parameters remain numerically unchanged
whichever side of the transformer they are referred to.

• In practical terms it means that in per unit system of

calculations the turn ratio problem is taken care of once and for
all by selecting appropriate voltage bases in the primary and the
secondary circuits.