SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
____________________________________________________
LEARNING MODULE
FOR
CE 70: STRUCTURAL THEORY
_____________________________________________________

WEEK 1
September 7, 2020
COURSE OUTLINE

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COURSE CODE : CE 70
TITLE : Structural Theory
TARGET POPULATION : All BS Civil Engineering Students
INSTRUCTOR : ENGR. VINCENT MARK R. GARRIDO
NUMBER OF UNITS : 4 Units (3 hrs Lecture and 3 hrs laboratory)

Overview:
The Structural Theory course covers introduction to structural analysis and loads, analysis of statically
determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures. It also include matrix structural analysis.

Objectives:
General Objective

• To develop understanding of the basic principle of structural analysis.

Instruction to the Learner

This module consists of chapters in sequence in relation to each other. Do not skip each lesson so you will be
guided in every step of your learning process. As you start opening your module, please take time to read the
principle of each topic carefully and analyze each situations accordingly. If you encounter problems regarding on
how you solve it or analyze it, please go back to its basic principle. You will not go wrong when you go back to
basic always. This module will be given once in a week, and you have to return back the next week along with
your outputs such as plates, documents or activities as what this subject requires you.

Course Requirements
Class Standing Requirements (problem solving exercises, seatworks, assignments and oral presentations,
group participation and evaluation) – Problem solving exercises are scheduled. Seatworks are unannounced and
are usually given at the start or near the end of the lecture period. Problem set assignments (plates) are to be
solved through team effort to maximize peer tutoring and cooperative learning. Outputs are to be collected at the
beginning of the next class session. Students will be required to do oral presentation of assignment solutions or
any special topics. Individual contribution to group work will be rated by the instructor and the co-group members.
Grade Requirement – Students must obtain a minimum final grade of 60% or 3.0 equivalent to pass the subject.

Grading System for all COE Subjects

Lecture and Laboratory Subjects

LECTURE LABORATORY

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 TERM GRADE=25%P + 5%S + 20%Q + 50%E

TERM GRADE=Preliminary, Midterm, Or Final Term Grade

P = Plates
S = Seatwork
Q = Quiz
E = Examination

PRELIM GRADE (PG) = 100%(PRELIM GRADE)

MIDTERM GRADE (MG) = 50%(PRELIM GRADE) + 50%(MIDTERM

GRADE)

FINAL TERM GRADE (FG) = 100%(FINAL TERM GRADE)

FINAL GRADE = 25%PG + 25%MG + 50%FG

Learning Resources
Textbook: Structural Analysis, 8th ed. 2012 by R.C. Hibbeler. Pearson Education Inc.
References: Chu-Kia Wang, Ph D and Clarence Lewis Eckel. Elementary Theory of Structures, Aslam
Kassimali. Matrix Analysis of Structures.
Online References and Journals

Class Policies
Attendance:
Attendance sheet will be passed around and the student is responsible to sign to prove his presence for
that session. This is to monitor whether absences incurred by the student is still within the allowed number of
absences for a course stipulated in the Student Handbook. The only valid excuse for missing exam are illness
requiring medical care or a personal/family emergency of a serious nature. For such, valid medical certificate
and parent’s/guardian’s letter will be required and subject to verification.
Cooperative Learning:
The goal is to have everyone learn more than they would have working alone. Nevertheless, individual
work provides the foundation for productive and synergistic group work. Teams will be formed, with three or
four students per team. These will be used in two ways. First, in-class discussion and reporting on

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 assignments will be by group (whenever possible). Second, problem set assignments will be group activities
but the submission of assignment outputs will be done individually. Presentation of output will be done on a
rotation basis. All students will evaluate themselves and their fellow group members with respect to
contributions to group function at least twice during the semester. This evaluation will contribute to the class
standing portion of the course grade and will be used primarily in deciding borderline grades.

Academic Honesty Policy:

It is a part of your education to learn responsibility and self-discipline, particularly with regards to
academic honesty. The most important issue of academic honesty is cheating. Cheating is defined to include
an attempt to defraud, deceive, or mislead the instructor in arriving at an honest grade assessment.
Plagiarism is a form of cheating that involves presenting as one’s own work the ideas or work of another.
All portions of any test, project, or final exam submitted by you for a grade must be your own work, unless
you are instructed to work collaboratively. Specific requirements will be described for collaborative projects,
but all work presented must be the work of members of that group. Research materials used must be properly
cited. Cheating in a major course examination by a student will entail a failing mark of 5.0 for the given
course. Cheating, dishonesty or plagiarism in papers and other works will entail zero (0) score for the said
requirement.

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MODULE 01:

Structural Engineering is the science of planning, designing, and constructing safe, economical structures. Structural
analysis is an integral part of this process.

Classification of Structures
1. Tension Structures
- Cables on suspension bridge

2. Compression Structures
- Columns

3. Trusses

4. Shear structures
-Shear walls
5. Bending Structures
-Develop mainly bending stresses under the action of external loads.
-Beams
-Rigid Frames
-Slabs
-Plates

Analytical Models
Analytical model is a simplified representation, or an ideal, of a real structure for the purpose of analysis. The object
of the model is simplifying the analysis of a complicated structure. It represents, as accurately as practically possible, the
behavior characteristics of the structure of interest to the analyst, while discarding much of the detail about members,
connections, and so on that is expected to have a little effect on the desired characteristics.

Development of the analytical model generally involves considerations of the following factors:
Plane and Space structures

-Trusses
-Beams
-Plane or two Dimensional Structures
-Framing systems

Line Diagrams
The Analytical Model of the two or three dimensional body selected for analysis is represented by a line diagram. On
this diagram, each member of the structure is presented by a line coinciding with its cetroidal axis. The dimension of the
members and the size of the connections are not shown on the diagram.

Connections
Two common connections are used to join members of structure:

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 1) Rigid Connections
2) Flexible or hinged connection

Supports
Fixed Support –it restrained or do not allow any movement such as translations and rotations.
Hinged Support – This can prevent translation but permit rotations
Structural systems for transmitting Loads
Framing Systems or frameworks
-assembled members to transmit Loads
Ex) Floor framing system - beams, slabs and columns are assembled together to form a structural system that can
transmit loads to the ground through the foundation.

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Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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Floor Systems and Tributary Areas

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Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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One-way Slab
𝑳𝒙
Is a floor system with a slab short span-to-long span ratio greater than 0.5 or ( ⁄𝑳 < 0.5 ).
𝒚
Lx = Short Span
Ly = Long Span

Two-way Slab

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 𝑳𝒙
Is a floor system with a beam length to spacing ratio of less than 1.5 (L/s < 1.5) or a slab dimensional ratio ⁄𝑳 ≥
𝒚
𝟎. 𝟓.

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Example 1
The floor of a building shown in the figure is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 3.5 kPa over its surface area. All
connections are simply supported (hinged).Determine the loads acting on the members of the floor system.

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Solution
In the given floor system shown in the figure, we can see that all slab are “one-way slab”.
𝑳
Check: 𝒙⁄𝑳 < 0.5
𝒚
𝑳𝒙 𝟒
That is, for slab bounded By ABCD ⁄𝑳 = 𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒 - - - - - - one way slab
𝒚
The tributary areas of the beam AB and the Interior Beam EF are shown in figure (b).
Considering beam AB:
To solve the line load acting on beam AB, the pressure load must be multiplied by its tributary width, w = 2.0m

We can see that each one-meter length of the beam supports the load applied over a strip of the slab area = (2x1 = 2.0m²).
Thus, the load transmitted to each one-meter length of the beam is,
𝑤𝑜 = 𝑝𝑤(1.0) = 3.5(2)(1.0) = 7.0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

This load is uniformly distributed along the length of the beam, see figure (b).

Solving for beam reaction at A and B:

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∑ 𝑴𝑩 = 𝟎
7
𝑃𝐴 (9) − (7)(9) ( ) = 0
2
𝑃𝐴 = 31.5 𝑘𝑁

By symmetry,
𝑃𝐵 = 31.5 𝑘𝑁

Considering beam CD and EF:

The tributary width of beam EF is w = 4m

Uniformly distributed line load for beam EF,

𝑤𝑜 = 𝑝𝑤(1.0) = 3.5(4) = 14.0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Solving for beam reaction at E and F:

∑ 𝑴𝑭 = 𝟎
7
𝑃𝐸 (9) − (14)(9) ( ) = 0
2
𝑃𝐸 = 63.0 𝑘𝑁
By symmetry,
𝑃𝐹 = 63.0 𝑘𝑁

Also,
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝐷 = 63.0 𝑘𝑁

For Girders AG and BH

The girder loads can be conveniently obtained by applying the beam reactions as concentrated loads (in reverse direction)
at their corresponding support (connections) points on the girder. See figure (c)
Considering Girder AG:
∑ 𝑴𝑮 = 𝟎
𝑅𝐴 (12) − (13.5)(12) − 63(8) − 63(4) = 0

𝑹𝑨 = 𝑹𝑮 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵
By symmetry, 𝑹𝑩 = 𝑹𝑯 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵

Note that the sum of the magnitude of all four concentrated loads applied to the girder is equal to its tributary area (4.5m x
12m) multiplied by the floor load intensity (3.5 kN/m²). See figure (c).

Therefore, we can also solve directly the

End reactions of girder AG.

By symmetry:
𝟏
𝑹𝑨 = 𝑹𝑮 = (𝒘 𝑳 ) = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝟐 𝒐 𝑨𝑮

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These Girder reactions will be transmitted and will act as column loads.
The columns will be subjected to axial compressive loads = 94.5 kN. See figure (d).

Example 2
The floor system of a building consist of a 125mm thick reinforced concrete slab resisting on four steel floor beams, which in
turn are supported by two steel girders, as shown in the figure. The cross-sectional areas of the floor beams and the girders
are 9500mm and 33700mm, respectively. Determine the dead loads acting on the beams CG and the girder AD. Use 23.6
kN/m³ of unit weight of Concrete and 77kN/m³ for unit weight Steel.

Solution:

The tributary width of beam CG is w = 3.0 that is, half the distance between beams CG and BF plus half the distance
between beams CG and DH.

Solving for the dead load per meter of length of beam CG:
125
Concrete Slab: 𝑤𝑐 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑤𝑡 = 23.6(3) ( ) = 8.850 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
1000
9500
Steel: 𝑤𝑠 = 𝛾𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 77 ( ) = 0.732 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
10002
𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑇 = 9.852
𝑚

This 𝑤𝑇 = 9.852 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 load is uniformly distributed on the beam as shown in figure (b).

Magnitude of reactions by symmetry:

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 1
𝑅𝑐 = 𝑅𝐺 = (9.6 𝑥 8) = 38.4 𝑘𝑁
2

Beam DH. The tributary area for beam DH is 1.5m width and 8m long. The dead load per meter of length of this beam is
computed as
125
Concrete Slab: 𝑤𝑐 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑤𝑡 = 23.6(1.5) ( ) = 4.425 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
1000
9500
Steel: 𝑤𝑠 = 𝛾𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 77 ( ) = 0.732 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
10002

𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑇 = 5.157
𝑚

Computing end reaction by equilibrium

Gives,
𝑅𝐷 = 𝑅𝐻 = 20.4 𝑘𝑁

Note that the magnitudes of these beam end reactions represent the downward loads being transmitted to the supporting
Girders AD and EH. See figure (d).
33,700
Self weight of Girder AD, 𝑤𝑠 = 𝛾𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 77 ( ) = 2.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
10002

Magnitude of reaction for girder AD

By equilibrium:
Gives,
𝑹𝑨 = 𝑹𝑫 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 - - - - - -these loads will be transmitted to columns A and D and will act as axial compressive loads.

Live Loads
-Live loads are loads of varying magnitudes and/ or positions caused by the use of the structure.
-any movable loads, sometimes the term live loads is used to refer to all loads on the structure that is not dead loads.
-It refers only to those variable loads caused by the use of the structure.

The magnitudes of design live loads are usually specified in building codes. The position of live loads may change, so each
member of the structure must be designed for the position of the loads that causes the maximum stress in the member.
Different member of a structure may reach their maximum stress levels at different position of the given loads. Ex moving
loads like vehicles crossing a truss bridge, the stresses in the members will vary as the position of the vehicle changes.

Live Loads for Buildings

Live loads for buildings are usually specified as uniformly distributed surface loads or pressure in kPa. Minimum floor live
loads for some common types of building are given in the building codes.

NSCP – National Structural Code of the Philippines

ACI – American Concrete Institute
ASCE – American Society of Civil Engineers
AISC – American Institute of Steel construction

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ASTM – American Standard of Testing Materials
AASHTO – American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials
UBC – Universal Building Codes

Classification of Buildings for Environmental Loads

Because of the inherent uncertainty involved in predicting environmental loads that may act on the structure during its
lifetime, the consequences of the failure of the structure are usually considered in estimating design environmental loads,
such as due to wind, seismic (Earthquake). In general, the more serious the potential consequences of the structural failure,
the larger the magnitude of the loads for which the structure should be designed.

The ASCE7 standard classifies buildings into for Risk Categories based on risk to human life, health, and welfare in the event
of the failure or damage of the structure because of the nature of its occupancy or use. (These Risk categories may also
found in NSCP)

Load Combinations
ASCE7 Standard specifies that the buildings be designed so that their strength equals or exceeds the following Combinations
of factored Loads: (See NSCP2015 SECTION 203 Combination of Loads)

1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹)

1.2(𝐷 + 𝐹 + 𝑇) + 1.6(𝐿 + 𝐻) + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)

1.2𝐷 +1.6(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) + (𝑓1 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊)

1.2𝐷 + 𝑊 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)

1.2𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 0.2𝑆
0.9𝐷 + 𝑊 + 1.6𝐻

0.9𝐷 + 𝐸 + 1.6𝐻
Where

D =dead load
L =live load
E = earthquake load
Lr = Roof live load
W = wind load
H = loads due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil.
R = rain Load on the undeflected roof
T = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from Temperature change, shrinkage,
moisture change, creep in component materials, movements due to differential settlement or combination thereof.

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Equilibrium and Support Reactions
Equilibrium of Structures

From Newton’s third law of motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at rest, it remains at rest when subjected to a system of forces and
Couples.

Equations of Equilibrium of Space structures

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑍 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0

Equations of Equilibrium for Concurrent Force System

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑍 = 0

Two-Force and Three-Force Structures

- If a structure is in equilibrium under the action of only two forces, the forces must be equal, opposite, and collinear.
- If a structure is in equilibrium under the action of only three forces, the forces must be either concurrent or parallel.

External and Internal Forces

The forces and couples to which a structure may be subjected can be classified into two types.

External Forces
-applied forces (live loads, wind loads) any force that may have a tendency to move the structure.
- External forces are the action of other bodies on the structure under consideration.

Internal forces
-Internal forces are forces and couples exerted on a member or portion of the structure by the rest of the structure.
-a result of applied loads

Types of Support for plane Structures

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Static determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability

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Internal Stability
A structure is considered to be internally stable, or rigid, if it maintains its shape and remains a rigid body when
detached from the support. Otherwise the structure is unstable.

Static Determinacy of Internally Stable Structures

An internally stable structure is considered to be statically determinate externally if all its reactions can be
determined by solving the equation of equilibrium.

Condition of Instability, Determinacy and Indeterminacy of plane internally stable and unstable Structures
𝒓 < 3 + 𝒆𝒄 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝒓 = 𝟑 + 𝒆𝒄 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦

𝒓 > 3 + 𝒆𝒄 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦

𝒓 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝒆𝒄 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Degree of External Indeterminacy

𝒊𝒆 = 𝒓 − (𝟑 + 𝒆𝒄 )
Alternative Approach in determining the static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy of internally unstable structures.
𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 < 3𝒏 -----the structure is statically unstable externally
𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 = 𝟑𝒏 -----the structure is statically determinate externally
𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 > 3𝒏 -----the structure is statically indeterminate externally
𝒏 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝒇𝒊 = the total number of internal forces that can be transmitted by internal hinges or rollers of the structure.

Degree of external indeterminacy

𝒊𝒆 = (𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 ) − 𝟑𝒏

Plane and Space Trusses

Truss
A truss is a structure composed of straight members connected at their ends by flexible connections to form a
rigid configuration.

Assumptions for the Analysis of Trusses

The analysis of trusses is usually based on the following assumptions:

1. All members are connected only at their ends by frictionless hinges in plane trusses and by frictionless ball-and-
socket joint in space trusses.
2. All loads and support reactions are applied only at the joints or nodes.
3. The centroidal axis of each member coincides with the line connecting the centers of the adjacent joints.

The reason for making these assumptions is to obtain an ideal truss, whose members are subjected only to axial forces.

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Assumption 1) No loads applied between its ends.
Assumption 2) the member would be subjected to only two forces at its ends and all resultant forces and resultant couples
of the two force produce by these ends of the member must be zero.
Assumption 3) the member is not subjected to any bending moment or shear force and is either in axial tension or in axial
compression.

Primary forces = member axial forces determined from the analysis of an ideal truss.
Secondary Forces = A member forces determined from the analysis of real truss.

In real trusses, the idealizations are almost never complete realized. Real trusses are constructed by connecting members to
gusset plates by welding or bolted connections. Some members of the truss may even be continuous at their joints. Dead
weights (self weights) of members are distributed along its member lengths. The bending moments, shear and axial forces
caused by these and the other deviations from the previously mentioned idealized conditions are called secondary forces.

These secondary forces in such trusses are small compared to the primary forces and are usually neglected in the design. If
large secondary forces are anticipated, the truss should be analyzed as rigid frames.

Arrangement of Members of Plane Trusses – Internal Stability

Basic Truss Element
The simplest internally stable plane truss is formed by connecting three members at their ends by hinges to form a
triangular truss. Note that this triangular truss is internally stable in the sense that it will act as rigid body that will not
change its shape under loads. In contrast, a rectangular truss formed by connecting four members at their ends by hinges is
internally unstable because its shape will change and collapse when subjected to general system of coplanar forces.
Simple Trusses
A simple truss is formed by enlarging the basic truss element, which contains three members and three joints by
adding two members for each additional joint. This joint must not lie on the straight line passing through the existing joints.
Compound Trusses
A compound trusses are formed by connecting two or more simple trusses together.

Internal Stability
The minimum requirement of number of members of a plane truss to be internally stable is given by,

𝒎 = 𝟑 + 𝟐(𝒋 − 𝟑) = 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟑
Criterion for internal Stability of Trusses
𝒎 < 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟑 -------- The truss is internally unstable
𝒎 ≥ 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟑 -------- The truss is internally stable
Although this Criterion for internal stability is necessary, it is not sufficient to ensure internal stability. A truss
must not only contain enough members to satisfy the equation 𝒎 ≥ 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟑, but the member must also be properly
arranged to ensure rigidity of the entire truss.

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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Page - 21 - of 28
Recall that a simple and compound trusses that in a stable truss, each joint is connected to rest of the structure by at least
two non parallel members, and each portion of the truss must be connected to the remainder of the truss by connections
capable of transmitting at least three non parallel and non concurrent force components.

Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Truss

𝒎 + 𝒓 < 𝟐𝒋 ------- Statically unstable truss

𝒎 + 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒋 ------- Statically determinate truss
𝒎 + 𝒓 > 𝟐𝒋 ------- Statically indeterminate truss
Where

𝒎 = number of members

𝒓 = number of component reactions

𝒋 = number of joints (including the joints at the support)

Degrees of Indeterminacy

𝑖𝑒 = 𝒎 + 𝒓 − 𝟐𝒋

Analysis of Plane and Space Trusses

Methods in determining member forces of a plane truss
1. Joint Method and Method of Sections
2. Virtual-Work and Force Method
3. Stiffness Matrix Method = a method by formulating matrix equations.

Method of joints
This method is based on the fact that if the truss is in equilibrium, then each of its joints is also in equilibrium.

Two equation of equilibrium is available for plane truss ( ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 & ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0) and

Three equation of equilibrium for space truss ( ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 & ∑ 𝐹𝑍 = 0).

Method of sections
It is based on the principle that if the truss is in equilibrium then any segment of the truss is also in equilibrium.

Three equation of equilibrium available for plane truss

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0

And

Six equation of equilibrium can be used for space truss

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑍 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0

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The Forces and moment equations can perform using vectors and matrix solutions.

Resultant Moment of a System of Forces About a point – Vector Formulation

⃑)
(𝑴𝑹 )𝒐 = ∑(𝒓⃑ × 𝑭

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
⃑ ) = ∑ [ 𝒓𝒙
∑(𝒓⃑ × 𝑭 𝒓𝒚 𝒓𝒛 ]
𝑭𝒙 𝑭𝒚 𝑭𝒛

Recall:
Force Vector
-Cartesian Vector

̅ = 𝑭𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑭𝒚 𝒋 + 𝑭𝒛 𝒌
𝑭

Magnitude of a Force Vector, F

𝑭 = |𝐹̅ |
𝟐
𝑭 = √(𝑭𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝑭𝒚 ) + (𝑭𝒛 )𝟐
Position Vector
𝒓̅ = 𝒓𝒙 𝒊 + 𝒓𝒚 𝒋 + 𝒓𝒛 𝒌 or

⃑ = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌
𝒓

General Equation for Position Vector

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 ⃑ = 𝒓𝑩
𝒓𝑨 + 𝒓
⃑ = 𝒓𝑩 − 𝒓𝑨
𝒓
⃑ = 𝒓𝑩/𝑨 = 𝒓
𝒓 ⃑ 𝑨𝑩

⃑ = (𝒙𝑩 𝒊 + 𝒚𝑩 𝒋 + 𝒛𝑩 𝒌) − (𝒙𝑨𝒊 + 𝒚𝑨𝒋 + 𝒛𝑨 𝒌)

𝒓
⃑ 𝑨𝑩 = (𝒙𝑩 − 𝑿𝑨 )𝒊 − (𝒚𝑩 + 𝒚𝑨 )𝒋 + (𝒛𝑩 + 𝒛𝑨 )𝒌
𝒓

Unit Vector, λ
Position Unit Vector
𝒓̅ 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌
𝝀= =
|𝒓̅| √(𝒙)𝟐 + (𝒚)𝟐 + (𝒛)𝟐

Force Unit Vector

̅
𝑭 𝑭𝒙𝒊 + 𝑭𝒚𝒋 + 𝑭𝒛𝒌
𝝀= ̅ =
|𝑭| √(𝑭𝒙)𝟐 + (𝑭𝒚)𝟐 + (𝑭𝒛)𝟐

Moment of a force about a specified Axis

𝑴𝑶𝑪 = 𝝀𝑶𝑪 ∗ (𝒓 ⃑ 𝑨𝑩 )
⃑ 𝑶𝑩 × 𝑭
𝝀𝑶𝑪
𝑴𝑶𝑪 = [⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝒓𝑶𝑩 ] = 𝝀𝑶𝑪 ∗ 𝑴𝒐
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑭𝑨𝑩

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Where:
⃑ 𝒐𝒄
𝒓
𝝀𝑶𝑪 =
𝒓𝒐𝒄

⃑𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝑭𝑨𝑩 𝝀𝑨𝑩 = 𝑭𝑨𝑩 (𝒓

⃑ 𝑨𝑩 /𝒓𝑨𝑩 )

𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪

𝑴𝑶𝑪 𝒓
= (𝝀𝑶𝑪 ∗ 𝑴𝒐 ) = [ 𝑶𝑩𝒙 𝒓𝑶𝑩𝒚 𝒓𝑶𝑩𝒛 ]
𝑭𝑨𝑩𝒙 𝑭𝑨𝑩𝒚 𝑭𝑨𝑩𝒛
Or

𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪

𝑴𝑶𝑪 = (𝝀𝑶𝑪 ∗ 𝑴𝒐 ) = [ 𝒓𝑶𝑨𝒙 𝒓𝑶𝑨𝒚 𝒓𝑶𝑨𝒛 ]
𝑭𝑨𝑩𝒙 𝑭𝑨𝑩𝒚 𝑭𝑨𝑩𝒛

𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪
𝑴𝑶𝑪 = [𝒓
⃑ 𝑶𝑨 ] 𝑭𝑨𝑩 = [𝒓
⃑ 𝑶𝑩 ] 𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝝀𝑨𝑩 𝝀𝑨𝑩

But
⃑ 𝑨𝑩 /𝒓𝑨𝑩
𝝀𝑨𝑩 = 𝒓

Moment of Force about axis OC

𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪
𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝑴𝑶𝑪 = 𝑶𝑨 𝒓 = 𝑶𝑩𝒙 𝒓𝑶𝑩𝒚
[ ⃑
𝒓 ] [𝒓 𝒓𝑶𝑩𝒛 ] 𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝑨𝑩 𝒓
⃑ 𝑨𝑩
𝒓 𝒓𝑨𝑩𝒙 𝒓𝑨𝑩𝒚 𝒓𝑨𝑩𝒛 𝑨𝑩

𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪 𝝀𝑶𝑪

𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝑴𝑶𝑪 ⃑ 𝑶𝑩 ]
= [𝒓 = [𝒓𝑶𝑨𝒙 𝒓𝑶𝑨𝒚 𝒓𝑶𝑨𝒛 ] 𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝒓𝑨𝑩 𝒓
⃑ 𝑨𝑩
𝒓 𝒓𝑨𝑩𝒙 𝒓𝑨𝑩𝒚 𝒓𝑨𝑩𝒛 𝑨𝑩

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Problem set 1.

Classify each of the plane trusses shown as unstable, statically determinate, or statically indeterminate. If the truss is
statically indeterminate, determine the degree of indeterminacy. If the truss is statically determinate, then determine the
force at each member and state whether the members are in tension or compression.

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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Types Supports for Space Structures

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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Page - 27 - of 28
Problem Set 2
Determine the force in each member of the space truss shown and state whether the members are in tension or
compression.

Situation 1 Situation 2

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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