The Per Unit System

The Per Unit System

Learning Objectives:
•Overview the basic structure of the power systems
represented in a single line diagram.
•Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of per unit
system
• Ability to Define the per unit system
•Be able to solve for currents, Voltages and power
from a per unit circuit
 The Per Unit System
Introduction
• The per unit system is a universal concept
designed to ease the analysis and
conceptualisation of electric networks and
systems.
• It makes it easier to judge whether values are
within acceptable limits.
 The Per Unit System

• What are advantages and disadvantages of

per unit system? The main FOCUS being on
advantages!!
 The Per Unit System
Definition:
 The Per Unit System
There are for fundamental quantities involving
electrical networks:
• S apparent power
• V voltage
• I current
• Z impedance
The Per Unit System
 The Per Unit System
• It is common practise to represent voltages in
the kV range and powers in the MVA range
and therefore voltage bases are frequently
cited in kV and MVA.
• NB! The base power does not change
throughout the system under study.
• The voltage base will however change from
one side of the transformer to another.
 The Per Unit System
Significance of the per
unit system:
• When used to analyse circuits consisting of
transformers, the transformer equivalent circuit is
simplified (The ideal transformer winding is
eliminated )
• Hence the voltages, currents, impedances and
admittances do not change when referred from
one side of the transformer to the other
• These minimises the chances of making errors
that may come with transferring quantities from
one side of the transformer to the other
 The Per Unit System
The two rules below are adopted for base
quantities:
1. The value of base power is the same for the
entire power system of concern
2. The transformer voltage ratios are taken to
be the old base values of the system
 The Per Unit System
• In order to reduce confusion the base values
should be obvious to any one.
• For this reason name plate data are often
used as they would be the same in every
country.
• However in complicated networks generators,
moors and transformers do not always have
the same ratings.
• This presents a new problem which can be
solved by transferring a set of base values
from one system to another.
 The Per Unit System
Conversion from ‘O’ to ‘N’:
 The Per Unit System
• Single line diagrams represent either a single
phase system or one phase of a balanced
three phase system.
• However in three phase systems, loads can be
connected in star or delta which a problem as
different considerations are taken into
account for a particular connection.
• In this equation SB =√3.VB.IB, it is important to
remember that VB and IB represent LINE values.
 The Per Unit System
Example:
Three zones of a single – phase circuit are
identified in the circuit below. The zones are
connected by transformers T1 and T2, whose
ratings are also shown. Draw the per unit circuit
and determine the per-unit impedance and the
per unit source voltage. Then calculate the load
current both in per unit and in amperes.
The Per Unit System
 The Per Unit System
Solution:
• Since the base values are given in zone one,
the per unit calculations will start at that zone.
• Note that the zones are determined by the
number of transformers in the network
THE RULE OF THUMB
1. The value of Sbase new is the same for the
entire network
2. The value of Vbase new changes from zone
to zone
The Per Unit System
The Per Unit System
The Per Unit System
The Per Unit System
 The Per Unit System
Calculating load currents:
 The Per Unit System
Calculating Actual load current in Amps: