EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power System Analysis

Lecture-3
 Lecture Contents

• Single-line diagram of power system

• Impedance diagram of power system
• Reactance Diagram of power system
• Numerical Problem
 Single-Line Diagram
• A one-line diagram or single-line diagram (SLD) is a
simplified notation for representing a three-phase power
system.
• Single Line Diagrams are symbolic representation of
electrical Components that are connected in a definite
sequence to form a Network or Circuit.
• The one-line diagram has its largest application in power
flow studies.
• Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers,
capacitors, bus bars, and conductors are shown by
standardized schematic symbols.
• Instead of representing each of three phases with a separate
line or terminal, only one conductor is represented.
 Single-Line Diagram

• It is a form of block diagram graphically depicting the paths

for power flow between entities of the system.
• Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size
or location of the electrical equipment, but it is a common
convention to organize the diagram with the same left to
right, top-to-bottom sequence as the switchgear or other
apparatus represented.
• Combined with a standard set of symbols for electrical
components, such one-line diagrams provide a compact way
to represent information.
 One-line diagram- Symbols
Some common symbols used in one line diagram are shown below:
 One-line (single-line) diagrams

• The one line diagram of a power system containing two

synchronous machines, two loads, two busses, two transformers,
and a transmission line to connect busses together is shown below:

• The diagram indicates the type of connection for each machine and
transformer, and also the points in the system connected to the
ground.
 One-line (single-line) diagrams

• The ground connections are important since they affect the

current flowing in nonsymmetrical faults.
• These connection can be direct or through a resistor or inductor
(they help reducing the fault current that flows in unsymmetrical
faults, while having no impact on the steady-state operation of
the system since the current through them will be zero).
• Machine ratings, impedances, and/or consumed (or supplied)
powers are usually included in the diagrams.
 Impedance Diagram
• The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of
power system in which the various components of power
system are represented by their approximate or
simplified equivalent circuits.
• The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.
• The impedance diagram on single-phase basis for use
under balanced conditions can be easily drawn from the
Single line diagram.
• The following assumptions are made in obtaining the
impedance diagrams:
 Impedance Diagram
• Assumptions:
1. The single phase transformer equivalents are shown as ideals
with impedances on appropriate side (LV/HV).
2. The magnetizing reactances of transformers are negligible.
3. The generators are represented as constant voltage sources with
series resistance or reactance.
4. The transmission lines are approximated by their equivalent ᴨ-
Models.
5. The loads are assumed to be passive and are represented by a
series branch of resistance or reactance.
6. Since the balanced conditions are assumed, the neutral
grounding impedances do not appear in the impedance diagram.
 Impedance Diagram
• Consider a sample system having 3 generators, 2
transformers, a transmission line and 2 loads A and B as
shown in the single line diagram below:

• As per the list of assumptions as above, the above single line

diagram is converted into the impedance diagram as shown in
figure below:
Impedance Diagram
 Reactance Diagram
• With some more additional and simplifying assumptions,
the impedance diagram can be simplified further to obtain
the corresponding reactance diagram.
• The reactance diagram is the simplified equivalent circuit
of power system in which the various components of power
system are represented by their reactances.
• The reactance diagram is used for fault calculations.
• The impedance and reactance diagrams are sometimes
called the positive-sequence diagrams since they show
impedances to balanced currents in a symmetrical three
phase system.
 Reactance Diagram
• Additional Assumptions:
The additional assumptions in converting impedance
diagram to reactance diagram are:

• The resistance is often omitted during the fault analysis.

This causes a very negligible error since, resistances are
negligible
• Loads are Omitted.
• Transmission line capacitances are ineffective.
• Magnetizing currents of transformers are neglected.
 Reactance Diagram
• With the given assumptions, the impedance diagram of example
system is converted into reactance diagram as shown below:
 To form Reactance Diagram from
One-line diagram
• Select a base power kVAb or MVAb
• Select a base voltage kVb
• The voltage conversion is achieved by means of transformer
kVb on LT section= kVb on HT section x LT voltage rating/HT
voltage rating
• When specified reactance of a component is in ohms:
p.u reactance=actual reactance/base reactance
• If specified reactance of a component is in p.u:
 Reactance Diagram-Example
• Draw the per unit reactance diagram for the power systems shown
below. Neglect resistance and use a base of 100MVA, 220KV in
50 ohms line. The ratings of the generator, motor and transformers
are given below:
 Reactance Diagram-Example
Solution:
Reactance Diagram-Example
Reactance Diagram-Example
Reactance Diagram-Example
 Reactance Diagram-Example
Resulting Reactance Diagram:
 Practice Problem
A simple power system is shown in figure below. Draw the
reactance diagram of this system where the per unit impedance of
the components are represented on a common 5000 VA base and
common system base voltage of 250V.