ET601

POWER SYSTEM
PROTECTION

FAULT CURRENT AND MVA
CALCULATION METHOD
1
PER UNIT SYSTEM

Sbase: System MVA base is the same
throughout the entire power system (say
100 MVA)
The MVA base is a number used to convert loads,
generated power and loss quantities to per unit
power quantities.
In this system, the different voltages levels
disappear and a power network involving
generators, transformers and lines reduces to a
simple impedance.

2
PER UNIT QUANTITY



FOR EXAMPLE:
3









1
and
2


Substituting from 1 into 2
The phase and line quantities in per-unit are the same,
and
4
ADVANTAGE OF PER-UNIT SYSTEM FOR ANALYSIS
Per-unit system gives us a clear idea of relative magnitudes of
various quantities, such as voltages, current, power and impedance.

Per-unit impedance of equipment of the same general type based on
their own rating fall in a narrow range regardless of the rating of the
equipment.

Per-unit values of impedance, voltage and current of a transformer
are the same regardless of whether they are referred to the primary
or secondary side.

The per-unit systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and
simulation of complex power system problems.
5
CHANGE OF BASE
For power system analysis, all impedance must be
expressed in per-unit on a common system base.
An arbitrary base for apparent power (S
B
) is
selected.
Then the voltage base must be selected
6


3
4
The relationship between 3 and 4,

If the voltage bases are the same;
7
EXAMPLE :
1) Calculate the base impedance and base current
for a single phase system if the base voltage is
7.2kV and apparent power is 10MVA.
2) A three phase synchronous generator 6.25kVA,
220V with a star connection (Y) has a reactance
of 8.4 per-phase. By choosing a 7.5kVA and
230V as a base value, determine the per-unit
reactance.

8